半亩塘·英语学习精选第三辑(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-05-19 12:51:16

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作者:王伟滨

出版社:外语教学与研究出版社

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半亩塘·英语学习精选第三辑

半亩塘·英语学习精选第三辑试读:

古屋

近年来,中国人在建筑方面刮起一股“复古风”,只是所“复”之“古”,并非我们自己的,而是西洋的。今日中国各地如同巨型积木一般的高楼大厦之外,这也算体现了另一种审美情趣吧。最近有西方学者Bianca Bosker著书Original Copies: Architectural Mimicry(模仿)in Contemporary China,对此发了一通议论,颇有几分见地。该书称,当下中国建筑的“复古西洋风”(Bosker称此类建筑为duplitecture,系由duplicate与architecture合成)是:“China's most popular and startling architectural movement: the construction of monumental themed communities(主题社区)that replicate(复制)towns and cities in the West”。当然,说到洋建筑对国人的吸引,本难用简单一句“崇洋风”的评语带过,Bosker便在中国的duplitecture中看到不少“中国特色”,其中最有意味的莫过于其“二元对立”的“和谐存在”吧。Bosker说:“I was intrigued by how at odds(不一致)these developments were with the futuristic, hyper-modern skyscrapers being built—and touted(兜售,吹嘘)—in China's metropolises(大都市); how dramatically these communities split with China's own rich architectural traditions; and the gulf(巨大的差距)between the excitement among developers, residents and officials for these themescapes(主题景观)on the one hand, and the disdain(蔑视)with which they were regarded by many critics and architects on the other”。洋建筑在中国,真可谓:“土豪(大概应译为nouveau riche或local tycoon吧)与洋相齐飞,大厦共残垣一色”。

不过,批评者们的毒舌且慢摇动,想想看,今天中国的建筑之美,除了“复”西洋之古外,可供我们选择的空间实在不多。漫步巴黎、罗马、伦敦(当然又是rich class干的事),满眼都是或华丽或古朴的矗立了数百年的老建筑,令人不得不心生感叹,而环顾我们的故土,又有几座老屋还在人世呢?如此想来,有人愿意将西洋老屋平移到我们的国度,就并不稀奇了。

然而,老屋,特别是西洋老屋,与中国文化的确有诸多格格不入的地方。根本说来,中国人虽然也有老屋情怀,但其程度总难与洋人相比,个中缘由或许是中国建筑主要是易朽的土木结构,与西方坚实的砖石结构相比,难免单薄了许多。今日英国乡间,年代斑驳的古屋仍星罗棋布,且并非展览馆、纪念堂,而是有人生活、繁衍于其中的活生生的居住地;而在我国,即使偶见百年老宅,也或因摇摇欲坠,而被作为危房划入拆除名册,或作为名人故居,而被严加保护,总之是断断不会容人居住的。

细究起来,中西方对于建筑材料“石头”其实有着不同的认识:在我国的建筑中,石头往往并非因为它们的实用价值而被利用,匠人(和收藏者)选择它们的标准首要往往是“奇”(bizarre)——奇石、老树、小桥、流水是中国人在建筑上的审美情趣。即使是不“奇”的石头,也不用来做房子,而是或用来做石碑,或用来做个石狮子,总之是派上些“艺术”用场。而在西方,从古埃及直到19世纪,石头一直是建筑的主要材料,石匠(stonemason)而非木匠(carpenter)也便成了西洋建筑的主角。

中国的故事中,有关老屋的并不多见,即使是直接以“屋”为名,如《红楼梦》,也是主要讲人事,相对于人来说,屋子只能算作点缀和附属,没有了人,大厦重楼也便没有多少意义了。贾宝玉与林妹妹虽然也算大宅子里两个被重重门户锁住的灵魂,但是,显然因为中国房子太过光亮与清秀,使得他们少了那一分老屋“居住者”(是residents而不是owners,因为屋子存在得久了,便不专属于什么人了)应有的“鬼气”(也就是阴沉之气melancholy)。中国的楼台屋宇是因人而建,“雕栏玉砌应犹在,只是朱颜改”,这是中国人的感伤;然而对西洋人而言,屋宇的意义往往远大于人。房子,特别是老房子,几乎总是有自己灵魂的,它们的存在不再是为“居住者”遮风挡雨,而是以它们的宏大、雄伟,甚至僵化,成为一种规范与法则,反倒是居住者成为房屋的一种“装饰”了。

在我读过的有关老屋的书中,印象较深的有爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)的The Fall of the House of Usher(《厄舍府的倒塌》),伊夫林·沃(Evelyn Waugh)的Brideshead Revisited(《故园风雨后》)和石黑一雄(Kazuo Ishiguro)的The Remains of the Day(《长日将尽》)。Poe是美国人,但他那份对于古屋的迷恋却是属于英国,或至少是欧洲的,与狂野而现代的美国极为不同。在Poe的故事中,Roderick Usher和他的妹妹Madeline住在一栋庞大的、濒临崩塌的古宅(capacious, disintegrating house)中,兄妹二人生命的意义似乎便是等待着与古宅一同逝去的那一天。Roderick相信他生活的整栋古屋是有生命的,古屋已经与居住者之间因为枝枝蔓蔓的联系而合成一体:[He believes in]“the sentience(知觉)of all vegetable things. ... The belief was connected with the gray stones of the home of his forefathers. The conditions of the sentience had been here, he imagined, fulfilled in the method of collocation(排列)of these stones—in the order of their arrangement, as well as in that of the many fungi(霉菌)which overspread(布满)them, and of the decayed(腐朽的)trees which stood around—above all, in the long undisturbed endurance of this arrangement, and in its reduplication in the still waters(止水)of the tarn(小湖). Its evidence—the evidence of the sentience—was to be seen, he said, in the gradual yet certain condensation(凝结)of an atmosphere of their own about the waters and the walls. The result was discoverable, he added, in that silent yet importunate(纠缠不休的)and terrible influence which for centuries had moulded(塑造)the destinies of his family, and which made him what I now saw him—what he was”。总之,砖石结构的房屋,与附着其上的霉菌、枯树、止水、空气和人纠缠在一起,已经分不出彼此。这就是古屋的魔力:老房子House of Usher像一块磁石,像一张蛛网,粘住了所有靠近它的生命,也赋予了所有与它有关的存在物以生命。怪不得故事的叙述者,Roderick Usher的无名朋友,对于这栋老房子会下这样的断语呢:“I know not how it was—but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded(渗透,弥漫)my spirit. I say insufferable; for the feeling was unrelieved by any of that half-pleasurable, because poetic sentiment with which the mind usually receives even the sternest natural images of the desolate or terrible”。(不知为什么,对这房子只一瞥,我便感到一股无法忍受的阴森之气侵入我的灵魂。我说“无法忍受”,因为面对荒凉或可怕的,哪怕是最冷峻的自然景象,心灵中本会产生某种因为诗意而给人几分愉悦的感觉,但此刻我的心情却并未因此而有丝毫缓解)。

当然,老宅并非全然鬼气,它给人更多的是对于过去的怀念,那“过去”,不论是好是坏,对于有回忆的人来说,大概总是好的。“We possess nothing certainly except the past,”伊夫林·沃说。在《故园风雨后》的Preface(前言)中,对于自己的创作缘起,沃这样说:“It was a bleak period of present privation(匮乏)and threatening disaster(此处指二战时期)—the period of soya beans and Basic English—and in consequence the book is infused(注入)with a kind of gluttony(饥渴,贪食), for food and wine, for the splendors of the recent past, and for rhetorical(修辞的,华丽的)and ornamental(装饰的)language, which now with a full stomach I find distasteful.”在这多少有些对于曾经的“饥渴”有所贬低的话语中,难以抑制地散发着对于秩序、美丽以至繁复的渴望。“It seemed then that the ancestral seats which were our chief national artistic achievement were doomed to decay and spoliation(腐朽)like the monasteries in the sixteenth century”。的确,就交流而言,Basic English比King's English要实用;就果腹而言,soya beans也比English banquets方便,然而,前者终究无法取代后者。故事的叙述者Charles Ryder被老屋Brideshead和老屋的主人、笃信天主教的Flyte一家所吸引。Roman Catholicism(罗马天主教)以它的华丽和炫目曾令苦行者们颇多微词,然而Brideshead宗教气质却愈加烘托出它的尊严与高贵。就像朴素的新教(Protestantism)面对雍容的,同时也难免显得腐朽的天主教一样,新时代的人们面对庄严的老宅,也总是同样心怀复杂情感。于是,在多年之后,当Charles机缘巧合,在战争中重游Brideshead,虽然旧地已是满目疮痍,但他却分明看到了老宅中散发出新的光明:“Something quite remote from anything the builders intended, has come out of their work, and out of the fierce little human tragedy in which I played; something none of us thought about at the time; a small red flame—a beaten-copper(铜箔)lamp of deplorable(糟糕的)design relit before the beaten-copper doors of a tabernacle(神龛); the flame which the old knights saw from their tombs, which they saw put out; that flame burns again for other soldiers, far from home, farther, in heart, than Acre(圣地阿科古城)or Jerusalem(耶路撒冷). It could not have been lit but for the builders and the tragedians(悲剧作家), and there I found it this morning, burning anew among the old stones”。

不过,对于古屋的忠诚与热爱,可能更多的并非来源于古屋的主人,或是Charles Ryder这样的局外仰慕者,而是来自古屋的看护者,尽责的butler(管家)。《长日将尽》中的主人公Stevens,便是这样的一个butler,一个多少有些傻气的,然而又极为郑重其事的看护者。古屋不像一般的cottage(农舍),它注定是无法让人开玩笑的,因此,Stevens对于古屋的新主人来自美国的绅士Mr. Farraday的banters(玩笑)颇为介意;虽然他也曾努力要“reciprocate my employer's bantering”(回应雇主的玩笑),但却总是难以成功,因为,若是像Darlington Hall这样的老宅也容得下“玩笑”,那么这老宅便也就失去意义了。有时候,“老顽固”也可以算作一种“尊严”的体现吧。

最后要说的是,对于西洋古屋的兴趣,也算是中国人在经历了轰轰烈烈、摧枯拉朽的“拆迁风潮”之后在“建筑审美”上的一种觉醒吧;虽然在懵懵懂懂中,我们已经不记得自己的过去究竟是怎样的,对于将来也仅有些模糊的想法。不过,愿意记住一些过去,哪怕是别人的过去,终究不是件坏事。

一只作证的苍蝇

不知不觉间,美剧《犯罪现场调查》CSI(Crime Scene Investigation)连续播出已有14年时间,在第十个年头上,法医昆虫学家(forensic entomologist) Gil Grissom终于离开警队,去密林深处找寻他的小虫们了。从那以后,CSI两次换主演,然而不论专业知识还是个人魅力,新人总难以企及Grissom。老剧迷们明白,没有了Grissom和他时常摆弄的那些盛在瓶瓶罐罐中(学名叫vials,“玻璃瓶”)的小虫们,CSI便失去了灵魂,几乎只剩下冰冷与血腥,于是,也便离曲终人散不远了。

这世界上,不知有多少人因为CSI而喜欢上了法医这门“学问”,我也算其中之一吧;当然,我只是停留在“喜欢”的层面,实则是个门外汉(layman)。不过,这份“喜欢”却带着我走进哈佛大学出版社出版于2000年的一本极为有趣的书——A Fly for the Prosecution(起诉): How Insect Evidence Helps Solve Crimes。这书的主角是一群“让人尊敬”的小虫,作者是夏威夷大学昆虫学教授M. Lee Goff,此君从20世纪80年代开始,便担任檀香山警局的法医昆虫学顾问(Consultant in Forensic Entomology to the Medical Examiner of the City and County of Honolulu),算得上Forensic Entomology方面的权威人士。CSI中的Grissom,从学识到“俏皮”(甚至Grissom从第四季开始留起的那有型的大胡子)与他都颇为相像;因此,读此君书,对于CSI迷来说,自然有种特殊的亲近之感。

虽然由Harvard UP这样的顶级学术出版机构出版,但A Fly for the Prosecution并非艰深的学术著作,尽管各种昆虫的拉丁文名称的确令人头昏脑胀。这其实是一本颇为“安静”的书,虽然里面满是吓人的小虫的图示,就连各篇章的分割线也是由两条亲密的maggots(蛆)组成。说它“安静”,是因为,它会让你感到一种“超脱生死”的愉悦,更会给你一种因自然界中“小生命”的伟大和“真诚”而产生的欣喜。

若要涉足Forensic Entomology,首先需要转变对于死亡的看法——在自然界,万物都是cycling与recycling过程中的某个节点,而“小虫们”则是这个过程中的催化剂:“Anyone involved in death investigations quickly becomes aware of the connection between dead bodies and maggots. Insects are major players in nature's recycling effort, and in nature a corpse is simply organic matter(有机物)to be recycled. Left to its own devices(任其自然), nature quickly populates a corpse with a diverse community of organisms, all dedicated to reducing the body to its basic components. Very quickly, 'worms' appear, crawling out of the various orifices(孔口)”。

小小的蛆虫,千百年来,总被人类认为是“讨厌”、甚至“可怕”的东西,它们的存在似乎只是证明了生命的脆弱和尘世的肮脏。在Charles Baudelaire(波德莱尔)的Les Fleurs du mal(《恶之花》)中,有一首名为《腐尸》(“A Carcass”)的诗,这样描写道:

Recall to mind the sight we saw, my soul,

That soft, sweet summer day:

Upon a bed of flints(燧石)a carrion(腐尸)foul(污秽的),

Just as we turn'd the way,

...

The sky regarded as the carcass proud

Oped(opened古体写法)flower-like to the day;

The flies the putrid(腐烂的)belly buzz'd about,

Whence black battalions(部队)throng(拥挤)

Of maggots, like thick liquid flowing out

The living rags along.

And as a wave they mounted and went down.

Or darted(猛冲)sparkling wide;

As if the body, by a wild breath blown,

Lived as it multiplied.

...

Yet you will be like that corruption too,

Like that infection prove—

Star of my eyes, sun of my nature, you.

My angel and my love!

...(Translated by Richard Herne Shepherd)

爱人,想想我们曾经见过的东西,

在凉夏的美丽的早晨:

在小路的拐弯处,一具丑陋的腐尸

在铺石子的床上横陈

……

天空对着这壮丽的尸体凝望,

好像一朵开放的花苞

苍蝇嗡嗡地聚在腐败的肚子上,

黑压压的一大群蛆虫

从肚子里钻出来,沿着臭皮囊,

像黏稠的脓一样流动。

这些像潮水般汹涌起伏的蛆子

哗啦哗啦地乱撞乱爬,

好像这个被微风吹得膨胀的身体

还在度着繁殖的生涯。

……

可是将来,你也要像这臭货一样,

像这令人恐怖的腐尸,

我的眼睛的明星,我的心性的太阳,

你,我的激情,我的天使!

……(钱春绮 译)

残酷的诗人向身边的爱人宣称,路边的腐尸也是美丽的她难以摆脱的归宿,只有不朽的诗篇可以保存“爱的形姿和神髓”(I have kept the godlike essence and the form / Of perishable bliss!)。

即便是经常与小虫们打交道的法医,也往往只是厌恶地把它们冲刷干净,而没有意识到除了把尸体“蹂躏”得一塌糊涂之外,它们还能有什么作用。韩愈在《马说》开篇感叹道,“世有伯乐,然后有千里马。千里马常有,而伯乐不常有。”世间的一切事物同是这个道理——这世界上并不缺少有价值的东西,但缺少有价值的眼睛。对于小虫们来说,forensic entomologist便算得上它们的伯乐了。

有时,我们不能不感叹,对于自然的奥秘,人类所知不仅甚少,而且也是甚晚的。长期以来,人们一直以为蛆虫是原本存在于人或动物体内的,在活体死亡之后,便从体内钻出来,吞吃尸体。今天,在中国的某些地方,人们还把腊肉上的“小虫”,称作“肉芽”,大概认为那些小东西是像豆芽一样,从肉里钻出来的呢。在西方,直到1668年,意大利医学家Francesco Redi才通过实验证实,蛆虫与蝇卵(fly eggs)之间是存在直接联系的。

不过,像很多重大科学发现一样,倒是中国人很早便在法医昆虫学方面有了建树。据Lee Goff说,“大宋提刑官”宋慈便是Forensic Entomology的先驱之一:“In 1235,a Chinese“death investigator”named Sung Ts'u(宋慈)wrote a book entitled The Washing Away of Wrongs(《洗冤集录》), which was translated into English by B. E. McKnight in 1981. Sung tells of a murder in a Chinese village in which the victim was repeatedly slashed(砍). The local magistrate(地方法官) thought the wounds might have been inflicted(造成)by a sickle(镰刀). Repeated questioning of witnesses and other avenues(途径) of investigation proved fruitless. Finally, the magistrate ordered all the village men to assemble(集合), each with his own sickle. In the hot summer sun, flies were attracted to one sickle, because of the residue(残留)of blood and small tissue(组织)fragments still clinging to the blade and handle. Confronted with this evidence, the owner of the sickle confessed to the crime. The magistrate's action demonstrates considerable knowledge of the activity patterns of the flies, which were certainly blow flies(丽蝇)”。此外,有关昆虫在断案中的重要作用,《洗冤集录》中另有多处提及,足见宋提刑在此领域的洞见。

今天,forensic entomologists与他们信赖的小虫们对于探案的最重要贡献是“确定死亡时间”(to determine the time since death, the postmortem interval)。此领域的有两位奠基者——Bernard Greenberg和Jerry Payne。前者关于多种丽蝇的生物和生命周期(the biology and life cycles)的研究为辨识小虫们的“年龄”提供了依据。而后者提出的“succession”(接续)理论,则为辨识小虫们来到的先后次序指明了道路。“Simply stated, succession is the idea that as each organism or group of organisms feeds on a body, it changes the body. This change in turn makes the body attractive to another group of organisms, which changes the body for the next group, and so on until the body has been reduced to a skeleton. This is a predictable process, with different groups of organisms occupying the decomposing body at different times”。于是,结合二人的理论,forensic entomologist便可以让小虫们说话,判定死亡时间了。

1996年11月,在夏威夷某地(时间与地点是识别小虫的关键)一片甘蔗地中发现一具“分解状态”的(decomposed,常译作“腐烂的”,但从尊重小虫们和死者的角度来看,称为“分解状态的”似乎更合适,因为生命形态本就是compose与decompose两面)女尸。在分析了于抛尸地采集的各类小虫后,Lee Goff断定死亡时间为样本(specimen)采集前的34天。据此,警方锁定了最后与死者接触的人,并获得搜查证(search warrant);在仔细搜查了曾经嫌犯细心清理的住所后,警方最终通过luminol(发光氨)技术发现了大量血迹:“When luminol was sprayed(喷洒)in the bedroom and the lights were dimmed(调暗), the outline of a body was clearly visible on the floor beside the bed. The body had been lying on its side and blood had seeped(渗出)out of it to form the outline”。显然,若非小虫们“作证”,警方便难以锁定嫌犯,更无法得到搜查证,冤案便不知如何昭雪了。

有时候,小虫们提供的线索远比“死亡时间”更有趣。1992年8月27日,在Grand Canyon(大峡谷)的某个山崖下发现了一对男女的遗体,尸体解剖证实,二人是在一处沙漠地带溺水死亡(The results of the autopsies indicated that both had died by drowning, even though the bodies had been recovered in a dry, desert area),这结论当然不可思议,除非,你假设他们是溺水而死后,又被人捞起,然后抛尸他处。然而,Lee Goff分析了现场小虫的样本,以及当地土壤样本后,得出结论:“It appeared that the two hikers, last seen alive on August 18, had left the marked trail(有标志的路线) through the canyon. The woman had fallen, injuring her leg. Her companion then climbed down to assist her and fashioned(制作) the crude(简陋的) splint(夹板). Because of injuries or oncoming darkness, they found themselves spending the night of the twenty-first on the canyon floor. During the evening, a flash flood(骤发山洪)swept through the canyon, drowning them both, and depositing their bodies downstream, 100 feet apart on rocks at the base of a cliff. As is typical in flash floods, the water evaporated quickly(蒸发), leaving no trace. With daytime temperatures ranging from 81 to 100 ℉, their clothing quickly dried and insects immediately began to arrive at the bodies. Thus they were discovered five days later, having drowned in a desert”。

与蛆虫和尸体整日为伍,大概要算得上一份真正意义的“dirty job”了吧。不过正如Lee Goff所说,“As forensic entomology has changed, I also have changed... I am no longer concerned with just the insects and what they do to each other. I have entered into an area where insects, crime, and our criminal justice system intersect with(交叉)very darkest aspects of human nature.”被Lee Goff亲切地称作“witnesses”(证人)的小虫们不会撒谎,不会爽约,它们总是在该“到场”的时候“到场”;与这些“可爱”而“单纯”的creepy-crawlies(爬虫)相比,反倒是“人”让昆虫学家难以理解了:在很多的案件中,案发地附近,甚至当场,便有不止一个目击“证人”,但是这些人既没有出面制止犯罪,也没有站出来在法庭上指证罪犯。“I find myself looking again at old questions regarding human nature. Some things I am certain I will never be able to comprehend”。也许,在良知的法庭上,小虫们也是指证我们的证人吧。

深夜小狗离奇事件

这篇文章跟“小狗”并没有什么关系,它其实是关于一些“特别的”人。根据American Psychiatric Association(美国精神病协会)2013年最新修订的Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition(DSM-5)(《心理障碍诊断与统计手册》,原来被严格区分的Autism(自闭症)、Asperger syndrome(阿斯伯格综合症)、pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)(广泛性发展障碍非特定型)、childhood disintegrative disorder(儿童崩解症)和Rett syndrome(雷特综合症),以后将一并归入autism spectrum disorder(ASD)(自闭症谱系障碍)类,诊断按严重程度(dimensions of severity)而定,而不再分类(categorization)。ASD患者往往有“social deficits(社交困难) and communication difficulties, stereotyped(刻板的) or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive(认知) delays”等典型症状。重度患者常有“significant delay in language development”;而轻度患者,包括过去所谓的“high functioning autism”和Asperger syndrome,则无此问题。

轻度Autism患者,因为社交范围狭窄、兴趣爱好局限,往往反而能够发展出某些方面超越常人的能力。正因如此,带有autism特点的角色,不论是真实历史上,还是虚构世界里,一直令“普通人”着迷:Isaac Newton、Albert Einstein、Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart、Emily Dickinson等等鼎鼎大名的人物,都被专家认为可能是ASD患者;而文学作品里,Moby Dick(《白鲸》)中一心追杀大白鲸的Captain Ahab,Bartleby, the Scrivener(《书记员巴特勒比》)中总是说“I would prefer not to”的小职员Bartleby,甚至Sherlock Holmes,都颇有autism特色。有autism专家谈论the autistic Holmes时,提到“his oddness, his peculiar fixations(专注)— his little monograph(专论) on the ashes of 140 different varieties of pipe, cigar and cigarette tobacco (The Boscombe Valley Mystery[《博斯科姆比溪谷集》],The Sign of Four[《四个签名》]and A Study in Scarlet 《血字的研究》]. ... his clear powers of observation and deduction, unclouded by the emotions of everyday people, and the extreme unconventionality that often allows him to solve a case that police, with their more conventional minds, are unable to solve”。而BBC神剧Sherlock中,有关Sherlock可能的autism则表现得更为可爱了:Sherlock无法读懂“emotions”(典型的autism症状),却知道对手Irene Adler被“Sherlocked”,因为,如他所说,“I took your pulse”(第2季第1集)。“Genius”与“idiot”之间的纠结联系,“normal”与“special”之间的哲学辩证,“concentration”与“obsession”之间的微妙区别,都让autism这个话题充满魅力。《神探夏洛克》剧照

2003年,英国作家Mark Haddon出版了一本名为The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time的小书,让autism在文学之海中又掀起一个大浪。故事叙述者,十五岁的少年Christopher,并未提及自己患有什么病,只是说自己在一个专为“children with special needs”开设的学校上学,不过他的思维和行动方式则让读者明白地把他定位到high functioning autism患者一类。这个除了自己的学校和家没有单独去过任何地方,除了父母和老师没有和任何人有过交流的少年,为了调查邻居小狗Wellington被杀事件,艰难地走出自己的世界,于是,不仅改变了自己,更改变了家人。此书一出,便得到普通读者与致力于autism研究的专家的一致追捧,不仅各种文学奖项纷纷落下,从事于autism治疗、救助事业的人们也把作者看作此领域权威,常常邀请他做有关演讲;不过,后者多少让作者本人有些惶恐。在自己的blog中,Haddon声称,其实自己对autism并没有特别研究,这小说也并非刻意地要描写autism:“If anything it's a novel about difference, about being an outsider, about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way. it's as much a novel about us as it is about Christopher”。的确,这本书,已经超越了某一个人,或某一类人的境遇,而是在讲给我们听,那个曾经存在于我们心中的孩子的故事。

有论者说,这本书是“The Sound and the Fury(福克纳,《愤怒与喧嚣》)and The Catcher in the Rye(塞林格,《麦田守望者》) and one of Oliver Sacks' reallife stories”的组合。Oliver Sacks是美国权威神经病学家(neurologist),且写有多部有关neurological patients经历的著作,其中尤以Awakenings一书最为著名。提及Sacks,自然是夸赞Christopher的故事的真实性。而The Sound and the Fury,则是美国作家William Faulkner的一部小说,小说的第一部分是33岁的智障者Benjamin“Benjy” Compson叙述的时空错乱、言语不详的故事。然而,Christopher实则与Benjy处于两个截然不同的世界:Benjy看到和想到的都是“chaos”(正符合书名的意义),而Christopher则坚持“things in a nice order”,哪怕他的调查把他带到“the real world”的“核心”——谎言,他还是要通过自己的“执著”(perseverance)或“执拗”(stubbornness)找到“真相”。Christopher就是这样一个在无序的世界中坚持秩序的另类者,虽然他的“秩序”有时在别人看来“不可理喻”。

而作为一个“outsider”,Christopher的身份,倒确与The Catcher in the Rye中的Holden颇为相似。Christopher拒绝与他人亲密接触,即使是父母给他的一个拥抱,也能够让他大吵大闹;对他来说,唯一的亲密方式,便是伸出手掌,与人五指相触。同样,Holden也是一个无法与人(除了妹妹Phoebe)建立亲密联系的少年,他只想远离这个被phony(虚伪)people充斥的世界,就像他的创造者Salinger一样,去过与世隔绝的生活。Holden或者还会让读者想到法国存在主义文学代表人物Albert Camus的以The Outsider(《局外人》)为名的小说,小说叙述者Meursault也是个在人群中与世隔绝的角色,这世界对他没有什么意义,就连上帝也是冰冷的。可以说,Holden与Meursault都继承了拜伦式的、超越大众的心智与情感,有着“众人皆醉我独醒”的破坏力量。与他们相比,Christopher却更像我们普通人曾经的自己,那个曾经相信“秩序”,而且在这世界上总是可以看到“秩序”的“孩子”。《麦田守望者》封面

对于Christopher来说,秩序其实很简单,是由一系列二元对立的模式(patterns)构成的:比如,表情,对他来说,只有笑脸和哭脸;颜色,“4 red cars in a row made it a good day; 4 yellow cars in a row made it a black day”... 他关注一切有模式的东西,所以,数学便自然地成为他最感兴趣的东西——他可以整日地坐在那里计算2的乘方,他能说出2到7057以内的所有素数(Prime numbers)……因为这些东西都有秩序,都符合逻辑:“Prime numbers are what is left when you have taken all the patterns away. I think prime numbers are like life. They are very logical but you could never work out the rules, even if you spent all your time thinking about them”。

同样,对于“世界”或“事件”的描述,在Christopher看来,也只有两种——“truth”和“lie”。Christopher只会讲实话,因为与讲实话相比,撒谎要更复杂,需要超乎他理解水平的、更高的心智:“I do not tell lies. Mother used to say that this was because I was a good person. But it is not because I am a good person. It is because I can't tell lies.”的确,真相只是如实记录,而谎言就要创造了。“A lie is when you say something happened which didn't happen. But there is only ever one thing which happened at a particular time and a particular place. And there are an infinite number of things which didn't happen at that time and that place. And if I think about something which didn't happen I start thinking about all the other things which didn't happen.”

英国诗人William Blake有一部诗集叫作Songs of Innocence and of Experience(《天真与经验之歌》),常有论者就何为“innocence”,何为“experience”争执;也许,懂得lie,懂得有时(或大多数时候)要放弃truth,便是由“innocence”到“experience”的成功过渡吧。不懂得这一点,学不会撒谎,便要成为永远长不大的“老小孩”了,像Christopher那样。

因为总是明确区分truth与lie,Christopher无法理解“正常人”,特别是成年人,因为他们总是使用metaphors,而按照Christopher的理解,“a metaphor should be called a lie”,因为,当你使用metaphor的时候,你是在“describe something by using a word for something that it isn't”。Christopher不可能懂得metaphor,至多,他只会使用simile而已。比如,他可以描写一个警察“鼻子里好像藏着两只老鼠似的”,并且特别申明:“This is not a metaphor; it is a simile, which means that it really did look like there were two very small mice hiding in his nostrils, and if you make a picture in your head of a man with two very small mice hiding in his nostrils, you will know what the police inspector looked like. And a simile is not a lie, unless it is a bad simile”。

然而,正如William Blake说的,“If the fool would persist in his folly he would become wise”。Christopher可能会被“正常人”讥笑为“He does not have all his marbles”(少根筋)。但是他查清了“深夜小狗神秘事件”的真相,他按时参加了A Level数学考试,拿了A;明年,他还要参加A Level further maths ,后年,他还要参加A Level physics,他还要拿A…… 。

在Christopher看来,“order”与这世界上的其他东西一样,也是两重的:一方面“things in a nice order”是好的;另一方面,(成年人)对别人“发号施令”又是坏的。Christopher说,“I couldn't take orders”:

“This is because I do not always do what I am told.

And this is because when people tell you what to do, it is usually confusing and does not make sense.

For example, people often say 'Be quiet', but they don't tell you how long to be quiet for. Or you see a sign which says KEEP OFF THE GRASS, but it should say, KEEP OFF THE GRASS AROUND THIS SIGN, or, KEEP OFF THE GRASS IN THIS PARK, because there is lots of grass you are allowed to walk on.

Also people break rules all the time. ... In the Bible it says, Thou shalt not kill, but there were the Crusades(十字军东征) and two world wars and the Gulf War(海湾战争), and there were Christians killing people in all of them.”

也许,“成熟”或“成年”意味着,你有一天明白,《圣经》可以有其他解读,规则可以打破,谜题不一定有正解,不一定代表高兴……但是,Christopher不理睬这些,不相信这样的“新规则”,因为他知道什么是对,什么是错。一个“美丽心灵”能够从无意义中创造意义,就像数学家可以在无限数字中找到素数,就像美国现代派诗人Wallace Stevens的The Anecdote of a Jar(《坛子轶事》)中的罐子可以给荒芜带来秩序:

I placed a jar in Tennessee,

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