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吕瑞昌《汉英翻译教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解试读：
第1章 概论
1.1 复习笔记
一、翻译的任务和种类
翻译是一种语言活动。它涉及两种语言与各种知识，它用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容、感情、风格等忠实地重新表现出来。
翻译的种类可以从下面几个角度来划分。
(1) 从出发语和归宿语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类。
(2) 从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
(3) 从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政治翻译、科技翻译和事务性函电翻译。
二、翻译的标准
严复(1853—1921)提出了“信、达、雅”三个字的翻译标准。鲁迅先生(1881—1936)曾提出“信与顺”的翻译标准。
今天汉英翻译的标准也可以用“信、顺”两字来概括。“信”是指忠实于原文的内容，包括思想、感情、风格等，即把原文完整而准确地表达于译文中，对原文内容尽可能不增不减。“顺”是指用词正确得体，行文流畅通顺，符合英语习惯；避免逐字死译、生搬硬套，使不懂汉语的英语读者也能看懂。
三、理解和表达
翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要阶段。理解和表达常是相互联系、相辅相成的。
理解原文词句不应脱离上下文。词义总是受上下文制约的，没有上下文就没有词义。
至于表达，其中最重要的一点是：译者必须避免机械照搬的死译和望文生义的乱译。
1.2 翻译示例汇总
(1) 他(听到这话)心里一跳，脸色也变了。【译文】At this his heart missed a beat and he became pale.【解析】原文“心里一跳”译成missed a beat字面意思完全相反，但表达了同样的含义。如果机械照搬原文形式，译成His heart jumped and the colour of his face changed就不符合译文语言表达习惯了。
(2) 三四个筛酒的酒保，都手忙脚乱，搬东搬西。(施耐庵《水浒传》)【译文】...the four or five waiters were busy rushing from one to another serving food and drink. (Outlaws of the Marsh)
(3) 你不知道，金八这家伙背景复杂，不大讲面子。(曹禺《日出》)【译文】Don’t you realize that this fellow Jin has all kinds of dubious connections and that he’s no great respecter of persons?【解析】原文中的陈述句在译文中转换为疑问句，同时利用英语成语no respecter of persons(不是看人行事的人，不偏心的人，对任何人一律看待的人)译出“不大讲面子”的含义，形式虽有改变，但却表达出原文的思想内容。
第2章 词的选择
2.1 复习笔记
一、根据上下文正确理解原文的词义
1．“情况”：这个词的基本意义与英语中的circumstances, situation, condition等词相近，但是究竟怎样翻译，还须根据上下文来决定
2．“事”：汉语中“事”的基本意义与英语中matter, affair, thing, business等词相近。但是在不同的上下文中，此词会有各种不同的含义
3．“水平”：汉语中“水平”这一词与英语level相近。如“理论水平”译作theoretical level，但在不同的上下文中，它的含义不同，可采用不同的译法。
二、辨析词义和正确选词
1．注意词的广义与狭义
英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别，运用范围也就各不相同。
2．注意词义的强弱
3．注意词义的褒贬
4．注意词的语体色彩
5．注意词的政治含义
6．注意词的搭配
2.2 课后习题详解
翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配：
1．我家的猫昨天晚上捉了一只大老鼠。【答案】Our cat caught a very big rat last night.
2．那个小孩闯到马路中间，一个警察赶紧抓住他的手，把他拉到安全的地方。【答案】The child ran into the street, but a policeman hurried up to seize him by the arm and pulled him back to safety.
3．次日清晨5时许，有风下了几点雨。【答案】About five o’clock the next morning there were a few drops of rain in the wind.
4．从那间小屋里传出了微弱的呻吟声。【答案】Weak groans came from the little room.
5．那个受惊的小孩紧紧地抓住他母亲的手。【答案】The frightened child gripped his mother’s hand.
6．他的儿子对数学很感兴趣。【答案】His son takes a great interest in mathematics.
7．他因犯伪造罪而被拘捕。【答案】He was apprehended on a charge of forgery.
8．他把自己的一生献给为人民服务的事业。【答案】He dedicated his whole life to serving the people.
9．班长命令战士上刺刀。【答案】The squad leader ordered the men to fix bayonets.
10．有什么事，告诉我一声。【答案】Let me know if anything happens.
11．不许他给我们集体脸上抹黑。【答案】We’re not going to let him bring shame on our collective.
12．新生儿需要细心护理。【答案】Newborn babies need careful nursing.
13．该委员会由十五人组成。【答案】The committee consists of 15 members.
14．党组织是由无产阶级先进分子组成的。【答案】The Party organization is composed of the advanced elements of the proletariat.
15．空气是由多种气体混合组成的。【答案】Air is made up of a mixture of gases.
16．他醉心于医学研究。【答案】He is deeply engrossed in medical research.
17．那个人醉心于名利。【答案】That chap is infatuated with fame and gain.
18．我借一下你的自行车好吗？【答案】May I borrow your bike?
19．我借一下你的电话好吗？【答案】May I use your telephone?
20．借光、借光。【答案】
Excuse me, excuse me!
Or: Would you mind stepping to one side, please.
Or: Out of the way, please. Or: Please let me pass.
2.3 翻译示例汇总
一、根据上下文正确理解原文的词义
例1：“情况”
(1) 在这种情况下。【译文】under these / such circumstances; such being the case; in accordance with this specific condition.
(2) 这种情况必须改变。【译文】This state of affairs must change.
(3) 现在情况不同了。【译文】Now things are different.
(4) 他们的情况怎么样？【译文】How do matters stand with them?
(5) 前线有什么情况？【译文】How is the situation at the front?
(6) 前面有情况，做好战斗准备。【译文】There’s enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.【解析】这里的“情况”指“敌情”，故译为enemy activity。
(7) 可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。【译文】But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
(8) 我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。【译文】We may go there, but that depends. (或…it all depends. )
例2：“事”
(1) 遇事和大家商量。【译文】Consult the masses when problems arise.【解析】这里“遇事”的“事”，实际上是“有待解决的问题”，因此译为problems。
(2) 农民所做的事很多……农民在农民协会领导之下总共做了十四件大事，如下所记。(《毛泽东选集》一卷，22页)【译文】The peasants have done a great many things...the peasants under the leadership of the peasant associations have the following fourteen great achievements to their credit.【解析】本句中第一个“事”用的是它的一般意义，故译作things。第二个“事”是指农民协会所取得的光辉业绩，故把它译成achievements。
例3：“水平”
(1) 他的英语水平比我的高。【译文】He knows more English than I.【解析】这里，汉语“水平”一词虽未译出，但其意已暗含在句子之中，因此就不言而喻了。若照汉语按字面硬译成The level of his English is higher than that of mine就不符合英语表达习惯。
(2) 各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。【译文】Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.【解析】这里的“领导水平”，实际上指领导能力、领导艺术，故译作art of leadership。
二、辨析词义和正确选词
例1：注意词的广义与狭义
(1) 农业是国民经济的基础。【译文】Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.【解析】原文“农业”一词是广义，指一切农业经济(农业、畜牧业、林业、渔业)，故译作agriculture。但在“农林牧副渔互相结合的方针”中，农与林牧副渔并立，是指耕作的农业，不是指整个农业经济，故译作farming。整个词组应译为：the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery。
(2) 他从不喝酒。【译文】He never touches wine.【解析】原文“酒”是指一切酒类，故译作wine。但在“他不喝烈性酒”一句中，“酒”是狭义，是和淡性酒相对而言的，又须译作spirits。
例2：注意词义的强弱
(1) 反动派的暴行激起了人民极大的愤怒。【译文】The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation.【解析】这里的“愤怒”含义强烈，故在译文中选用了indignation, 而不用anger。
(2) 多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久只争朝夕。【译文】
So many deeds cry out to be done,
And always urgently,
The world rolls on,
Time presses.
Ten thousand years are too long,
Seize the day, seize the hour!【解析】这里“多少事”的“事”，含有“国家大事”之意，故在译文中选用了deeds而未用things。一方面突出了“大事”的深刻含义，另一方面也增强了诗意。
例3：注意词义的褒贬
(1) 他们组成了两个阴谋夺取最高权力的反革命集团。(胡耀邦同志在庆祝中国共产党成立六十周年大会上的讲话)【译文】They rigged up two counter-revolutionary cliques in an attempt to seize supreme power.【解析】译文中的rig up含有“拼凑”之意，能明确表达说话人的立场和思想感情，切合原文的含义。
(2) 他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。(《毛泽东选集》五卷，351页)【译文】They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.【解析】同是一个“讲”字，译文中一处用preach, 另一处用advocate, 一贬一褒，反映了对两种世界观的不同态度。
例4：注意词的语体色彩
(1) 别了，司徒雷登！【译文】Farewell, Leighton Stuart!【解析】这是毛主席批判美国白皮书的一篇文章的标题，译文选用了farewell一词。若用goodbye, 则不能表现出原文所具有的特殊语气和轻蔑口吻。
(2) 禁止赌博。【译文】Gambling is prohibited.【解析】原文“禁止”的语体色彩较为正式，故译作prohibit。
(3) 这小伙子干活真冲。【译文】This young fellow does his work with vim and vigour.【解析】这里的“真冲”是口语体，译者注意了这一点，相应地也用了口语词vim表达。
例5：注意词的政治含义
(1) “农民”：
peasant和farmer都可以和汉语的“农民”或“农夫”相对应。
但是这两个词的含义却有差别。farmer本指农场的经营者或所有者。现在也可指以耕种为目的而租入土地的人。peasant指住在农村中的小农和以耕种土地为生的劳动者。英美国家现常用farmer指一般农民，而我们常用peasant指一般农民，并与landlord或worker相对而言。
(2) “侵略”：
invasion和aggression都是汉语“侵略”的对应词。invasion指军事入侵，而aggression的含义范围较广，可指政治、军事、经济、文化各个方面。
(3) “自主”：
autonomy和initiative都可以和汉语的“自主”相对应。autonomy指政治上有自治权利；initiative主要指思想上、行动上有主动性或独立性。“独立自主”中的“自主”是指后一种意思，所以用initiative。
例6：定语和中心词的搭配
(1) 浓茶 strong tea
浓墨 thick (or dark) ink
浓烟 dense smoke
(2) 青山 green hill
青天 blue sky
青布 black cloth【解析】同是一个“浓”字、“青”字，与不同的名词搭配，英译时须选用不同的词，否则便不能达意。
例7：动词和宾语的搭配
(1) 开车 to drive a car
开船 to set sail
开机器 to start a machine
(2) 上自行车 to get on a bike
上飞机 to board a plane
上山 to go up (or to mount) a hill【解析】由于与不同的宾语搭配，同是一个动词“开”字、“上”字，英译时选用了不同的动词。
(3) 我已吩咐我的手下人都上了子弹。(茅盾《子夜》)【译文】I’ve already ordered my men to have their guns loaded.【解析】这里的“上子弹”是指“把子弹装入枪内”，英语用to load a gun。
(4) 他把他的全部书籍都献给了图书馆。【译文】He presented all his books to the library.
(5) 教师应当献身于教育事业。【译文】A teacher should devote himself to the cause of education.
(6) 谨以本书献给许教授以表敬慕和感激之情。【译文】To Prof. Xu I dedicate this volume in token of affection and gratitude.
2.4 考研真题与典型题精选
一、考研真题精选
1．音乐的本质都是忧伤而缠绵悱恻的，一如艳阳下溪水带不走逆行的云彩，而落叶却兀自随溪水而去。（人大2004研）【答案】The essence of all music is melancholy and sentimental just like the feeling when you see the stream, flowing under the bright sun, cannot take any clouds going upstream away with it while the fallen leaves flow away with the stream by themselves without hesitation.【解析】这是有着古文色彩的翻译材料，在翻译时必须先准确理解词义，再选用合适且拥有同样感情色彩的词汇短语。例如“忧伤而缠绵悱恻”翻译为melancholy and sentimental，“兀自”翻译为without hesitation。
2．我们看一幅画，可以欣赏其中所蕴藏的诗的情趣，但是并非所有的画都有诗的情趣，而且画的主要的功用是在描绘一个意象。（北师大2007研）【答案】When viewing a painting, we may be drawn to it for its poetic inclination, yet not every picture has an inbuilt poetic inclination. More importantly, the primary function of painting is to depict an image.【解析】翻译材料为与艺术相关和绘画赏析，翻译时要注意词汇选择的准确性。例如，“看”译为viewing，“诗的情趣”译为poetic inclination，“意象”译为image。
3．根据WTO的定义，倾销是指一国产品以低于“正常价值”的价格出口到另一国，并对进口国相关工业造成了损害的行为。（对外经贸大学2005研）【答案】According to the definition issued by WTO, dumping means the exporting country sells goods in a foreign country in large quantities at a price less than normal value and causes damages to relative industries of the importing country.【解析】这题考查国际贸易中的英语用语，注意翻译的准确性。例如，“倾销”是dumping，“exporting country”为出口国，“进口国”为importing country.，“正常价值”是normal value。
4．这些人获得对他人的财富的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。（北京外国语大学2008研）【答案】These individuals acquire the eminent domain and usufruct of other people’s wealth to create and accumulate their own wealth.【解析】专业性较强的翻译材料要注意词汇的选择和短语搭配。例如，“支配权、使用权”译为eminent domain and usufruct，“创造财富，并积累财富”译为create and accumulate wealth.
5．笑是最流动、最迅速的表情，从眼睛里泛到口角边。（北大2007研）【答案】Smile is the most fluid and rapid expression, rippling from eyes to mouth corner.【解析】“流动”翻译时可使用move，flow, fluid等词，“迅速”可使用prompt, rapid等词。在这里，形容人的微笑用fluid和rapid最为生动形象。
6．中国政府应从战略的角度来看待这一问题，不仅严把出口产品的质量监控和管理关，更希望从国内整个产品质量与安全环境着手，正本清源。(对外经贸大学2011研)【答案】Chinese government should view this issue from a strategic perspective, not only to maintain a strict quality monitoring system and management standard on export product, also to clear up the sources and get to the root of problems within the domestic environment for product quality and safety issues.【解析】对待专业性较强的翻译材料，要注意译文词汇短语的正确搭配使用。“战略的角度”为strategic perspective，“质量监控和管理关”译为quality monitoring system and management standard。
7．孩子们都有心理活动，就是孩子们心底都有知、情、义。（北京外国语大学2011研）【答案】Each child did cherish a spiritual world where understanding, affection and righteousness are available.【解析】“心理活动”译为spiritual world，“知、情、义”译为understanding, affection and righteousness。
8．科学发展观是协调的发展观。（北京外国语大学2008研）【答案】The scientific development view is a coordinated development view.【解析】常用的政策性语句需要准确识记。
9．虽然导致不平等的原因很多，但我们可以大体上把它们分为三类。一类是社会条件或家庭出身。（北京外国语大学2012研）【答案】The causes of inequality are various, and may be broadly classified into three groups. The first is social condition or family background.【解析】“……的原因”是the cause of sth.“社会条件或家庭出身”译为social condition or family background。
二、典型题精选
1．中国明朝的著名旅行者徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。【答案】In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, toured l6 provinces, leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country.
2．他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进行考察。【答案】He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom visited by human beings.
3．她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。【答案】What she seeks is truth, and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.
4．其实中年人是人生盛华的开始，不应贪婪，不应享受。【答案】In actual fact, middle age represents the prime of one’s life, allowing no indolence, self-indulgence. (居组纯 译)
5．我不断参阅论述那些问题的著作。【答案】I have constantly referred to works dealing with those subjects.
6．那台机床出问题了。【答案】Something has gone wrong with that lathe.
7．一路上没出什么问题。【答案】The trip went off without mishap.
8．你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。【答案】You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
9．路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。（鲁迅《一件小事》）【答案】By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. （杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
10．从她的回忆录可以看出来她对那位导演始终怀有一种复杂的感情。【答案】Judging from what she wrote in her memoir, she always had mixed feelings for that director.
11．于是——洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。（朱自清《匆匆》）【答案】Thus—the day flows away through the sink when l wash my hands, wears off in the bowl when I eat my meal, and passes away before my daydreaming gaze as I reflect in silence. （朱纯深译）
12．身体好，学习好，工作好。【答案】Keep fit, study well and work hard.
第3章 词的增补
3.1 复习笔记
通常增补词语是出于以下两方面的需要。
一、为了保证译文语法结构的完整
在汉译英时，在此种情况下需要增补词语的现象大致可分以下四类：
1．代词(或名词)
(1) 作主语的代词(或名词)
汉语里无主语的句子相当多。英语则不同，句子一般都需要有主语。
在翻译这类无主语句子时采用的方法有：
①采用被动式或“There be…”结构
②需要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词(或名词)来补出主语。
(2) 物主代词
物主代词在汉语里远不如英语里用得多。在英语里凡说到一个人的器官和归他所有的或与他有关的事物时，总要在前面加上物主代词。例：
她用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。
She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.
(3) 作宾语的代词
汉语句子中，作宾语的代词常常可以省掉。可是英语凡及物动词都得有宾语。因此汉译英时，经常要增补作宾语的代词。例：
请原谅，打断你一下。
Excuse me for interrupting you.
2．连词
汉语中较少用连词。英语通常需要用连词来表明词与词、词组与词组以及句与句的逻辑关系。因此在汉译英时，需要增补连词的情况会很多，有时是并列连词，有时是从属连词。例：
姐姐在等我，我得走了。
My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now.
3．介词
汉语中不需用介词的地方，在英语中却常用介词。因此，在汉译英时，增补介词的情况是屡见不鲜的。
4．冠词
汉译英时往往还需要增补必要的冠词。
二、为了保证译文意思的明确
为了这个目的而增补的词语大致可分为以下三类：
1．原文中暗含而无需明言的词语
2．概括性词语
3．注释性词语
汉语中的典故、谚语和在一定历史、政治条件下形成的某些名词、术语和简化说法，汉语读者熟悉，一看就明白，但是英语读者就不见得能懂。因此翻译时就得适当地添加一点注释性词语。例：
班门弄斧。
Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.
3.2 课后习题详解
翻译下列各句，根据需要增补适当的词语：
1．海外侨胞常说：“我们的心永远向着祖国。”【答案】The overseas Chinese usually say “Our hearts are always towards our motherland.”
2．有人来电话，你就说我12点回来。【答案】Whoever telephones, tell them I shall be back by 12 o’clock.
3．他尽着嗓门向我们呼喊。【答案】He shouted to us at the top of his voice.
4．比他技术高明一点的人，他叫人家老师傅。【答案】Those whose technical level was higher than his own he addressed as “Masters”.
5．所有公民在法律面前一律平等。【答案】All citizens are equal before the law.
6．中国总是要前进的。【答案】Whatever happens, China will march on.
7．他虽是初次登台演出，却演得很自然。【答案】His acting was very natural though it was the first time he appeared on the stage.
8．这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。【答案】It is just as the proverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game.” (Or: The spectator is in a better position to judge.)
9．请把这张表填一下，填完给我。【答案】Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished.
10．下午6点开晚饭。【答案】Supper is served at 6 p.m.
11．他们一听说有新任务，就坐不住了。【答案】When they learnt that they’d been given a new task, they just couldn’t sit still any longer.
12．你想看这本书，就先看吧。【答案】You may read the book first, since you are anxious to read it.
13．这件事咱们回头再详谈。【答案】We shall discuss it in detail when we meet again.
14．在全面开创新局面的各项任务中，首要的任务是把现代化经济建设推向前进。【答案】Of the various tasks in bringing about an all-round new situation, the most important one is to push forward the modernization of China’s economy.
15．只要中国人民积极奋斗，这个宏伟的战略目标是能够达到的。【答案】If the Chinese people work hard, they can definitely attain this grand strategic objective.
3.3 翻译示例汇总
一、为了保证译文语法结构的完整
例1：增补作主语的代词(或名词)
(1) 接到你的来信，非常高兴。【译文】I was very glad to have received your letter.
(2) 亲不亲，一家人嘛。(柳青《创业史》)【译文】Relatives or not, we peasants are one family.
(3) 要有把握，就要有准备，而且要有充分的准备。【译文】To ensure success, one must be prepared, and fully prepared at that.
例2：增补物主代词
(1) 她用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。【译文】She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.
(2) 孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。【译文】The children take their lunches to school every day.
(3) 我们响应了祖国的号召。【译文】We responded to the call of our motherland.
例3：增补作宾语的代词
(1) 请原谅，打断你一下。【译文】Excuse me for interrupting you.
(2) 把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。【译文】After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.
(3) 解净收起图说：“大家出车吧，中午休息的时候再看，就贴在这里。”(蒋子龙《赤橙黄绿青蓝紫》)【译文】Xie Jing folded up the diagram and said, “Now get moving. I’ll paste this up here and you can have a good look at it during the midday break. ”
例4：增补连词
(1) 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。【译文】Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
(2) 姐姐在等我，我得走了。【译文】My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now.
(3) 男女老少都参加了战斗。【译文】Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.
(4) 我们尊重知识分子是完全应该的，没有革命知识分子，革命就不会胜利。【译文】It is entirely right for us to esteem intellectuals, for without revolutionary intellectuals the revolution cannot triumph.
(5) 他不来，我不走。【译文】I shall not go until he comes.
(6) 群众齐心了，一切事情都好办了。【译文】When the masses are of one heart, everything becomes easy.
(7) 天已经相当晚了，我们决定在那座庙里过夜。【译文】As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at the temple for the night.
例5：增补介词
(1) 我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。【译文】We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.
(2) 你是白天工作还是夜间工作？【译文】Do you work in the daytime or at night?
(3) 这些图片，你们四个人分。【译文】Divide these pictures among the four of you.
(4) 咱们车站见吧。【译文】Let’s meet at the station.
例6：增补冠词
(1) 耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。【译文】The ear is the organ which is used for hearing, The nose is used for smelling, The tongue is used for tasting.
(2) 她不把他当阿公，而当做亲爹。【译文】She considered him not a father-in-law but a father.
(3) 我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。【译文】We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.
二、为了保证译文意思的明确
例1：
(1) 谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。【译文】Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard.【解析】这里“艰苦”两字显然是指战场上的“生活”，而不是战场本身。因此译文中补充life一词，这样才切合原义，不会引起英语读者的误解。
(2) 人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房……(《毛泽东选集》四卷，1413页)【译文】When anyone among the people breaks the law, he too should be punished, imprisoned…【解析】原文中的“人民”当然是指其中的某个人。可是英语的the people是集体名词，不指单独的个人，若将这里的“人民”两字简单地译作the people就不符合原义。因此只有加上anyone among两词才能确切地表达原义。
(3) 要提倡顾全大局。【译文】We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.【解析】汉语“要提倡顾全大局”，所要提倡的是“顾全大局”的这种“精神”。“精神”二字暗含在字里行间，译成英语时，这种暗含的意思就要译出来，不然英语读者就不能理解。
(4) 过去我们已经多次讲过用民主方法解决人民内部矛盾这个问题，并且在工作中基本上就是这样做的，很多干部和人民都在实际上懂得这个问题。(《毛泽东选集》五 卷，371页)【译文】On many occasions we have discussed the use of the democratic method for solving contradictions among the people; furthermore, we have in the main applied it in our work and many cadres and many other people are familiar with it in practice.【解析】“干部”实际上也是“人民”中的一部分。译文中如不加上other一词，就会产生一种误解，好像干部不是人民的一部分，而是和人民分开并列的。
例2：增补概括性词语
(1) 黄金白银，坚甲利兵，并非构成大国的要素。【译文】Gold and silver, a strong army and powerful weapons-these are not the elements that constitute a great nation.
(2) 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。【译文】The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.
(3) 如此大量的人员……是决不能持久的，是很危险的。【译文】A situation in which such a large number of personnel…cannot last long and is very dangerous.【解析】原文中尽管没有“情况”或“局势”一类的词，但从上下文可以很明显地看出这个意思。另一方面，译句中要是不增补situation一词，不仅意思表达不清楚，句子也很难安排妥当。
(4) 我们自动取消了工农革命政府的名称……还把没收地主土地改为减租减息。(《毛泽东选集》四卷，1106页)【译文】We voluntarily dropped the name “Workers’ and Peasants’ Revolutionary Government” …and altered our policy of confiscating the land of landlords to one of reducing rent and interest.【解析】这里的“没收地主土地”和“减租减息”都是指“政策”，只是由于行文已经清楚，将“政策”一词省去了。可是译成英语就必须加上policy一词，否则就不能达意。
例3：增补注释性词语
(1) 班门弄斧。【译文】Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.【解析】如果不在译文中加上the master carpenter，译作Lu Ban，英语读者恐怕大多数都不知道他们是何许人，因而也就无法理解本句的内在含义。
(2) 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。【译文】Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.【解析】如果不在译文中加上the master mind，译作Zhuge Liang, 英语读者恐怕大多数都不知道他们是何许人，因而也就无法理解本句的内在含义。
(3) 陕北的部队经过整训诉苦以后，战士们的觉悟提高了……(《毛泽东选集》四卷，1261页)【译文】After the troops in northern Shanxi went through training and consolidation and poured out their grievances against the old social order, the fighters heightened their political consciousness...【解析】一说起“诉苦”，汉语读者当然就知道是“诉旧社会的苦”。但是英语读者就想不到这一点，如果将“诉苦”只简单地译作pour out one’s grievances, 他们就会感到茫然，甚至会发生误解。因此必须加上against the old social order才行。
(4) 一九二八年夏提出了六项注意：一、上门板，二、捆铺草，三、说话和气……(《毛泽东选集》四卷，1186页)【译文】In the summer of 1928 he set forth Six Points for Attention: (1) Put back the doors you have taken down for bedbards; (2) Put back the straw you have used for bedding; (3) Speak politely; …【解析】部队在行军中常常借用老乡的门板，取下来搭床铺草过夜，所以“上门板”、“捆铺草”对于了解这种情况的汉语读者来说，不难理解。但是，英语读者则不然，如果不加词，他们就不知道是什么意思了。因此需要加上you have taken down for bedboards和you have used for bedding，把意思表达清楚。
3.4 考研真题与典型题精选
一、考研真题精选
1．珍贵的花草不易养活，看着一棵好花生病欲死是件难过的事。（北师大2006研）【答案】It is difficult to grow a precious flower species. And I feel bad to see a good flower dying of illness.【解析】句子中缺少主语，根据句意，译文中增加主语“I”。
2．听说，例如英国，那小说，先前是大抵写给太太小姐们看的，其中自然是香汗多。（北师大2006研）【答案】I have ever heard that, for example in England, the novels were written firstly for ladies and misses, so naturally they smelt sweet.【解析】句子中缺少主语，根据句意，译文中增加主语“I”。
3．刚近S门，忽而车把上带着一个人，慢慢地倒了。（北师大2008研）【答案】We were just approaching S-Gate when we knocked into someone who slowly toppled over.【解析】句子两处缺少主语，一处根据句意加上“we”，另一处处理为定语从句。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]