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山东师范大学外国语学院711基础英语历年考研真题及详解试读：
2005年山东师范大学外国语学院基础英语考研真题及详解
1. Reading Comprehension
Read the passage below and do what you are required to do according to the instructions given at the end of the passage and at the beginning of the vocabulary part.
[1] The Americanization of Australia, which took root through the influence of Hollywood in the 1930s, and sprouted during the Second World War, has grown robustly. It has invaded almost every aspect of Australian life. Even the most British of Australians has become accustomed to it.
[2] At the Gold Coast, Queensland’s flashy seaside resort, people basking in the sunshine could wonder what country they are in for all around them are beaches or motels called “Miami” or “Florida Gardens,” “Pasadena” or the “El Paso.” The champion racehorse, Igloo, breaks down in Perth, and its trainer breaks the bad news to its American owner, Mrs. M. E. Tippett. American school children are in Australian schools on exchange visits, and the Aussie kids who went to the U.S. come back home one year later with American accents you could cut with a knife. Australian nurses and doctors disappear across the Pacific to earn more money in America. Economic consultants, Harris, Kerr and Forster of Los Angeles advise the Australian Government how to make more revenue out of Ayers Rock and American tourists. A fan of Elvis Presley, Mrs. Ellen French of Sydney, sends $20 to another fan, Mrs. Lucy Hottensdein of Salt Lake City, so that she can attend a Presley concert on her 100th birthday. Management consultants, McKinsey and Company of New York helped the Australian Liberal Party to plan its 1972 election campaign “out of friendship for all Australians.” The Australian newspapers are full of such stuff.
[3] Australian management in offices and factories has adopted American management techniques and procedures as their own. Inside most shops American merchandising methods are used, and on their selling counters is the evidence of American-style packaging and presentation of goods. American-style advertising helps to sell them, and the Australian advertising agencies which are still not owned by American companies shamelessly riffle through every U.S. newspaper and magazine to steal every, new American advertising gimmick shortly after every new one appears.
[4] The Australian language is studded with American words and phrases. When “containerization,” “this particular point in time,” or “meaningful dialogue” first cropped up in New York or Washington or Frisco, only a few days passed before they were being parroted in Sydney, Canberra, or Adelaide.
[5] Something that intrigues and amuses American visitors is the widespread usage Australia of archaic, moss-covered American slang. Colloquial expressions or cute phrasing from the U. S. movies, television, pop music or from the mouths of visiting American personalities, stick in the Australian language like flies in ice cream. They remain alive there long after they have become dated and killed off in their place of origin. It is understandable that borrowed slang remains unchanged. Australian colloquialisms evolve and die just as rapidly as do the American variety in their native domain. But it still surprises that the Australian language is a museum of U.S. slang.
[6] Colonel Sanders’ finger-lickin’ good fried chicken stalls have become firmly established in every city and in most big country towns of Australia. It is a symptom of changing Australian eating habits and food tastes Beef, veal and mutton consumption in Australia is down from 201 pounds per head in 1939 to 121 pounds in the 1970s, a 40 percent reduction. However, the frozen food industry which has been doggedly following American development has been resisted by Australians who claim that snap-freezing ruins flavor. Luckily for them they still have the greatest choice of food, frozen or fresh, of perhaps any people on earth.
[7] The Australians were informed in July 1971 by Mr. F. M. Legge, the U.S. Agricultural Attaché in Canberra that 16,480 million hot dogs were produced in America during the previous year, and he had calculated that these would string into 1,820,640 miles of dogs which would wrap around the equator seventy-one times. Americans like him could not understand why such thrilling news left Australians cold. The Aussies were so similar to Americans in so many ways that it seemed unnatural for them to prefer hot meat pies to hot dogs. Mr. Legge also had news for Australians that one of the biggest American food chains, McDonald’s Golden Arches, which sold four million hamburgers a day in the U.S. intended opening for business in Sydney. Australians have a poor opinion of hamburgers along with hot dogs—but Mr. Legge was sure that eventually they would come round to the right way of thinking. His main intention was to demonstrate indirectly that the future for exports of Australian meat to the United States was excellent. He revealed that the most consistent user of Australian beef was the Bonanza chain of steak houses which was selling Australian steaks almost exclusively. The owners of the steak houses were “Hoss” Cartwright and Little Joe of the Bonanza TV series.
[8] Most of America’s television stars are as well known in Australia as they are in their homeland. American television became as strongly entrenched in Australia from 1956 onwards as had U.S. motion pictures in the 1930s. Applicants for licenses for new television stations in Australia solemnly promised the government that they would do their best to use Australian-made shows on their stations as much as was possible. But that was before they discovered the cost of buying a locally produced program. They found that it was much cheaper to buy programs from the U.S. or from Britain. An uncritical Australian audience, conditioned to foreign movies, accepted foreign television readily—even when much of it was banal rubbish.
[9] Even when Australians produced their own television shows many of the top performers in them were Americans. In fact the king of Australian television for many years was a showman from Tennessee, Bob Dyer, who had settled in Australia in the 1930s. Dyer had graduated from vaudeville to Australian radio as a quiz show compere, and from being a radio star he had transferred to television stardom. Gerald Stone from Ohio became one of Australia’s best known news interviewer. From time to time there were complaints about his American accent from listeners and viewers who thought that he should not involve himself in Australia’s current affairs. But Stone became accepted.
[10] The Australian Broadcasting Control Board decided that 50 percent of programs on Australian television would have to be of Australian origin by June 1979—but thinking Australians still worry that Australian television has become a media-colony, of the U.S. and Britain. Often Australians have shown by their enthusiastic reception of an occasional top class local production that they are hungry for their own stars, their own writers, and their own shows. Because of the tyranny of television station finances, however, it is evident that foreign domination of Australian television will continue for as long as the Australian government permits it.
[11] Doctor Bordow, an American doing research at the Australian National University into organizational behavior, has formed theories as to why Americans arriving in Australia felt instantly that they had discovered a way of life similar to their own at home. There were, of course, cultural and military lies between the two countries and there was a WASP component—White Anglo-Saxon Protestant—prevailing in the Australian community. And added to these were European elements which had gone into forming the American nation—migrants from Ireland and Italy and Germany and from Holland, Greece, and Spain. But there was also the fact that the Australians knew so much more about the United States than American visitors had at first realized. Australia was a big open ear tuned in to the American news services. In addition the Australians had learned to identify with the American experience as relayed to them through their newspapers, television, or cinema. They accepted the U.S. experience and used it as a model.
(1) Select the correct way to complete the following sentences. (32 points)
1. American influence on Australia was _____.
(a) the arrival there of British immigrants
(b) the showing of Hollywood movies
(c) the invasion during the First World War
2. In the 1972 Australian election _____.
(a) Americans helped plan the Liberal party’s campaign
(b) the money for the expenses of campaigning was contributed by Americans
(c) one of the major candidates had been born in America
3. Australian doctors and nurses often go to work in the United States because _____.
(a) there are few job opportunities for them in Australia
(b) living conditions are better in the United States
(c) pay is higher in the United States
4. The true statement is _____.
(a) Australians own many American newspapers and magazines.
(b) American management techniques are common in Australian factories.
(c) Americans do not own advertising agencies in Australia
5. Slang which has been imported from the United States to Australia _____.
(a) remains in use for a surprisingly long time
(b) goes out of use very quickly
(c) is used about as long as it is in America.
6. Australians appear to be eating a lot more _____.
(a) beef and veal
(b) frozen foods
(c) fried chicken
7. Australia uses many American television programs because _____.
(a) the Australian government does not want to encourage local television
(b) it is cheaper than local television
(c) Australians do not like locally produced programs
8. Americans arriving in Australia feel at home because _____.
(a) Australia resembles the United States physically
(b) Australians know much more about the United States than Americans expect
(c) Australians and Americans both love hamburgers and hot dogs【答案与解析】
1. b 由文章第一段第一句可知，19世纪30年代，澳大利亚在好莱坞的影响下开始了美国化。因此选b。
2. a 根据文章第二段倒数第二句可知，出于与澳大利亚人民的友谊，管理顾问麦肯锡公司和纽约公司帮助澳大利亚自由党计划1972年的竞选活动。因此选a。
3. c 文章第二段第五句提到“Australian nurses and doctors disappear across the Pacific to earn more money in America.”。澳大利亚的护士和医生在整个太平洋地区消失，在美国赚取更多的钱。也就是说澳大利亚医生和护士去美国工作的原因时美国付的薪水更高。因此选c。
4. b 由文章第三段第一句可知澳大利亚在办公室和工厂的管理采用了美国的管理技术和管理程序。也就是说美国的管理技术在澳大利亚的工厂中很常见。因此选b。
5. a 文章第五段第三句提到“They remain alive there long after they have become dated and killed off in their place of origin.”。在美国俚语更新和消亡很久后，这些俚语在澳大利亚还在使用着。因此选a。
6. c 文章第六段第一句提到“fried chicken stalls have become firmly established in every city and in most big country towns of Australia.”。在澳大利亚的每一个城市和大部分的乡村小镇，炸鸡摊都已经站稳了脚跟。也就是说澳大利亚人吃的炸鸡更多。因此选c。
7. b 根据文章第八段倒数第二句可知澳大利亚人发现从美国或英国购买节目要便宜得多。因此选b。
8. b 由文章最后一段倒数第四句可知澳大利亚人对美国的了解远远超过了美国游客最初的期望是美国人在澳大利亚感觉到亲切的一个原因。因此选b。
(2) Vocabulary (28 points)
From the list provided select all of the words that may properly be used to fill each blank space. There is no limit to the number of times you may use each and nor to the number of words that may be used in each blank space. Nouns may be used in either the singular or the plural, and verbs in any tense.
accents
adopt
advertising
advised
colloquialisms
complaints
consultants
entrenched
established
evident
informed
packaging
prevail
procedures
rapidly
readily
reception
resist
symptom
techniques
1. Many Australian businessmen have ①______ American management ②______ .
2. American influence has become ③______ in Australian television programing as well as in ④______ .
3. One ⑤______ of the close ties between the two countries is that American ⑥______ can be heard regularly on Australian television.
4. From time to time there are ⑦______ about the effects of Americanization, but most Australia ⑧______ adopt American ways of doing things.
5. American ⑨______ have even ⑩______ Australians of the best ⑪______ for running a political campaign.
6. The ⑫______ most Australians have given to American tastes suggests that they will continue to ⑬______ in many areas of Australian life.
7. Since ⑭______ are not often heard about American ⑮______, it seems that few Australians ⑯______ the influence or the United States on their way of life.【答案与解析】
1. ①adopted ②techniques and procedures（由文章第三段第一句可知，澳大利亚在办公室和工厂的管理采用了美国的管理技术和管理程序。）
2. ③entrenched ④advertising（根据文章第三段最后一句和第八段第一句可知，澳大利亚的广告公司无耻地在每一家美国报纸和杂志上翻阅报纸，以窃取每一个新的美国广告噱头。从1956年开始，美国电视在澳大利亚就变得根深蒂固了。所以美国对澳大利亚电视节目和广告的影响已经根深蒂固了。）
3. ⑤symptom ⑥accents（由文章第九段最后两句可知，不时有澳大利亚观众抱怨斯通的美国口音，他们认为他不应该卷入澳大利亚当前的事务中。但斯通还是被接受了。也就是说美澳两国亲密联系的一种现象就是美国口语口音常常可以在澳大利亚电视节目中听到。）
4. ⑦complaints ⑧readily（根据文章最后一段最后一句可知，虽然澳大利亚人民抱怨美国化，但是他们还是欣然地接受了美国的经验，并将其作为一种模式。）
5. ⑨consultants ⑩informed ⑪ techniques（根据文章第二段倒数第二句可知，出于与澳大利亚人民的友谊，管理顾问麦肯锡公司和纽约公司帮助澳大利亚自由党计划1972年的竞选活动。）
6. ⑫symptom ⑬prevail（许多澳大利亚人热衷于美国的品味，这一现象说明这些影响将会持续在澳大利亚人民生活的方方面面盛行。）
7. ⑭complaints ⑮colloquialisms ⑯resist（文章第五段第二句提到从美国电影、电视、流行音乐或美国人口中获得的口语表达，就像冰淇淋里的苍蝇一样粘在澳大利亚人的语言中。由此可见几乎没有澳大利亚人拒绝美国对他们生活方式的影响。）
2. Translation
(1) Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.“A writer must declare and praise man’s proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit—for bravery in defeat, for courage, forgiveness, and love. I believe that a writer who does not passionately believe in man’s ability to improve himself has no devotion for, nor any membership in, literature”. Such were the words of John Steinbeck when he received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1962. Much of John Steinbeck’s writing was concerned with the land and the people of America. He defended the poor and the pressed. His stories presented a majestic history of life and time of warm human and utterly believable characters.
Two years later, his next book, The Great Wrath, established Steinbeck’s fame all over the world. It was his masterpiece, a big, angry novel telling the tragic story of the travels of poor farmers from the dusty plains of Oklahoma to the fertile valleys of California. In 1940, The Grapes of Wrath won for him the Pulitzer Prize as the best novel of the year. But for Steinbeck personally, it also brought the problems of being famous. He liked to live simply and quietly, and he hated literary parties, invitations to speak, and signing autographs. He felt most at home with ordinary people: farmers, fruit pickers and factory workers.【参考译文】“人类已被证明具有伟大的心灵和精神—面对失败的勇气，勇敢无畏的精神，宽恕和仁爱之心。作为一名作家，必须宣扬和赞颂这些。我认为，一个作家如果不能热忱的相信人类有自我提高的能力，就不会献身于文学，也不能算是文学界的一员。”这是约翰·斯坦贝克在1962年接受诺贝尔文学奖金时所说的话。约翰·斯坦贝克的许多作品以美国的土地和人民为题材。他替穷苦人说话，为被压迫者申辩。他的小说刻画了富于同情心和人情味的真实可信的人物形象，展现了他们生活时世的广阔壮丽的图景。
两年后，斯坦贝克写的又一本书《愤怒的葡萄》给他带来国际声誉。这是他的杰作，是一部饱含着愤怒的长篇小说，写的是贫苦农民从风沙迷漫的俄克拉何马州平原流落到富庶的加利福尼亚州谷地的悲惨故事。1940年，《愤怒的葡萄》作为当年的最佳小说，使他获得普利策奖金。但是，对斯坦贝克个人来说，这部小说也带来了成名之后的苦恼。他喜欢过简朴安静的生活，不喜欢参加文艺界聚会、应邀讲话和亲笔签名。他觉得与农民、采果工人和工厂工人这样的普通百姓在一起最自在。
(2) Translate the following from English into Chinese, paying attention to the italicized.
1. Ever since his operation, Harvey felt he was living on borrowed time.【答案】哈维手术以后，觉得他又要多活些时日。
2. We wanted to leave on the train in the morning, but it doesn’t go until afternoon, so we must go then. Beggars can’t be choosers.【答案】我们本想早上坐火车离开，可是火车下午才出发，我们只好下午再走。我们没有选择的余地。
3. When the director accused the road builder of bribery, the contractor said the pot was calling the kettle black.【答案】局长指控公路承建人受贿，包工说他是五十步笑百步。
4. The dog’s attempt to climb the tree after the cat came to nothing.【答案】猫上树失败后，这只狗试图爬上树。
(3) Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.
苏族人的名字本身就是一种语言，充满了描绘性的、引喻的、或甚至是不可思议的意义。苏族人的婴儿出生后不久就给取名——通常由巫医或父系亲属取的——而整个村子里的人都参加这一仪式。婴儿或以某种动物为名，或以某种自然现象（如出生之日出现打雷这一现象）为名，或以命名人曾经完成的某一英勇的事迹为名。妇女通常保持出生时所取得名字不变，但男子常以新的名字取代原来的名字，这新的名字或是对个人某项勇敢行为的庆祝，或是对与异常动物遭遇的回忆，或许是受某个梦幻的启示。然而，如果一个男子具有某个与众不同的特征，那他永远保持某一相称的绰号（诸如“大手”）而不变。因为苏族人的名字几乎总是以某种客观的事物为根据，所以很易形诸于绘图文字——常见的是把一条线将名字的直观图像与表示所有权的人头联系起来。以下是苏族人的一些签名。【参考译文】
The name of the Sioux is itself a language, full of descriptive, metaphorical, or even magical meaning. The Sioux babies were given the name shortly after they were born, usually by witch doctors or paternal relatives, and the entire village attended the ceremony. The name of a baby is named, either after the name of an animal or a natural phenomenon such as the presence of thunder on the date of birth, or a heroic deed once accomplished by a celebrity. Women often maintain the same name as they were born, but men often replace the original name with a new name to celebrate a person’s bravery or to recall encounters with abnormal animals, or perhaps it is inspired by a dream. However, if a man has a distinctive characteristic, he will always maintain a certain nominal nickname (such as “big hand”) without change. Because the name of the Sioux is almost always based on something objective, it is very easy to draw pictures. In other words, it is common to associate the visual image of a name with a head of ownership using a line. Here are some of the Sioux signatures.
3. Composition (30 points)
·Background information: There is at the moment the discussion concerning education in both schools and universities. Considering the situation that many school pupils and college students are very dependent in their studies, interpersonal relations and daily life, some scholars therefore advocate the kind of “wolf-natured” education in order to develop their independence; while some other scholars insist on “goat-natured education”.
·Requirements:
—Please work out a topic yourself according to the above information and write a short essay to express your ideas of this in about 300 words.
—you must have clearly a series of your own ideas or arguments on the issue;
—the essay must prove its unity and coherence; and being logical, instructive and convincing as well;
—keen your handwriting clear and tidy.【参考范文】Education Should Be Wolf-natured
Nowadays, it is easily can be seen that students rely too much on their studies and interpersonal relations. The ability to be independent is losing. Undoubtedly, domestic education is nurturing large number of goats that accepting the status quo without competitiveness. As a consequence, these docile goats will be eaten by wolves one day. Thus, it is necessary and urgent to make our education wolf-natured.
Firstly, only being independent of their studies and interpersonal relations can today’s students live an independent life of his own in the future. In nature, when the wolf is about to reach adulthood, the female wolf will not hesitate to drive the little one away and let them go on their own. In this way, the young wolf grows to be independent, tough and strong-willed. Likewise, the students should also accept wolf-natured education. As for schools, they should not nurture examination machines who are always dealing with excessive homework and exams. Instead, schools ought to cultivate students with good living ability and high-quality. As for parents, they must have the thought that the kids are growing up and they should learn to let them go. Only in this way can the student grow to be a mature one who can withstand all kinds of storms on his own.
What is more, the center of quality education is to develop students and make them be capable with perfect personality. The parents’ and teachers’ meticulous care and unwilling to criticize and punish may let the students be feeble and defiant. Thus, parents should be liberated from nursing children, and stop arranging their lives too much. Only the wolf-natured education can train students to surpass themselves and dare to challenge adversity.
In summary, wolf-natured education is what the competitive society needs. The weaker ones can only be weeded out.【解析】
第一段作者提到当代学生过于依赖他人，缺乏独立自主的能力。国内的“羊式教育”培养出的是一大批温顺而安于现状的小羊。提倡“狼式教育”是必要的。第二段作者给出第一个原因：只有变得独立于他人，学生们将来才可以自己过独立的生活。作者用母狼将小狼赶走以培养它们独立生存能力的例子与培养学生的独立能力作了类比。接着提出了学校和家长应该有的正确做法。第三段作者提到素质教育的核心是培养学生健全的人格。家长和老师不愿批评、不敢惩罚，无微不至的呵护会让学生经不起挫折。只有“狼式教育”才能培养出敢于超越、敢于挑战的学生。最后一段作者对上文作了总结，再一次强调弱者只会被淘汰，“狼式教育”才是当今充满竞争的社会所需要的。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]