作者：浩瀚
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用英语说中国：文化艺术试读：
Chapter 1 The Dietetic Culture 饮食文化
Unit 1 The Tea Culture茶文化
key sentences 流畅精句1.China is the home of tea.
中国是茶的故乡。
2.“Tea Classic”is widely recognized as the world's first scientific work《茶经》被广泛公认为世界上第一部有关茶的科学著作。
3.Tea is widely recognized as the most healthy and inexpensive daily
beverage in people's daily life.
茶被普遍公认为是人们生活中最有营养和最廉价的日常饮料。
4.Legend goes that Shennong discovered the medical effect of the tea by chance.
传说神农在偶然的情况下发现了茶的药用功效。
5.Tea ceremonies are often held here so as to make tea culture better known among common people.
这里常常举行“茶道表演”，以使茶文化更深入人心。
6.Cream and sugar are added to black tea to make the taste more mellow.
红茶加入奶油和糖喝起来醇香。
on tea.
7.Green tea is said to preserve over 450 organic compounds.
据说绿茶含有450种以上有机化合物。
8.I'm beginning to appreciate the flavor of Longjing tea.
我开始喝出龙井茶的味道来了。
9.No wonder the tea tastes so nice：the water's taken from a nearby spring.
怪不得这茶的味道这么好，原来它的水取之于附近的一个山泉。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1茶的历史The History of Tea
Tea is native to China, and Chinese tea culture has a long history. Originally tea was used as a medicine instead of a drink.It was said that Shennong, the legendary ruler in ancient China, once tasted a lot of plants and was poisoned many times.It was tea that helped him get rid of the poisoning effect.Later the ancient Chinese got to know more and more about tea, and instead of being regarded as a medicine, it became a drink.Tea not only quenches one's thirst, but also helps reduce one's internal heat.Paragraph 2茉莉花茶Jasmine Tea
Jasmine tea is made from jasmine flowers and is the most popular among scented tea. The most wellknown jasmine flower tea is produced in Fujian Province.In making jasmine tea, first pick a lot of jasmine flower buds and put them in a clean place；then at midnight when the flowers have the strongest fragrance, add green tea to them for absorption；next, get rid of the withered jasmine flowers and get the tea leaves baked；then put the baked tea leaves into newly picked jasmine flowers again.This is repeated several times before the tea leaves are ready to be used.Paragraph 3龙井茶Longjing Tea
Longjing tea is from Longjing, West Lake, Hangzhou. It is a topgrade green tea.It is recorded that tea was produced in Longjing in the Tang Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty Longjing tea was the favourite one of Emperor Qianlong.It is made of tea shoot.They are green, fragrant, sweet and beautiful—four unique characteristics of Longjing tea.In the past there were mainly four brands of Longjing tea：“shi，”“long，”“yun，”and“hu”.They were the four brands of Longjing tea produced in Shifeng, Longjing, Yunqi and Hupao respectively.Now they are classified into three brands：“shi，”“long，”and“mei.”“Mei”is the Longjing tea produced in Meijiawu.Paragraph 4蒙古奶茶Mongolian Tea with Milk
Mongolians never have meals without tea with milk. In fact, they have“three teas and one meal”every day, rather than three meals.They have tea in the morning, at noon and in the evening, and have supper after work with their families.If they have beef and mutton for super, they will have an extra tea before they retire for the evening.Their tea, of course, is not pure tea, but fragrant tea with milk, and is usually accompanied by such snacks as fried rice, milk cakes, deep fried milk products and boiled mutton.Paragraph 5怎样选择茶叶How to Select Tea
The following steps are some simple ways that may help tea drinkers select tea：
a. Tea leaves should always be kept dry.Customers can use their fingers to press tea leaves to see if they are dry.Slight finger press easily breaks dry tea leaves into small pieces.
b. Aroma is the most important factor.Good tea always smells good.c.The color of the tea liquid and the shape of tea leaves vary with different types of tea. Generally, the tea liquid should remain clear and free of impurity, and the shape of good tea leaves in the liquid should be whole and even.Paragraph 6中国人对茶的品味Chinese Attitude toward Tea
In fine, among all peoples in the world, the attitude of the Chinese toward tea is unique.They emphasize a lofty and leisurely mood, quiet and fine surroundings, freshness and clearness of water, elegant tea sets and close, good friends entertained.In tasting tea, although the Chinese take a great delight in its brewing, yet their real purpose is to achieve spiritual ascendancy.So, tea is not just for satisfying the taste, but is a part of life.
cultural Links 文化链接
中国茶史
我国是世界上制茶最早的国家。我国种茶的历史，与埃及金字塔的年龄不相上下，人们很早就掌握了制茶工艺。唐朝的陆羽是世界上最早最有名的茶叶专家。他著的《茶经》，从采茶、制茶到包装都有详细的描写，就连用什么水泡茶也很有研究。后来，宋徽宗的《大观茶论》，进一步把制茶工艺详细分为20条。我国的武夷山红茶、祁门红茶和龙井绿茶都闻名于世。武夷红茶从宋朝开始，便成为进贡的佳品。元朝时，皇帝索性在那里辟了个“御茶园”。龙井茶以色、香、味、形齐全著名。杭州狮子峰有个明朝的古庙，庙前有18株老茶树，这些树上的茶叶具有真味。不过，建国以后人工栽培的茶树的茶叶质量已经超过了它们。
Vocabulary 妙词连珠
conclusion结论
unbelievable难以置信的
legend传说，传奇
poison使……中毒
materia（古）药物
shut闭嘴，住口
mention提及，说起
evidence证据
effect效用，效果
scented有香味的
compressed被压缩的
bake烘，焙，烤
jasmine茉莉花
gardenia玉兰花
chrysanthemum菊花
prevent防止
heatstroke中暑
semifermented半发酵
fragrance芳香，香气
retain保持，保留
mellow醇香的
in between在中间
kill time消磨时间
infusion（茶的）冲泡
brick砖头
nomadic游牧的
tribe部落
scratch刮下
greasiness油腻
organic有机的
compound复合物
caffeine茶碱，咖啡因
in terms of就……而言
refill（茶、咖啡等）续杯
aroma味香
tea stain茶锈
tea stalk茶叶梗
tea oil茶油
tea grounds茶渣
good tea好茶点
drinking喝茶
herb ingredients凉茶精
straining tea滤茶
drawing泡茶
tea tasting品茶
making fresh tea沏新茶
offering tea上茶
low tea晚餐前茶点
Unit 2 Alcoholic Culture 酒文化
key sentences 流畅精句1.Wine culture is an important part of the Chinese food and drink culture.
酒文化是中国饮食文化中的一个重要组成部分。
2.As to the inventor of wine, there are several versions, but the most popular one is that a person called Du Kang made it.
有很多关于酒的发明者的说法，但普遍认可的是杜康发明的酒。
3.Du Kang or Shao Kang was regarded as the inventor of wine.
杜康或者少康被认为是酒的发明者。
4.From the scientific point of view, the earliest wine was a naturally fermented fruit wine.
从科学的角度讲，最早的酒应该是天然发酵而成的果酒。
5.Chinese wine culture, with its unique national characteristics, was constantly enriched and developed.
带有独特地区风格的中国酒文化始终在不断地丰富和发展。
6.Many famous Chinese wines of the present day developed from ancient times, mainly from the Ming and the Qing dynasties.
现在的许多地方名酒，也都是从古代发展而来的，主要是从明清时期发展而来。
7.In ancient China, there was a kind of alcoholic beverage called li that was made from malted cereals.
在古代中国，有一种谷物酿造的酒叫醴。
8.3 200 years ago, the Chinese invented distiller's yeast, which they regarded as essential for liquor brewing.
3 200年前中国人发现了促进酒精蒸馏的酵母。
9.At a formal dinner, it is not polite to drink wine or liquor by oneself.
在正式宴会上，独自饮酒是不礼貌的。
10.Ancient Chinese men of letters might write poems or monographs after tasting liquor.
中国古代文人饮酒后往往题诗作论。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1酿酒的发展史The Development of Brewing
Generally speaking, the development of brewing technology in China falls into two stages. The first stage that is of natural fermentation lasted thousands of years.The second stage began only with the Qing Dynasty（1616—1911）when the traditional fermentation underwent great changes due to the use of the Western technology, including micro biology and biochemistry.Paragraph 2饮酒的场合Spaces of Drinking Wine
Wine has been considered as a special culture in China. Poor people and rich people both drink wine.To describe the excessive extravagance of the nobles, it was said：“wine fills a pool；meat forms a forest”；and“wine and meat decay inside the vermilion door.”Sending off an army on expedition or celebrating triumph, wedding, anniversary or alliance treaties signing ceremonies, wine is always present.On occasions of tomb sweeping, wine is sprinkled at the front and on the top of tombs in honor of the deceased.In ancient times, when people practised divination, prayed for rainfall, or worshipped deities and ghosts, wine was often used to showreverence.Even when a prisoner was taken off to be executed, he was offered a bowl of wine.On all solemn occasions wine is not replaceable by tea.In the eyes of the Chinese people wine has a special place.Paragraph 3中国名酒Famous Chinese Wine
Many famous Chinese wine of present day developed from ancient times—mainly from the Ming and the Qing dynasties. On the 1st National Wine Appraisal Conference of 1952，eight brands of famous Chinese wine were awarded a prize：Guizhou Maotai, Shanxi Fenjiu, Shaanxi Xifeng, Luzhou Laojiao, Shaoxing Jiafan, Red Rose Grape Wine, Weimeisi and Special Fine Brandy.On the 2nd National Wine Appraisal Conference of 1963，eighteen brands of wine were awarded a prize：Maotai, Fenjiu, Xifeng, Luzhou Laojiao Twice Fullyfermented Liquor, Shaoxing Jiafan, Red Rose Grape Wine, Weimeisi, Special Fine Brandy, Wuliangye, Gujinggong, Quanxing Twice Fullyfermented Liquor, Chinese Red Grape Liquor, Zhuyeqing, White Grape, Dongjiu, SpecialMade Beijing Brandy, Chengang Liquor and Qingdao Beer.On the 3rd National Wine Appraisal Conference of 1979，another eighteen brands of wine were awarded a prize：Maotai, Fenjuiu, Wuliangye, Gujinggong, Yanghe Twice Fullyfermented Liquor, Jiannanchun, Chinese Red Grape Wine, Yantai Weimeisi, Qingdao White Grape Wine, Special Fine Brandy, Dongjiu, Specialmade Beijing Brandy, Luzhou Laojiao, Shaoxing Jiafan, Zhuyeqing, Qingdao Beer, Yantai Red Grape Wine and Chengang Liquor.Paragraph 4黄酒Yellow Wine
Yellow wine（made of rice or millet）is a good representative example of Chinese wine culture. Yellow wine experts have suggested making yellow wine China's“national wine”.This is because yellow wine has over5 000 years of history, and its alcoholic content is not high, conforming to the modern trend toward drinking lowalcohol beverages.Less grain is used in producting yellow wine than white liquor, and yet the former has a higher nutritive value.If beer is called“liquid bread”，then yellow wine can be called“liquid cake”.Paragraph 5行酒令Drinkers’Wager Game
During the period of drinking, people often played a drinkers'wager game. When playing the game, one person was in charge and the others obeyed him and would be punished if they violated the rules.It has been very popular since the Tang Dynasty.The drinkers must first drink up their cups of wine completely before they were qualified to play the game.There are descriptions of this wager game in many Chinese literary classics, such as A Dream of Red Mansions（The Story of the Stone）and Stories of the Ghosts.The drinkers'wager game not only brought fun to the drinkers at the banquet, but also promoted the popularization of Chinese wine culture.Nowadays wine culture is still an important part of Chinese people's daily life.Cultural Links 文化链接酒的起源《吕氏春秋》有“仪狄造酒，五味不变”的故事。仪狄是夏禹时代人物，他因制出好酒而名垂千古。
仪狄最在行的是以粟黍等杂粮，大量地制酒，且酿造出来的酒，甘而不带糟（酸）味。《陶渊明集》述酒的序里明确地指出：“仪狄造酒，杜康更使之美化。”杜康所造的酒，色、香、味与质感俱佳，难怪世人想到酒之极品，就会想到杜康了。魏武帝（曹操）曾赋《短歌行》诗：“何以解忧，惟有杜康。”便以杜康借代为酒的别名。
自仪杜始，酒业的发展已有四五千年了，其品类繁多，少说也有数百种。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
half drunk半酣
fingerguessing game；mora猜拳
drinking one's fill；carousing畅饮
pouring wine；filling a wine cup倒酒
sacrifice wine as offerings to the spirits of the dead奠酒
solitary drinker独酌者
drinking a toast干杯
drinking to the full；arousing酣饮
heavy drinking豪饮
drinking wine喝酒
having a drink喝一杯
getting drunk喝醉
mutual toasting by the bridegroom
and the bride on their wedding day交杯酒
giving up drinking戒酒
drink offering敬神酒
drinking song酒歌
drunkard；sot酒鬼
going round three times酒过三巡
heated with wine酒酣耳热
great（/hard）drinker酒豪
capacity for liquor酒量
heavy drinker酒量大
little（/small）drinker酒量小
drinker's wager game酒令
wine bibber酒徒
wine smell酒味
tipsy feeling酒意
wine craving（/addiction）酒瘾
drinking companion酒友
small handleless wine cup酒盅
raising one's glass（to propose a toast）举杯
clinking glasses碰杯
wine tasting品酒
slavish drinker嗜酒如命者
heating wine烫酒
drinking one's fill（to one's heart's content）痛饮
warming up wine温酒
wine drunk酗酒
decanting wine；filling a wine cup斟酒
drinking a toast；toasting祝酒
toast祝酒辞
drunkard；drunk man醉汉
state of being drunk；drunkenness醉态
sottish；drunk；tipsy醉醺醺
eyes showing the efforts of drink醉眼
drunken and blearyeyed醉眼朦胧
signs of feeling of getting drunk醉意
Unit 3 Chinese Cuisine 烹饪技术
key sentences 流畅精句1.Experts have come to agree that Chinese cooking is an art.
专家一致认为中国的饮食是一项艺术。
2.They have come to agree that the concept of a balanced nutrition should be added to food culture.
他们都认为平衡营养应该是饮食文化中的一部分。
3.They've reached an agreement that vegetarian food is especially good for aged people.
他们认为蔬菜类食物对于老年人来说很有益处。
4.Eating is said to be the greatest pleasure of life in China.
饮食在中国被认为是生活的最大乐趣。
5.Shandong, or Lu cuisine is said to be heavily influenced by Confucius Family Food.
山东菜或鲁菜，据说深受孔府饮食习惯的影响。
6.I'm wondering why Chinese cooks spend so much time practising cutting！
我很想知道为什么中国的厨师要在刀功方面花那么长时间练习。
7.What a pity to throw them away after the meal！
饭后把这些东西扔掉太可惜了！
8.Quite a lot of people in the United States are vegetarians.
绝大部分美国人都是素食主义者。
9.It's worth trying the local food whenever you are in a new place.
不管到了什么地方，你都应该去尝一下当地的食物。
10.All the food here is lowfat and lowsugar.
这里的所有食物都是低脂肪和低糖的。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1中国烹饪简介ABrief Introduction of Chinese Cuisine
China is a vast country with diverse climates, customs, products, and habits. People living in different regions display great variety in their diets.People in coastal areas eat more aquatic products and seafood, whereas those in central and northwest China eat more domestic animals and poultry.Foods vary from north to south, and typical local dishes may even astonish strangers, such as snake, pangolin, and white rat.Tastes also differ regionally because of the climatic differences.Paragraph 2中国饮食所注重的三个特点Three Essential Factors of Chinese Cooking
Generally speaking, there are three essential factors by which Chinese cooking is judged, namely：“color, aroma and taste”.“Color”refers to the layout and design of the dishes.“Aroma”implies not only the smell of the dish, but also the freshness of the materials and the blending of seasonings.“Taste”involves proper seasoning and fine slicing techniques.These three essential factors are achieved by careful coordination of a series of delicate activities：selecting ingredients, mixing flavors, timing and cooking, adjustment of the heat, and laying out the food on the plate.食物的起源Source of Food
Since the introduction of agriculture, grains of cultivated crops have become the main source of man’s staple food.Farming began to take up most of man’s labor and time.Cultivation of crops was a process of man’s work from sowing, applying fertilizer to harvest.It was the most important work in people’s mind that could not be replaced by anything else.Growing crops was not the only way of obtaining food.The ancients began expanding their sources of food at a very early time, developing farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines, and fishing in line with local conditions.Paragraph 4当地饮食Localized Food
Foods and related food ways changed when communities make choices among possible foods and cooking techniques in a given geographic environment.Increased population and need for additional land expanded communities and contribute to food migrations.As travelers moved from place to place, they talked about foods seen, they even served them when they returned home.Thus foods of different areas slip into and became localized fare.Paragraph 5川菜Sichuan Cuisine
Usually fried or roasted, food cooked in Sichuan Cuisine boasts a variety of flavours and diversified culinary styles.Chilli, pepper, Chinese prickly ash and ginger are most frequently used condiments.So Sichuan Cuisine styled food tastes hot, tonguenumbing, sour and delicious.With Chengdu flavour as the orthodox, it includes Chongqing cuisine, Dongshan cuisine, Zigong cuisine, etc.It is said that as early as more than 1 000 years ago, Sichuan Cuisine was already very unique.Some of the famous dishes are FishFlavored Pork Threads, Fuqi Ox Lung Slice, Mapo Bean Curd and Spicy Diced Chicken with Peanuts.Fuqi Ox Lung Slice was made by marinating ox lung, beef or chopped entrails, eyepleasing, tender and spicy.It is said that in the 1930’s, Guo Chaohua, a native of Chengdu, and his wife sold ox lung slices for a living.Due to its elaborate cookery and distinctive flavor, it was very popular with the mass consumers, hence its name Fuqi, meaning a couple, that is, the dish was cooked and sold by a couple or husband and wife.Paragraph 6中国饮食中的艺术The Art of Chinese Dietary
Chinese dietary culture can communicate with other forms of art, thus making it a genuine art winning a high reputation at home and abroad. With its diverse flavors, its complicated and magical techniques, and the combination of appearance and taste, Chinese food culture has become a colorful art form, redolent with a strong sense of aesthetics and artistic appreciation.Cultural Links 文化链接宴请宾客
中国人非常好客。请客人吃饭时往往准备十分充足的饭菜。主人请客人入坐后，先陪客人喝酒。中国的名酒很多，如茅台、西凤、汾酒、五粮液等。如果客人不会喝酒，可以喝汽水、橘子汁。下酒的菜除了用肉、鱼、鸡做的热菜以外，还有凉菜，如拼盘、炸虾片、炸花生米等。等酒喝足了，再上饭和别的热菜。最后用鸡汤或者鸡蛋汤结束一顿丰盛的宴席。饭后还要喝点茶，品尝一下茉莉花茶或者龙井茶，它们会使客人更感到酒足饭饱，舒适愉快。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
pulling something out拔掉
rare半生半熟
freezing冰冻
frozen冰冻的
shelling（peas）剥壳
peeling（fruit）；skinning（a rabbit）剥皮
underdone不熟的（烧得不透）
crisp脆
lightly seasoned淡
pouring（sauce into something）倒
mashed捣烂
draining something滴干
tossing the pan颠一颠
juicy多汁
leavening dough；letting dough rise发面
dry fried干炒
rolling（out）（dough）into strips擀条
scraping（potato）刮皮
mixing dough和面
stewed with soy sauce；braised红烧
heat of the fire；timing in cooking火候
seasoning加调味佐料
fried煎
pouring（vinegar）on something浇（kettle）burned（charred）焦
covering浸
steepedin浸泡（渍的）
opening（a chicken）开膛
bitter苦
tough老/咬不动
delicious；tasty美味
braised；fricasseed焖
ground靡碎/靡成粉的
heavy难消化
tender嫩
rich；oily；greasy腻
pinching the edges捏边
flattening（chop）拍扁
crushing（almond）拍碎
subsidiary ingredient配料
cooking；cuisine烹调/烹饪（法）
skimming（the soup）撇沫子
splitting something in the middle破开
leading something with（ham）嵌
cutting something off/away切掉
cutting into pieces切段、块
flouring a board撒面粉
Unit 4 Food and Health 饮食与健康
key sentences 流畅精句1.The Chinese believe that illness occurs when this balance is disturbed.
中国人认为当生理平衡被破坏，疾病也就发生了。
2.Dining with chopsticks is convenient, safe, hygienic, and good for physical and mental health.
吃饭用筷子既方便、安全、卫生，又能有利于身心健康。
3.Westerners in China for the first time are often proud of themselves for being able to use chopsticks like the Chinese.
外国人第一次就能像中国人那样使用筷子，这使他们感到很骄傲。
4.Develop an everyday stretching routine, such as simple yoga poses.
养成每天伸展身体的好习惯，做一些瑜珈术的动作。
5.Smile while making eye contact.It will make you and the other person feel better.
面带微笑，注视对方，将会使你自己和别人都感到很舒服。
6.Distance yourself from negative emotions by observing them without judgment.
远离消极情绪，只需注意，不必评论。
7.Science shows that stress can lead you to overeat suger and fat.
科学表明压力会导致身体摄入过多的糖类和脂肪。
8.Whether it's your birthday or someone else's, you need to learn how to enjoy yourself without going overboard and regretting it the next day.
不管是你自己还是别人过生日，你都要学会如何使自己快乐而不过火，而且在未来不去后悔所做过的事情。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1儒家学派对饮食的看法What’s Confucius Thought of Eating
It is said of Confucius that，“He did not eat rice which had been injured by heat or damp and turned sour, nor fish or flesh which was past its best.He did not eat what was discolored or what was of a bad flavor, nor anything that was illcooked, or was not in season.He did not eat meat which was not cut properly.Nor what was served without its proper sauce……He did not partake of wine and dried meat bought in the market.He never used ginger when he ate.he did not eat much.”However, at one point Confucius himself said“With coarse（grain）to eat, with cold water to drink and my bended arm for a pillow, I can still find joy in the middle of these things.”Paragraph 2使用筷子Eating with Chopsticks
Dining with chopsticks is convenient, safe, hygienic, and good for physical and mental health. Modern science has found that while one is using chopsticks, over 30 joints and over 50 muscles are used, which is a favorable stimulation to the brain.Dr.Tsung Dao Lee, a famous Chinese American physicist, favors chopsticks.He said，“Such a simple pair of sticks show a marvelous utilization of the lever principle.Chopsticks are extensions of the fingers, able to do anything fingers do.They can be used in heat and freezing cold.They are wonderful.”Today, more and more people around the world use chopsticks.Westerners in China for the first time are often proud of themselves for being able to use chopsticks like the Chinese.Paragraph 3中国人对健康的认识Chinese Thought of Health
The Chinese regard health, in a universe of constant changes, as a state of balance established between the body and the natural world as well as between the different components of the body itself. The Chinese believe that illness occurs when this balance is disturbed.Those illnesses caused by heat or“overfullness”are“yang diseases”；those caused by cold or“deficiency”are“yin diseases”.The task of the physician, as one early medical text puts it, it simply to“eliminate overfullness and make up deficiency”，thus restoring the body to balance；or, better still, to keep his patient healthy enough to resist the effect of any destabilizing factor outside the body.The human body is thought of as a system for dealing with vital energy, and to a traditional Chinese doctor all that needs to be done to intervene in the body’s workings can be done either through the administration of drugs or herbs or through manipulation at the surface of the body.Paragraph 4老子的饮食观Laozi’s Theory toward Diet
Laozi's theory of a healthy diet has three main principles. The first is that of eating to please the stomach rather than the eyes.One fills the stomach in order to live, but the stomach has a limit and the eyes do not.Wanting whatever delicacies they see, they engender desire and greed.Eating according to the dictates of the eyes is hence detrimental to the stomach and to the health in general.Laozi said that those who eat to satisfy the stomach intend to nourish their body, while those that eat whatever that pleases their eyes are bound to do it harm.Cultural Links 文化链接良好的饮食习惯
饮食习惯对人体健康有很大影响，良好的饮食习惯，是保证健康的重要措施。（1）合理分配三餐。一日三餐的食量分配要适应生理状况和工作需要。最好的分配比例应该是3:4：3。如果一天吃1斤粮食的话，早晚各吃3两，中午吃4两比较合适。（2）荤、素搭配适当。荤食中蛋白质、钙、磷及脂溶性维生素优于素食；而素食中不饱和脂肪酸、维生素和纤维素又优于荤食。所以，荤食与素食适当搭配，取长补短，才有利于健康。（3）不挑食和偏食。人体所需要的营养物质是由各种食物供给的，没有任何一种天然食品能包含人体所需要的全部营养物质。单吃一种食物，不管吃的数量多大，营养如何丰富，也不能维持人体的健康。因此，在饮食中，不可长期挑食或偏食。（4）不暴饮暴食。俗话说：“若要身体好，吃饭不过饱”，这话是有一定道理的。暴饮暴食不仅能破坏胃肠道的消化吸收功能，引起急性胃肠炎、急性胃扩张和急性胰腺炎，而且由于隔肌上升，影响心脏活动，还可诱发心脏病等，如果抢救不及时，会发生生命危险。所以，任何时候都不要大吃大喝、暴饮暴食。【center】Vocabulary 妙词连珠
injure毁坏
damp潮湿
flesh肉类
pass its best变质，变得不新鲜
discolored变色的
partake吃，喝
ginger姜
coarse粗的
at one point有一次，曾经
bended弯曲的
overfullness过度
restore恢复
deficiency缺乏
destabilize使……不稳定
vital energy生命力
intervene干预
workings运作，运行
administration（药品）服用，服法
vigorous精力充沛的
manipulation操作处理（此处指运针）
brew酿造
infusion浸泡
applicable可应用的
drain使流出
soak浸泡
maximum最大量
extract吸取
sprawl蔓延
sidewalk人行道
sooty炭黑色的
interior内部的
doze打瞌睡
purple紫的
respectfully恭敬地
normally正常地
painstaking勤勉的
Chapter 2 Educational Culture 思想、教育文化
Unit 1 Confucianism 儒家思想
key sentences 流畅精句1.The core of ancient Chinese culture is its way of thinking.
中国古代文化的核心是它的思维方式。
2.Thinking, being the soul of ancient Chinese culture, reflects its essence in the form of concise and coherent theories.
思想文化是中国古代文化的灵魂，它以凝练、严谨的理论形式反映了中国古代文化的本质。
3.The core of the Confucian ideology is propriety and benevolence, on which was built the political and ethical theory of Confucianism.
孔子思想体系的核心是“礼”和“仁”，在二者的结合上建立了它的政治伦理学说。
4.The Confucian concept of propriety was to keep the patriarchal idea and hierarchy, which mirrors the conservative political ideas of Confucius.
孔子“礼”的思想旨在维护旧的宗法观念和等级制度，反映了他在政治上的保守性。
5.Mencius held that people were the“foundation”of the state, namely“people come first, the state comes second and the king third.”
孟子提出了“以民为本”的主张，认为“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻”。
6.The reason why some people do evil is that they have lost the consciousness and betrayed their own good nature.
有的人之所以有“恶”行，是因为放弃了对“善”的本性的自我意识，背离了自己的最初本性。
7.One of the famous sayings of Mencius is that“neither riches nor honors can corrupt him；neither poverty nor lowly position can make him swerve from principle；neither threats nor force can bend him”，which gives expression to the power of moral character.
孟子的话“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”，弘扬了道德人格的力量，成为千古传颂的名言。
8.Xun Zi attached great importance to the impact of ethical codes on the behavior of the people, saying that codes of ethics are the life of the state.
荀子重视礼制对人的规范作用，认为“国之命在礼”。
9.“The king is the boat while his subjects are the water. The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it.”“君者舟也，民者水也，水则载舟，水则覆舟”。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1孔子简介The Introduction of Confucius
Confucius was China's first educator. He taught students all his life, and put forward many important educational principles and effective teaching methods.He held that all men were educable, because by nature men were quite alike, and they were made different by learning and practice.This was in his day an epochmaking view, because it meant that not only the nobles, but people of all other classes, were entitled to receive education.His teaching methods included the eliciting method, giving instructions according to students’peculiarities, and combining theory with reality and practice.To deepen his students’understanding, he discussed with them real people and events of earlier times and his day, expressing his own views, making analys, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses, and urging his students to weigh and decide issues.It was regrettable that the master was not free from prejudices against women and never accepted a female student.Paragraph 2孟子的思想理论Mencius’Theory
As a philosopher, Mencius'main doctrine is the Goodness of human nature. He advocated“Nourishing the moving force”，and put forth the idea of“Heaven and man combine into one.”Compare with Confucius, in the viewpoint of human nature, Mencius took a big step forward.Mencius declared definitely that human nature is“originally good”.Moreover, he built his entire philosophy on this tenet, and presented a series of concepts：（1）Man possesses the innate knowledge of the good and“innate ability”to do good；（2）If one“develops his mind to the utmost”，he can“serve heaven”and“fulfill his destiny”；（3）Evil is not inborn but due to man’s own failures and his inability to avoid evil external influences；（4）Serious efforts must be made to recover men’s original nature；（5）The end of learning is none other than to“seek for the lost mind”.Paragraph 3B“仁”和“礼”enevolence and Courtesy
Confucianism advocates benevolence and courtesy among people. It helped to shape the value of sacrificing one's personal interests for the goodof others and the collective among Chinese people.It was also credited with creating the social order in China's feudal times, which asked the young to respect the old and the female to obey the orders of the male.Popular remarks of Confucius include“a benevolent person is one who cares for others”，“I would die to keep my integrity and benevolence”，and“a benevolent person helps others to achieve aims he himself also aspires to”.Paragraph 4孔子的影响Confucius’Influence
Confucius is the most famous sage of China. More than any other single man, he, through his followers, produced the principle basis of the Chinese tradition of ethics and political theory that had thus deeply influenced Chinese society and culture.Over the centuries, this influence spread also to Korea, Japan and other countries.Confucianism is wholly considered more of an ethical philosophy than a religion.However, it is debatable if the system founded by Confucius should be called a religion.It prescribes a great deal of ritual, but little of this can be interpreted as worship or meditation in a formal sense；and Confucius occasionally made statements about the existence of otherworldly beings that sound agnostic to western ears.Paragraph 5现今的孔学Confucius at Present
Today, in China and many other countries, the study of Confucianism is rapidly growing. It is generally agreed that the essence or many elements of Confucianism are still valid and valuable, worthy to be adopted and promoted.It is an antidote to many social ills and a spiritual force that may help to improve human qualities and push society forward.Some scholarshave predicted that in the next century Confucius’though will exert greater influence on mankind and become more glorious than ever before.Cultural Links 文化链接孔子简介
孔子（公元前551—479年），名丘，字仲尼，鲁国陬邑（现山东省曲阜）人，中国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家。
孔子毕生从事教育，是中国历史上第一个开创私人讲学之风的人，并以此打破了学在官府的局面。据《史记》记载，孔子有弟子三千，贤人七十二。《论语》一书（共20篇）作为孔子言行的记录，在相当程度上反映了孔子的为人及其主要思想。
孔子的学说不仅在中国，而且在世界其他国家和地区，尤其是美国，日本、朝鲜、新加坡、越南颇具影响，被推崇为东方文明的象征。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
tranquility安宁
immortality不朽
silence沉默
contemplation沉思
tedium单调
moral relation道德关系
moral activity道德活动
independence独立
injustice非正义
custom风俗
marital relation夫妇关系
impartiality公正
conversion皈依
absurd荒诞
extremes极端
monasticism禁欲生活
despair绝望
toleration；magnanimity宽容
enthusiasm狂热
rational life理性生活
equality平等
equanimity平和
natural piety人伦
luxuries奢侈
social atmosphere；public morals社
会风气social life社会生活
social solidarity社会团结
suffering受难
poverty贫困
perfection完满
ennui无聊
inactivity无为
confidence信任alienation异化
orderliness整洁
justice正义
political equality政治平等
masterslave relation主奴关系
legitimate birth；one's children子嗣
liberty；freedom自由
Unit 2 Chinese Philosophy 中国哲学
key sentences 流畅精句1.Chinese philosophy is the collective designation for the various schools of
thought originated by Chinese scholars and sages.
中国哲学是中国的学者先贤所创建的各种思想流派的总称。
2.Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years.
中国哲学有几千年的历史。
3.The Mohist philosophers, who emphasized frugality, utility, and economy in all things.
墨家学派推崇节俭、为民兴利和发展经济。
4.The Legalist philosophers, who emphasized the importance of legislation over tradition and custom as embodied in ritual and social practice.
法家学派强调传统风俗角度上制定法规在礼节和社会实践中的重要性。
5.Zhu Xi is the most important person of Confucianism after Confucius and Mencius.
朱熹是继孔子、孟子之后儒家学派的又一位代表人物。
6.Taking a panoramic view of the five thousand years of the history of Chinese civilization, one can see that a tremendous amount of research work has been done on the Book of Changes.
通览中国五千年的文化史，可以看出在对《尚书》的研究方面曾做了大量的工作。
7.In the history of philosophy in the world the Chinese philosophy is typical for its independent course of development with its own characteristics.
在世界哲学史上，中国的哲学以其自身的特征和独立的发展过程而著名。
8.Chinese philosophy developed further on the basis of the philosophy in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, as a philosophy with a long history and of a high ideological level.
中国哲学在商周哲学的基础上进一步得到了发展，成为具有久远历史和思想体系的学问。
9.In the thinking methodology, the Chinese philosophy lay emphasis on wholeness, organism and continuity.
在思考方法上，中国哲学强调周密、有序和持久。
10.Although Confucianism, buddhism and the Doctrine of Master Lao explained“middle（or center）”in different ways, yet they all pointed out that“middle”was the highest state realized by mind in harmony with universe and all lives.
虽然儒家、道家和老子的道德经都从不同方面解释了“中”这个词，但他们都指出了“中”是宇宙与一切生物的和谐在意识中的最高境界。
11.The word“middle”can often be found in the Chinese philosophical classics.“中”这个词中国哲学经典著作中经常可以看到。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1中国哲学的发展The Development of Chinese Philosophy
Generally speaking, Chinese philosophy has passed through three different distinct historical stages：the classical age, the period of synthesis and absorption of foreign thought and the period of further enrichment and maturation stimulated by the introduction of Marxism into China.Throughout all these periods, Chinese thought has tended toward humanism ratherthan spiritualism, rationalism rather than mysticism, and syncretism rather than sectarianism.Paragraph 2儒家的哲学Confucianism’s Philosophy
Confucianism can be said to be a system of moral, political and social principles concerned with perfecting human character. According to Confucius, humans, though not always good, can become good through learning and through service to others, i.e.becoming wise.Paragraph 3R“天”与“人”的关系elationship between Heaven and Man
The discussion about the relationship between the universe and man focused on whether“Heaven”was regarded as a supreme god with its own will, or whether it was simply nature with neither will nor purpose. If man regarded“Heaven”as a supreme conscious god, he would be destined to worship and obey it with no possibility of changing it.In face of nature, man would have been reduced to nothing, except as appendices and slaves to nature, inevitably leading man toward religious beliefs and supernaturalism.If man took“Heaven”simply as nature, with a close relationship with himself, he would try his best to understand it and its laws, and act accordingly, protecting it and making good use of it, ceasing to be passive in the relationship and gradually become the master of nature.Paragraph 4中国哲学的内涵Concepts of Chinese Philosophy
The Chinese philosophy has its own unique, traditional concepts, such as natural law, evolution, rationality, spirit, emptiness, trustworthiness, knowledge, essence, practice, supreme ultimate, yin and yang, etc. All such concepts incorporate the wisdom of the Chinese ideologist.Cultural Links 文化链接中国人的“天人合一”
历史上，中国人崇尚“天人合一”和“中庸”思想。“天人合一”和“中庸”思想同样是农业文明的产物。农业生产对自然条件的依赖性强，不违农时和风调雨顺是农业生产成功的前提，最初的“天人合一”思想从中产生，主要强调人与自然的协调以及不可分割的关系。儒、道两家都讲“天人合一”。《周易·文言》说：“夫大人者，与天地合其德，与日月合其明，与四时合其序，与鬼神合其吉凶。”《老子》中则有“用人配天”的思想。后天“天人合一”思想不仅是处理人与自然关系的准则，更升华为一种人生追求。“天”成为一种终极真理与理想境界，“天人合一”指人格的提升达到了一种难以企及的崇高状态。具体一点讲，儒家的“天人合一”指人格的道德化，“天”是一种崇高的道义精神和道行境界；道家的“天人合一”指人格的自然化，“天”是一种原始的自然精神和本真状态。“天人合一”在这里有了强调身心和谐的含义。由此出发，中国人崇尚人与自然的和谐、人际关系的和谐，以及身心的和谐。“天人合一”作为一种世界观，主张创立一个和谐平衡的世界。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
scriptural根据圣经的
inception开始
worldly世间的；世间的
supernaturalism超自然性；超自然力
clarify澄清；使明白
human有人情味的；有人性的disciple信徒；弟子
commentator评注家
concrete具体的
filial子女的
piety虔诚；虔敬
sibling兄弟（或姐妹）；同胞
propriety礼；礼貌
appropriately合适地；适当地
etiquette礼节；礼仪
post职位；工作
indulge使满足；纵容；纵情
archery箭术；射箭
arithmetic算学；算术
code准则；规范；道德标准
altruistic利他的；利他主义
despotism专制；暴政
populace平民；大众
paternalism家长统治（或管理）；家长主义
temperance节制；自制；克已
lessen减少；变少
divine神的；如神
Latinize使（一字）具有拉丁文形式
endeavor努力；尽力
doctrine教旨；教义
mandate批准；颁布
absolve免除
revolt反叛；背叛
speculation推测
shroud覆盖；遮蔽
flux连续的改变
revert恢复
dismiss不再考虑或谈论
mythological神话的
couplet对句
aphorism格言；警句
stratagem战略；策略
cynicism愤世嫉俗；消极厌世
monism一元论
primitivism原始主义；尚古主义
heuristic启发的；启发式的
upstanding直立的
rigidity僵硬；不变；稳固性
cosmology宇宙论
sustenance粮食；营养
passivity被动；消极；不抵抗
pragmatic实事求是；实用主义
highlight使显著；使突出
mobility可动性；易变性
craft行会
guild团体；协会
priestcraft祭司
fortification筑城
utilitarianism功利主义；实利主义
discourse演说；演讲；论文
spawn大量产生
core核心部分
symmetry对称
slanderer诽谤者；诋毁者
antagonist对手
Unit 3 Chinese Virtues Culture 中国道德文化
1.China has always been known as an ancient civilization, and a land of
propriety and righteousness.
中国通常被誉为一个文化深厚、富饶、正统的国家。
2.Confucius was the first thinker and educator in Chinese history to advance a systematic body of ethical and moral theories.
孔子是中国历史上第一位促进道德文化体制形成的思想家和教育家。
3.The study of human relationships in society was of great importance to 对社会中人际关系的研究是孔子学说的重要组成部分。
4.What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.
己所不欲，勿施于人。
5.Both Confucius and Confucianism attached great importance to moral character, believing that one should not go against the principles of morality when dealing with matters.
孔子这个人和儒家学派都很注重道德修养，认为人们在做事时都不应违背道德观念。
6.The reason why the Chinese nation is different from the ancient Greeks, Indians and other peoples in the world lies in its different psychological quality being formed during the past thousands of years.
中国人之所以不同于古希腊人、印度人以及全世界其他民族，是由于在过去的几千年当中形成的心理素质不同。
7.Reverence to and supporting one's elders are also one of the virtues of the Chinese nation.
敬老助老是中国人的一项美德。
8.When the elderly lost the ability to work, it was only natural and reasonable to take care of them and respect them in society.
老人失去了劳动的能力，在社会上应该很自然并且有理由得到关心和尊重。
9.To learn from each other's strong points to offset one's weaknesses is greatly beneficial to the progress of civilization of the whole Chinese nation.
听取别人观点，改正自身弱点，对于促进整个中国文明的发展大有裨益。
10.In the history of Chinese culture, many examples have been recorded of the Han people learning from the strengths of other peoples and vise versa.
在中国文化史上，记载了很多关于汉族和其他少数民族之间相互取长补短的事例。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1中国文化简介ABrief Introduction of Chinese Civilization
China has always been known as an ancient civilization, and a land of propriety and righteousness. It abounds in historical heritage, including ethical and moral theories advanced in various stages of history and a myriad of moral codes and rules.These have had a profound influence on traditional Chinese culture, and constitute the principal contents of the study of history and literature.Paragraph 2中国人的道德观Chinese Moral Evaluation
Chinese culture is an ethical one, which pays special attention to moral evaluation. This is fully characterized by showing filial obedience, being amicable to others, respecting ordinary people and appreciating morality.Under the influence of Confucian culture, the moral tradition of selfexamination, selfcriticism and selfrestriction has become the core components of a person’s selfcultivation.Paragraph 3道德的涵义The Meaning of Moral
Both Confucius and Confucianism attached great importance to moral character, believing that one should not go against the principles of morality when dealing with matters. Morality should not be forgotten under any circumstances, especially when one is in a desperate plight.The pursuit of fortune is a general desire of man.However, it must be restrained by morality.A fortune is acceptable when the means by which it is amassed is acceptable according to moral rules.But it is never acceptable when the means break these rules.Man lives for morality, not for fortune, and only in this way does life have value.Paragraph 4中国人的谦虚Chinese Modesty
Chinese expressions of modesty can be seen everywhere. When one is invited to a Chinese home for dinner, one finds the table overflowing with six to eight dishes, beautifully presented.But host or hostess is likely to say，“We are not good at cooking, so we have only prepared a few dishes this evening”.Chinese habitually say things to suggest that their creations, family members or themselves are of small value.This may lead you to conclude that you should offer no compliments to Chinese acquaintances.But that is not correct.Chinese like to receive compliments just like anyone else；they merely respond to them differently.Paragraph 5中国人的道德标准Chinese Ethics
Traditional Chinese ethics includes many aspects with both good and bad elements, among which some reflect the high standard of moral pursuit of the Chinese people and the ethical wisdom of lasting value, while some elements are old and awkward because of historical, classical and social reasons.The attitude we should adopt towards traditional Chinese ethical doctrines is to advocate the gem of the ethical thoughts and throw away the waste matter so as to develop the ethical spirit with Chinese characteristic and modern characteristic.Cultural Links 文化链接《道德经》中“道”之涵义“道”如果可以用言语来表述，那它就是常“道”（“道”是可以用言语来表述的，它并非一般的“道”）：“名”如果可以用文辞去命名，那它就是常“名”（“名”也是可以说明的，它并非普通的“名”）。“无”可以用来表述天地混沌未开之际的状况；而“道”的奥妙；要常从“有”中去观察体会“道”的端倪。无与有这两者，来源相同而名称相异都可以称之为玄妙、深远又深远，是宇宙天地万物之奥妙的总门（从“有名”的奥妙到达无形的奥妙，“道”是洞悉一切奥妙变化的门径）。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
personality人格
human existence；life人生
nature of man人性
retaliation；revenge报复
penitence忏悔
punishment惩罚
impulse；drive冲动
moral education道德教育
moral attitudes道德态度
frugality节约
prudence谨慎
redemption救赎
contribution捐助
liberality慷慨
continence克制
endurance；tolerance忍受
absolutions赦免
judgement审判
discretion审慎
beneficent act施善行为
almsgiving施舍
cruelty残酷
flattery谄忌
envy妒忌
malice恶毒
bad conduct恶行
crime犯罪
intemperance；abandon放纵
slander诽谤
prodigality挥霍
obscenities秽亵
heartlessness冷酷
impudence冒失
deception欺骗
indiscretion轻率
caprice任性
covetousness贪婪
corruption；venality贪污
faultfinding挑剔
stealing；theft偷窃
ingratitude忘恩负义
false witness伪证
insolence无礼
virtue德性
dignity高尚
perseverance坚韧
humanity仁爱
benevolence仁慈
goodness善
sanctity圣洁
calmness恬静
fraternity友爱
friendship友谊
chastity贞洁
probity正直
utmost good至善
simplicity质朴
badness败德
injustice不义
intolerance偏执
weakness弱点
vanity虚荣
stupidity愚蠢
selfishness自私
Unit 4 Traditional Chinese Etiquette 传统中国礼仪
key sentences 流畅精句1.Welcome you and your family to my house.
欢迎你和你们全家到我家里做客。
2.Many thanks for your kind invitation to the party at the Jinxing Restaurant on Saturday.I accept with pleasure.
非常感谢您盛情邀请我出席星期六在金星饭店举行的酒会。我愉快地接受这一邀请。
3.Please tell your wife how sorry we are to miss such a joyful occasion.
请转告您的夫人，我们感到十分遗憾，不能参加这样一个欢乐的聚会。
4.I'm sorry I can't accept your very kind invitation to tea party next Monday because I have another engagement on that day.
由于下星期一我已另有安排，不能应邀参加茶会。谢谢您的盛情邀请，并表示歉意。
5.We greatly appreciate and admire your enthusiasm and efforts in promoting the trade and cooperation between the two countries.
对于您为促进两国间的贸易与合作所表现出的热情和所作的努力，我们十分钦佩和赞赏。
6.Thank you for your thoughtfulness.
谢谢您的关照。
7.You should say“pardon me”when you have accidentally hurt someone.
当你偶尔伤害别人时，你应该说“请原谅”。
8.Allow me to offer my heartiest congratulations on your marriage.
请允许我向你结婚表示最衷心的祝贺。
9.That's very nice to hear, but it's not as good as I had hoped.
听你这样说我太高兴了，但还没有我所希望的那样好。
10.I hope this isn't putting you to a lot of trouble.
我希望没给您添太多麻烦。
11.Thank you once again for all you've done for me.
再一次感谢你们为我做的一切。
12.I can't sufficiently express my thanks for your thoughtful kindness.
对于您给我的无微不至的关怀，我难以充分表达我的谢意。
13.Accept my sincere thanks for your kind instruction, which has left a lasting impression on me.
对您的谆谆教导，我深表谢意，铭记不忘。
14.I shall always remember with gratitude the letter you wrote me when you learned of my father's death. You brought me great comfort at a time when I needed it.
当您得知家父病逝后给我写的那封信，使我终生难忘。在我悲痛万分之际，您的信给了我莫大的安慰。
15.Thank you for coming, we will let you know the result as soon as possible.
谢谢你的到来，我们将尽早把结果通知你。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1公共场合的礼仪The Etiquette in Public Places
Chinese get used to being pushed and buffeted when they use public transportation or go shopping in public stores. They accept this as normal behavior without expecting apologies.At the same time, the Chinese have been conditioned for centuries to ignore“outsiders，”meaning anyone not a member of their family, work unit, or circle of friends.They thus behavemore or less as if others do not exist.Paragraph 2T“他人优先”的涵义he Concept of“Putting People First”
The concept of humanitarian treatment of our fellow citizens, so succinctly delineated in the pithy phrase“Putting People first”，is not a modern or western invention.It is quintessential Confucian in origin.In pursuit of restoring social order and harmony through individual morality, Confucius advocated a hierarchical social order allowing for individual ability and dedication.He firmly believed that everyone is born with the seeds of virtue and therefore should be treated with equal humanitarianism even as they hail from disadvantaged social backgrounds.Paragraph 3传统的磕头习俗Traditional Custom of Ketou
Traditional Chinese etiquette contained situations in which ketou was performed. According to imperial Chinese protocol, ketou was performed before the emperor.During the Spring Festival, younger family members would ketou to members of each generation above them.At a wedding ceremony, the bride and bridegroom had to ketou to everyone from the eldest down to their parents in order.During ancestor worship services and the Bright and Clear Festival, ketou was also often performed.Cultural Links 文化链接跪拜礼
我国在东汉以前，还没有正式的凳椅，人们在进食、议事、看书时，是席地而坐。因此，坐时要两膝着地，然后将臀部坐于后脚跟之上，脚掌向后向外。古人的“坐”，实际上就是我们现在的“跪”。在接待宾客中，每当“坐”着向客人致谢时，为表示尊敬，往往伸直上半身，也就是“引身而起”，使坐变成跪，然后俯身向下，就这样，逐渐成了日常生活中的跪拜礼。汉代以后，渐渐有高座、凳椅先后问世，人们不再“席地而坐”，因而原来生活中的“跪坐”起了很大变化。跪拜礼仍然存在，却变成了等级差别的标志，主要广泛用于官场之中。在民间，如祭祀、祝寿等风俗中，仍然世代使用。后来，又增加打千（行礼时左膝前屈，右腿后弯，上体稍向前俯，右手下垂）、作揖（两手合抱，拱手为礼）、鞠躬（弯身行礼）等礼节。直到辛亥革命胜利，随着几千年封建君主制度的覆灭，才结束了这种跪拜礼。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
evolution进展
everincreasing越来越多地
superior上级的
inquiry询问
destination目的
subtle难捉摸的
crosscultural跨文化的
misunderstanding误解
impersonal非个人的
punctuality严守时间
appointment约会
cellular多孔的
dramatically戏剧性地
unannounced未经宣布的
unlikely不太可能的
acknowledgement致谢
interpreter译员
modesty谦逊
overflow使胀满
compliment赞美的话
signature签名
supervisor管理人
scuffle扭打
selfassertive自作主张的
behavioral行为的
linguistically语言（学）方面
honorific尊敬的
selfdeprecating自贬的
selfcenteredness自我中心
assuredness自信
immature未成熟的
friction摩擦
defer听从
technically技术上
scratch搔
transaction办理bribery行贿
courtesy礼貌
sociologist社会学家
significance重要性
conflict冲突
authority权力
integrity正直
predetermined先决定的
affinity本性
binding有约束力的
conjunction结合
coincidence巧合
outcome结果
prostration倒下；平伏
incense香
compound复合字
context上下文
downplay贬低
haughtiness傲慢
diminish减少
suggestion暗示
seesaw前后动的，交互的
tuck把……塞进
evaluate估……的价
Unit 5 Ancient Educational Thought of China 中国古代教育思想
key sentences 流畅精句1.Education has always been very closely linked with culture.
教育与文化紧密相关。
2.Ever since ancient times, schools have been the primary means of cultivating talents, though schools are not the only form of education.
从古代开始，学校虽不是教育的惟一形式，但具有开发、培养智力的初步方式。
3.In ancient China, there existed two types of school, operated either by government or individuals.
在古代中国存在两种形式的学校：政府开办或者私人开办。
4.According to historical records, schools first appeared during the Xia Dynasty（c. 2100c.1600 BC）.
历史记载最早的学校是在夏朝出现的。
5.During the Western Zhou period（c.11th century771 BC），a real school system began to develop.
西周时期，真正的学校体系得以形成。
6.The beginnings of an administrative system for education were established in the Western Zhou.
教育管理体制在西周时期建立。
7.To stress the importance of education, the Son of.Heaven would visit schools four times each year to worship forefathers of education and inspect the school.
为了强调教育的重要性，天子每年都要去参观学校四次，既为了崇尚教育的先辈，同时又监督学校。
8.Generally, government schools in feudal society reflected the social stratification of the time and there were a number of such schools of different types.
一般来讲，封建社会的政府院校影响着时局的社会层次地位，而当时像这类学校就有很多不同的种类。
9.Students studying in the institute would be sent to government offices for a probation period of three months or half a year.
在这些院校中做研究的学生将会被送到政府机构实习三个月或半年。
10.A strict examination system was also established in government schools in the feudal society.
在封建社会的政府院校中建立了严格的考试制度。
11.In Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasty, the institute for higher education was called Guo Zi Jian, which was also the highest administrative bureau for national educational affairs at the same time.
在元、明、清三代，高等的教育机构称为国子监，它同时也是国家教育事务的最高管理机构。
12.The typical method of examination in the national university was to answer questions.
在国子监中，典型的考试方法就是回答问题。
13.Generally speaking, the government schools had a special educational administrative organization which was controlled by officials of the ritual department in the central government together with local officials.
总之，政府院校有一套特殊的教育管理机构，这套机构是由中央政府的礼部官员和地方的政府官员联合控制的。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1古代中国的学校Ancient Chinese Schools
Ever since ancient times, schools have been the primary means of cultivating talents, though schools are not the only form of education.What sort of talents can be trained by schools depends on the nature and type of school and its purpose and content as well as the method of education, in addition to the coordination of the whole society and the practice and hard work of those being taught.In ancient China, there existed two types of school, operated either by government or individuals.Over the course of history, at times one type might predominate over the other, but mostly they complemented each other, and both accumulated rich experience as providers of education.Paragraph 2教育实践Practice in Education
Practice was an important aspect of Xunzi's course of education. A student did not simply study ritual, he performed it.Xunzi recognized that this performative aspect was crucial to the goal of transforming one's nature.It was only through practice that one could realize the beauty of ritual, ideally coming to appreciate it for itself.Though this was the end of education, Xunzi appealed to more utilitarian motives to start the student on the program of study.As noted above, he discussed how desires would inevitably be frustrated in the state of nature.Organizing society through ritual was the only way people could ever satisfy even some of their desires, and study of ritual was the best way to achieve satisfaction on a personal level.Through study and practice, one could learn to appreciate ritual for its ownsake, not just as a means to satisfy desires.ritual has this power to transform someone’s motives and character.Paragraph 3学习中的怀疑精神Skeptical Mind in Learning
The training of a skeptical mind was considered to be of great importance by ancient educators, so as to avoid onesided viewpoints and promote students’capacity for independent thinking.Debate between teachers and students was particular common in academies.Zhu Xi especially stressed the importance of questioning in one’s studies.He said that“if something is believable, even it is said by ordinary people, it cannot be changed.If it is doubtful, even if it comes from the lips of scholars and great men, it should be carefully examined and thought over.”It was this fine tradition of questioning which promoted the development of traditional Chinese educational theories and academic and cultural thought.Cultural Links 文化链接我国教育渊源
我国有重视教育的优良传统，为之开先河的应当是《易经》。一般认为，我国最早论述教育重要地位的是《学记》：“古之王者，建国群民，教学为先。”但初涉《易经》就会发现，其“教学为先”的思想早已赫然在目，比《学记》早了数百年之久。《易经》重点论述教育问题的是“蒙卦”，排在六十四卦的第四位，即在“乾”（天）、“坤”（地）和“屯”（万物始生）三卦之后，而在“需”（营养）、“讼”（法制）和“师”（军队）等卦之前。这就给了教育一个特殊的地位。《易经序卦传》曰：“有天地，然后万物生焉。盈天地之间唯万物，故受之以‘屯’。屯者盈也；屯者，万物之始生也。物生必蒙，故受之以蒙。蒙者，蒙也，物之稚也。”台湾孙振志先生把“蒙”卦的卦名训为“蒙，蒙昧、启蒙、教育”（注：孙振声《白话易经》，（台）星光出版社，1984年，第67页。）是非常合乎实际的。否则，《彖传》之“蒙以养正”就十分费解了。据此，孙先生说：“当万物生存之后，接着来的是幼稚蒙昧的时期，教育就成为当务之急。（注：孙振声《白话易经》，（台）星光出版社，1984年，第67页。）天生万物之后，第一件事就是启蒙、教育，这不就是“教学为先”的意思吗？所以，可以认为我国重视教育的传统发端于《易经》，而非《学记》。不过，《易经》强调的是教育的人文价值，而《学记》强调的是教育的社会政治价值。因而说重视教育的传统发端于《易经》，并不否认《学记》“教学为先”思想的学术价值。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
makeup school补习学校
adult school成人学校
night school for adults成人夜校
urban school城市学校
charity school慈善学校
government school公立学校
public school公立中学
exclusive school贵族学校
national school国立学校
correspondence school函授学校
boarding school寄宿学校
churchaffiliated school教会附属学校
missionary school教会学校
reform school教养院
continuation school进修学校
military school军校
science school理科学校
school for deafmutes聋哑学校
openair school露天学校
school for the blind盲人学校
free school免费学校
school run by the local people民办学校
tent school陪读学校
girl's school女子学校
training school培训学校
municipal school市立学校
summer school暑期学校
private school私立学校
old style private school私塾
monastic school寺院学校
the Imperial College太学
liberal arts school文科学校
district school县立学校
institution of higher learning学府
school学堂
mobile school巡回学校
camping school野营学校
sparetime school业余学校
preparatory school预备学校
selfestablished school员工子弟学校
regular school正规学校
feeder school直属学校
vocational school职业学校
day school走读学校
secondary technicol school中等技术学校
secondary specialized school中等专业学校
key school重点学校
state school州立学校
Sunday school主日学校
Unit 6 Modern Educational System of China 中国现代教育体制
key sentences 流畅精句1.While the Compulsory Education Law calls for each child to have nine years of formal schooling, it is recognized that certain realities prevent this nineyear standard to be implemented immediately.“义务教育法”提倡每位学生要接受九年的义务教育，但现实表明在短时间内不可能实现。
2.Primary education includes preschool education and elementary education.
基础教育包含着学前教育和初级教育。
3.Elementary school begins with the first grade, and then proceeds through either grades five or six, depending on the system.
初级教育从一年级开始，再根据不同的体制逐步升到第五或第六级。
4.Junior middle school will involve either three or four years of schooling, depending on the system.
根据不同的教育体制，初中包括三年或四年。
5.The academic year for senior middle school is made up of 40 weeks of instruction, with one to two weeks in reserve.
高中一学年包括40周的上课时间和一两周的备用时间。
6.The reforms of higher education consists of five parts reforms of education provision, management, investment, recruitment and jobplacement, and the innerinstitute management.
高等教育的改革包括五个方面：教育资金，管理制度，投资方式，招生数量和教育机构的内部管理体制。
7.The State Education Commission（SEC）is the chief administrative organ which oversees education in China.
国家教育部是中国教育事务的主要管理部门。
8.There are 36 nationallevel colleges and universities directly under the control of the SEC.
全国总共有36所国家级的大学院校受国家教育部的直接监控。
9.China presently has more than 1 million schools of various levels that enroll more than 318 million students, including 190 million students receiving compulsory education.
中国现今有一百多万所不同级别的院校招收了三亿一千八百多万学生，其中有一亿九千万的学生正在接受义务教育。
10.In some rural areas, local governments collect fees from students for a steady source of finance.
在一些农村地区，当地政府将学生的费用当作资金的稳定来源。
11.In the past five years, the proportion of China's financial allocation to education in its GDP rose from 2.5 percent to 3.41 percent.
在过去的五年里，国家将国内生产总值当中教育的财政分配率由2.5%提升至3.41%。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1国家教育部简介The Introduction of SEC
The State Education Commission（SEC）is the chief administrative organ which oversees education in China.The SEC formulates and enforces policies, principles and laws concerning education, and coordinates the various governmental agencies’operation of the individual schools.The influence of the SEC is directly felt mostly in the institutions of higher education, as the governance and management of primary and secondary schools isleft to the local governments.Paragraph 2教育预算The Situation of Budget for Education
The growth of the national fiscal budget for education cannot meet the demands of education development. Much of the annual budget increase goes to salary raises, leaving little for other amenities.In some rural primary and middle school, there are sometimes no public funds at all.The financial shortage consequently becomes the excuse for illegal charges by local governments.Paragraph 3教育部The Ministry of Education
The Ministry of Education always gives support to distance learning and has promulgated a series of concrete measures, which include providing necessary hardwares in its initial phase of capital to development then huge amounts of capital to develop application software. Teaching and multimedia software development fully exploits the technological advantages of institutions of higher learning to build databases for multilevel education.Paragraph 4文艺与体育大学Arts and Sports Universities
The college entrance examination is a oneshot deal.You make it and you win.You don’t, you lose with not much chance of a second chance.But do art and music have anything to do with university enrolment？Yes, they do.Universities are being given more and more power over who they may take in as students, and many of these schools are eager to recruit artistically accomplished or athletically gifted students to help boost their image at music, art and sports events organized among universities.These“specialskill students”，as they are referred to, therefore have a better chance of getting into prestigious universities.Paragraph 5学习成绩Academic Scores
Academic scores are paramount within the Chinese educational system.Students with the highest marks gain entry to key universities, which have the best educational resources, as regards advanced educational concepts and top standard teaching and equipment.They also provide a student with intelligent classmates, and are the best starting point for a successful career.This being the case, key universities are the desired goal of every high school student.Cultural Links 文化链接义务教育
从我国目前仍实行的《中华人民共和国义务教育法》和《中华人民共和国义务教育法实施细则》来看，义务教育就是由国家确保的适龄儿童、少年就近接受规定年限免学费教育的一项制度。
从以上对义务教育的界定中，我们可以看出，义务教育的本质是国家保障所有的适龄儿童、少年就近免学费入学。它具有五大特征：
1.由国家保障；
2.是国家、学校、社会、家庭的义务；
3.免收学费；
4.就近入学；
5.规定年限。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
check up核对；检验
refund归还，退还，偿还
violator违反者
law enforcer法律执行者
impose强加
requisite必需的；必不可少的；必要的
vie for竞争
compendium纲要，概略
fiscal budget财政预算
amenities生活福利设施
budgetary appropriation预算拨款
financial deficit财政赤字，预算赤字
exceed超越，胜过
The Compulsory Education Law义务教育法
in dire straits陷于困境
equate使相等；等同
endorse认可；签署
fiscal shortage财政短缺
initiative为解决困难而采取的行动
dissipate散播
interactively互动地
via经；通过；经由
expertise专门技术
curricular arrangement课程设置
market survey and exploration市场调查
reconfigure重新装配；改装
threshold门槛；入门，开端
tinker修补；修理；改进
obsolete陈旧的
prospective未来的；可能要成为的
group consensus团体一致通过
massive大规模的
valid有效的
talent pool人才储备
endeavor尽力；努力
lucrative有利的
localization地方化，本土化
relocation迁移
grapple with尽力克服
assignee代理人；受托人
vulnerability弱点
credibility可信性
Unit 7 Ancient Chinese Books 中国古书
key sentences 流畅精句1.The Book of Poetry, the first major collection of Chinese poems, comprises 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty（the 11th century B. C.—771 B.C.）to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period（770 B.C.—476 B.C.），over a span of approximately 500 years.《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集，收录了自西周初年至春秋中叶大约500年间的诗歌305篇。
2.The Book of Poetry reflects broadly and truly the life in ancient China and the feelings of various classes.《诗经》广泛而真实地反映了古代社会生活的画面以及不同阶级和阶层人们的生活感受。
3.The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China.《尚书》是一部我国上古部分史料的汇编。
4.The Book of History is an invaluable reference for the study of the original and feudal societies in ancient China.《尚书》是研究我国原始社会和奴隶社会的宝贵资料。
5.The Book of History records many speeches, and makes great progress in argumentation.《尚书》中记录了许多演说，在说理论证方面取得了明显的进展。
6.The Book of Changes expounds the trinity or union of Heaven, Earth and man, which has attracted the attention of thinkers from different ages, and eventually become the oriental mode of thinking.《周易》阐述的天地人“三才”统一原理，为历代思想家所重视，成为一脉相承的东方思维模式。
7.The Spring and Autumn Annals is a canonical book of Lu Stafe's history which, in fact, is a combination of canon and history.《春秋》是鲁国的史书，也是世界上最早的一部编年史。
8.Wen Xin Diao Long discusses the origins of literature and its special characteristics, notes the experience of earlier writers, and proposes methods and standards for literary criticism.《文心雕龙》评述了文化的起源及其独有的特征，记载了早期作家的生平，并且对文学批评的方法和标准提出了建议。
9.Outlaws of the Marsh is a novel that gives a detailed account of Chinese peasant uprisings in feudal society.《水浒传》是详细描述封建时期农民起义的一部小说。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1书的起源The Origin of Book
The earliest Chinese book was written a little before Confucius about 2 500 years ago. The earliest writing, however, could be traced back to 6 000 years ago.The oracles carved on bones of the Shang dynasty revealed a mature writing system of 4 500 words.The true form of the book was not born until bamboo pieces were used as the medium of writing around the time of Confucius.Pieces of the same length were strung together to serve as a bound book.Another medium of writing, a twin of bamboo, was silk, which was used very sparingly as it was much more costly.Paper as a medium of writing began before the Christian era.Earliest paper unearthed dates back to 2 200 years ago.By the second century A.D.，it had replaced bamboo and silk as the principal medium for writing.Paragraph 2四书五经The Four Books and the Five Classics
The Four Books and The Five Classics were the canonical works of the Confucian culture in the feudal society in ancient China. The Four Books refers to The Great Learning, The doctrine of the Mean, Confucian Analects and The Works of Mencius.And the five Classics includes The Book of Poetry（also known as The Book of Songs, The Book of Odes），The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals.The Five classics got its name during the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han dynasty, and there emerged a group of scholars responsible for the interpretation of these classics.The Spring and Autumn Annals is a canonical book of history which, in fact, is a combination of cannon and history.Later on, interpretations of this important annals also became influential, collected in The three Commentaries.The Commentary of Zuo focuses on history itself while The Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on comments on historical events.In short, all of them are valuable materials for the study of the political, cultural, and academic histories of China.Paragraph 3史记The Records of the Historian
Why are the Records of the Historian acclaimed as the most valuable literary work among books on history in China？the reasons lie not only in its narrative descriptions of historical events and individual biographies, but more importantly in its solemn and stirring, yet lyrical style that can be felt throughout the book. This style comes from the fact that, whatever he wrote about, be it a person or a historical even, the historian would pourforth all his concern and outrage into the lines, along with his understanding of history.Therefore, the history and historical characters he depicted are immersed in a kind of poetic ambience.Paragraph 4周易The Book of Changes
The Book of Changes contains sixtyfour hexagrams, each representing a particular quality of time, action or attitude, which is clarified in the text supplementary to it.When someone consults The Book of Changes a question, like the change of natural phenomena, one’s gain and loss, good or ill luck etc.，the answer is given by one of the hexagrams, which captures the precise substance of what is involved.Paragraph 5中国的小说Chinese Novels
The traditional Chinese novel developed as a literary form during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is episodic in nature, relating the adventures of a large number of characters in a string of loosely connected events.Its thematic ranges is broad, including historical romances, chivalric tales, ghost stories, social satires and love stories.Most of the novels depend heavily on the ancient tradition of popular storytellers in the marketplaces and teahouses.This dependence carries two consequences.The first is that the long, episodic novels are strong in fascinating detail but weak in unified plot.The second is that the authors tend to be collectors, editors, and adapters of earlier materials.There follows a few of the bestknown novels that still remain popular among current Chinese readers.Cultural Links 文化链接活字印刷
活字印刷问世于11世纪，由毕升发明。书籍的大规模印制制导致了学术的繁荣和教育的普及。
中国发明活字印刷比欧洲的谷登堡革命要早400年，汉字又稳定不变。文字的稳定和印刷技术的发达促进了中国教育和科技的普及。然而遗憾的是，这个领先地位不可能持久，因为印制的书籍大多数是古典、佛经和道藏，而不是科技书籍。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
bibliophile爱收藏书的人
papyrus纸莎草纸
parchment羊皮纸
bind装订
slip片条
cord细绳
hemp麻类植物
cowhide牛皮革
biography传记
essay论说文
vertically垂直地
bundle捆
fabric织物
strikingly显著地
similar相像的
portable便于携带的
expensive昂贵的
output出产
surname姓
accompany陪同
sway摇摆
rhythm节拍
attribute把……归因于
memorization熟记
profound深刻的
academic学究式的
prescribe规定
exception例外
era时代
cardinal主要的
authentic可信的
originally新颖地
Confucianism儒学
manifest显示
doctrine教义
demonstrate证明
analects论集
disciple信徒
philosopher哲学家
ceremonial礼节的
verse诗句
poetry诗歌
allege宣称
interrelate相互关联
symbolic象征的
diagram图表
cosmological宇宙论的
antedate先于
philosophical哲学的
creed教育
commentator注释者
reformer改革者
Chapter 3 Chinese Poetry Culture 中国诗歌文化
Unit 1 Chinese Language Culture 中国语言文化
key sentences 流畅精句1.Chinese is the universal language in China；it is also one of the five working languages of the United Nations.
汉语是中国的统一语言，也是联合国五种工作语言之一。
2.Chinese written language, which employs the Han characters, or Hanzi，had their origin in oracle inscriptions more than 6 000 years ago and had developed in the Shang Dynasty（1600 BC-1046 BC）as pictographs depicting concrete objects.
中国的书写语言，汉字为工具，可以追溯到6000多年前的古刻字时期，并且商代以镌刻在石碑上的象形文字得到发展。
3.After the May Fourth Movement, the formal standard for written Chinese has been vernacular Chinese whose grammar and vocabulary are similar but not identical to those of modern spoken mandarin.
五四运动以后，书写汉语开始正式转向白话文，尽管语法和词语与现今用到的词语很相近，但也不完全一致。
4.Chinese characters are understood as morphemes which are independent of phonetic change.
人们理解汉语主要依靠词素，这跟语音的变换没有关系。
5.There are also great differences in the geographical variation of intelligibility.
不同地区对于普通话的理解情况差距很大。
6.Putonghua is the mother dialect of Chinese living in Northern China and Sichuan province.
普通话是中国北方和四川省的母方言。
7.Currently, twentyone of China’s ethnic minorities have their own written language, including twentyseven written forms.
现今，中国有21个少数民族有自己的书写语言，包含了27种书写格式。
8.China's 53 ethnic minorities have more than 80 different languages.
中国的53个少数民族拥有80多种不同的语言。
9.In the process of creating the written languages, the state allowed the ethnic minorities to choose which languages they wanted to use.
在创造书写语言的过程中，我国赋予少数民族权力来选择他们自己的语言。
10.After the reforms in the ethnic minorities'written language, the new written languages were more simplified.
少数民族的书写语言形成以后易于接受。
11.Parents generally speak to their children in dialect, and the relationship between a dialect and putonghua appears to be mostly stable.
父母通常跟子女用方言讲话，这使得方言与普通话之间的关系总是显得很遥远。
12.Usually learning a new dialect is done informally through a process of immersion and recognizing sound shifts.
通常来讲，要想正式学习一门方言，就必须沉浸其中并且对声调要掌握到位。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1汉字书写简介ABrief Introduction of Chinese Written Languagencient Chinese Schools
Chinese is the only major writing system of the world that continued its pictographbased development without interruption and that is still in general modern use.But not all Chinese characters are simply impressionistic sketches of concrete objects.Chinese characters incorporate meaning and sound as well as visual image into a coherent whole.Paragraph 2汉字的特点The Characters of Chinese Word
The Chinese word is highly flexible. It can be condensed, blended, extended, protracted, expanded, converted, reversed and shifted.There is a lot of poetic license, making poetry not only easy but also interesting to write.While both the Chinese word and sentence lack overt formal features.There is tremendous freedom in making phrases and sentences.Semantic relations are much more important than syntactic markers and connectors.Paragraph 3文言文Literary Chinese
Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese（文言文）is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of Zhou Dynasty Chinese, making it very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese.Classical Chinese was once used for almost all formal correspondence before the 20th century, not only in China but also in Korea, Vietnam and Japan.Among Chinese speakers, classical Chinese has been largely replaced by Vernacular Chinese（白话），a style of writing that is closer to modern spoken Chinese, while speakers of nonChinese languages have largely abandoned Classical Chinese in favor of local vernaculars.
Literary Chinese is the form of written Chinese used from the end of the Han Dynasty to the early 20th century when it was replaced by vernacular written Chinese. Literary Chinese diverged more and more from Classical Chinese as the languages of China became more and more disparate and as the Classical written language became less and less representative of the spoken language.At the same time, Literary Chinese was based largely upon the Classical language, and writers frequently borrowed Classical language into their Literary writings.Literary Chinese therefore shows a great deal of similarity to Classical Chinese, even though the similarity decreased over the centuries.Paragraph 4方言Local Dialect
Over 90%of Chinese people speak Mandarin, but they may very likely also speak another dialect. The local dialect is generally considered more intimate and is used among close family members and friends and in everyday conversation within the local area.Chinese speakers will frequently code switch between putonghua and local dialects.Parents generally speak to their children in dialect, and the relationship between a dialect and putonghua appears to be mostly stable.Most Chinese know that local dialects are of considerable social benefit；and when they permanently move to a new area, they will attempt to pick up the local dialect.Usually learning a new dialect is done informally through a process of immersion and recognizing sound shifts.Paragraph 5汉语的特点The Characters of Chinese Language
The Chinese language has a greater degree of stability and invariableness, which is closely related to its use of ideographs and pictographs.Ideographs are symbols of things reflecting the objective natural laws.So, the Chinese language has multiple dimensions and relative stability, manifest first of all in the accumulativeness of words or phrases.Since the objective things often change gradually and are often interrelated, so usually the same words or phrases are not used to express an objective thing that has changed somewhat, or are interrelated by adding to them a new element, rather than using other reconstructive words or phrases.In this way, a Chinese word can have a set of multiple meanings.Cultural Links 文化链接白话文运动
近代白话文运动为现代汉语的诞生积累了相当珍贵的成果，但却远未能动摇文言的正统地位并完成书面语的革命。究其原因，一是像胡适和周作人所谈到的，当时的提倡者从开民智的角度倡导白话，骨子里仍然觉得白话是给不懂文化的老百姓看的，是“听差”的语言，而文言才是“老爷”的语言，因此那些介导白话的文章，本身就是用文言写就的。其次，书面语和口语是应有一定距离的，用以写作的白话，并不等于日常的口头语，因此对于应该建立一种什么样的白话，时人的观念还很模糊。所以，白话的普及要到五四新文化运动之后才最终得以完成。Vocabulary 妙词连珠
renaissance复活
supplant取代
classical古典的
vernacular本国的
experiment实验
simplification简单化
undergo经历
successively连续地
objective客观的
stroke笔画
literacy读写能力
dialect方言
subdivide把……再分
necessarily必然地
intelligibility可理解性
decrease减少
intimate熟悉的
considerable相当大的
permanently永久地
immersion沉浸
recognize认可
classify将……分类
subbranch分支
autonomous自治的
oracle（古希腊）神谕
inscription题名；题字；刻印文字
pictogram象形文字
depict描绘；描写
colloquial口语体的；非正式的；非文学性的
vernacular（用）白话的；（用）方言的
impressionistic给人一般印象的
incorporate使结合
logographic语标的；由语标组成的
monosyllabic由单音节字组成的
morpheme语素；词素
syllable音节
ideograph表意文字（如中文）
phonetic语音的
orthography拼音法
diverge使分叉；使转向；使渐变
romanization用罗马字母拼写
transliterate拼写
unintelligible难以理解的
homophone用音异义词
intricate复杂的
consonant辅音；辅音字母
conjugation动词变化系统
declension名词、代词、及形容词的
词形变化
inflection词形的变经
syntactical造句（法）的
append附加；增补
complement补足语
perfective（语）完成体
nuance意义、意见、颜色等的细微变化
signify表示
bilingual能说两种语言的
Unit 2 The Poetic Culture before Tang Dynasty 唐朝以前的诗歌文化
key sentences 流畅精句1.Furthermore, this lyrical characteristic has also permeated other art forms.
进一步来讲，这种抒情的特点已经渗入了其他的艺术形式当中。
2.The Chinese literature emphasizes the behaviors of the people.
中国文学强调人的行为。
3.The narrative literature that flourished in the Tang Dynasty emerged under the direct influence of the Buddhist scriptures.
唐朝叙事文的出现受佛教经典的影响很深。
4.Chinese literature is characterized by a long tradition of realism.
长期的现实主义传统是中国文学的特征。
5.Many works in the“Book of Poems”reflected the actual social trends of that time via the aspirations and sentiments of the writers and the singers.《诗经》中很多著作都反映了当时情况下作者的期待和情感的趋向。
6.Beside its political purpose, the“Book of Poems”reflected distinctively the joy and anger, happiness and sorrow of the people.
除了政治意图外，《诗经》特别反映了人们的快乐与愤怒，高兴与悲伤。
7.Appreciation depreciation of a person or an event was often expressed in a single word, the socalled SpringAutumn style.
一个人的消极情绪或一件事的负面影响往往通过一个简单的词就可以表现出来，这也就是所谓的春秋体。
8.The“Nine Elegizes”was the collective title of nine poems, which combined perfectly the sentiment of sorrow, realistic description, and intense argumentation.《九章》是九首诗歌的统一标题，内容涵盖了作者悲痛的心情和对现实的描述以及作者认真的推理。
9.The eleven verses of the“Nine Songs”based on hymns to deities were fresh and elegant, rhymed and impressive.《九歌》的十一首诗都是祭祀时对神的赞歌，这些歌清楚而优美，押韵而表现力强。
10.The feature of the rhymed prose was that it laid emphasis on elaboration and description.
律诗的特点在于强调叙述和描写。
11.The later period of the Western Han Dynasty saw the flourish of the rhymed prose.
西汉末期，格律诗逐渐兴盛起来。Wonderful paranranh 精彩片段Paragraph 1抒情诗的发展The Development of Lyric Poems
In the surging Chinese literary flow, the Chinese ancestors selected the concise, reverberating lyric poems as a medium to give vent to their native sentiments and unsophisticated ideals. The lyricpoem type literary works have become the mainstream of the course of progress of Chinese literature.The lyrical tradition has permeated also the Chinese prose, drama and novel, and has become the common literary consciousness of generations of Chinese literati.So, this can be credited as the foremost characteristic of the Chinese literature.Paragraph 2诗经Book of Poems
The“Book of Poems”，compiled two thousand and five hundred years ago, was the earliest realistic literature in China. In the light of the rhythms, the anthology was divided into three sections：the Feng section（the section of ballads），the“Ya”section（the section of festival songs），and the“Song”section（the section of praises）.The“Feng”poems were the native ballads of the various states.The“Ya”poems were music pieces in the territory of the Zhou Kings.The“Song”poems were eulogies to ghosts and deities and to meritorious deeds, often sung along with dances.This book has rich contents and knowledge, and aesthetic values in various aspects.Paragraph 3楚辞Chu Ci
Chu Ci refers originally to the novel style of poetry created by the literati of the Chu State during the late stage of the Warring States Period. It is permeated with a rich local color which is featured chiefly by its use of“the exclusive Chu dialect and melody as well as by its portrayal of the exclusive Chu locality and customs.”（Preface to the Newly Revised Edition of Chu Ci by Huang Bosi of the Song Dynasty）.In 26 B.C.，（the 3rd year of the He Ping period of emperor Chengdi of the Han Dynasty）Liu xiang compiled the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, together with the simulated works of the Han dynasty literati into a collection with the same title.Therefore, Chu Ci is also the title of a collection of poetry.Paragraph 4离骚Sorrow After Departure
Sorrow After Departure is the most significant of Qu Yuan's works, and also the longest ancient Chinese classic poem. Its 2 477 characters in 373 verses constitute an autobiography that is peppered with metaphors and analogies.The poem exposes the darkness and decrepitude of the ruling clique, its wickedness, greed, lewdness, and brutality.Qu Yuan also evokes the image of an upright patriot who upholds justice, seeks truth, braves hardship and persecution, and loves his country and people.Patriotism and love for his people are thus expressed in his writing, as well as his anguish and sorrow at being prevented from realizing his political ideals.Paragraph 5建安文学Jian’an Literature
Before and during the Three Kingdoms Period, literature especially flourished in the Jian'an Period. Jian'an is the reign title of the last emperor of Han who was actually controlled by Cao Cao（155—220），the founder of the State of Wei.The leading figures of this period are Cao Cao, his two sons, Cao Pi（186—226）and Cao Zhi（192—232）and the Seven Masters.Paragraph 6乐府Yue Fu
A Collection of Yue Fu Poetry was compiled during the Song Dynasty by Guo Maoqian whose life remains unknown. Yue fu was originally the official bureau in charge of music.It was set up during the reign of emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.As a permanent governmental institution of the Han, Wei, the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties, it was responsible for compiling music books, anthologizing songs and ballads and training musicians.All the songs which had been set to music by this institution were referred to as Yue Fu poetry.Collection of Yue Fu Poetry contains not only the Yue Fu poetry from the Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties Period but also the ballads
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