《新东方英语》大学生2014年11月号(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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作者:《新东方英语》编辑部

出版社:《海外文摘》杂志社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

《新东方英语》大学生2014年11月号

《新东方英语》大学生2014年11月号试读:

★Editors’Notes 编辑手记★

吃货我们做朋友吧等

吃货,我们做朋友吧——“How to Talk (and Not Talk) like a Foodie: a Primer”

近年来,吃货大军已经势不可挡地占领了大街小巷的美食店。他们中既有狼吞虎咽的普通吃货,也有品味不凡的高级吃货。前者容易满足,一份美味奉上,所有阴霾便能驱散;后者独具慧眼,美食对他们来说不仅能满足口腹之欲,更是一种生活态度。面对同样的美食,前者只能用咂嘴声表达满足,当然也颇具感染力;后者则能将那舌尖的美娓娓道来,使之更加韵味悠长。也许有人会对后者嗤之以鼻:美食就是用来吃的,语言描述岂不显得矫情?但生活中需要大快朵颐的快感,也需要静静品味的浪漫。最好同时拥有这两类吃货朋友,时刻带在身边,那每一次与食物的相遇都将变得更加美妙。(李晓涵)好好爱自己的家人——《八月,奥色治郡:人性的弱点,生活的悲剧》

我在一个“姐妹兄弟很和气,父母都慈祥”的家庭中长大,很少见爸妈吵架,也很少被责骂,这种家庭氛围让我对家和亲人产生了无限依赖。所以,在看电影《八月,奥色治郡》时,片中家庭成员间微妙复杂又纠结无比的关系多少让我有些惊讶。对剧中人物来说,家不是温暖的避风港,而是充满火药味的战场。在这里,夫妻反目,亲人疏离,没有爱与温情,只有责难与对抗,原本应该是全家人心灵港湾的母亲却成了这个家庭支离破碎的罪魁祸首:强势、偏执的她就像一颗毒瘤,摧毁了所有亲人的幸福。这个充满悲剧的家庭以及这位可恨又可怜的母亲就像一面镜子,让我反观自己的行为,也让我不断提醒自己:扮演好自己在家庭中的角色,好好爱自己的家人。(耳海燕)面对死亡,我们都一样——“How Long Have I Got Left?”

每一个身患绝症的人大概都无一例外地想知道一个问题:我还能活多长时间?在面对可能到来的死亡时,数字和几率忽然变得像救命稻草般重要,仿佛它们能驱散内心的恐惧,把生命从死亡线上拽回。如果说普通患者尚可以因对医学的无知而把生的希望寄托于数据的话,那么身患绝症的医生又该如何头脑清醒地面对死亡的威胁?从古至今,“清醒”的人总是最痛苦,身患绝症的医生便是如此。说到底,面对死亡,我们都一样:忧虑重重,胆战心惊,不晓得死神何时降临,不知道撑下去是否有希望。但无论如何,对生的无限眷恋总会让我们在绝望的低谷里生出新的勇气,告诉自己:我一定要撑下去!(廖粮粮)不悲不喜,不离不弃——“Hello Kitty at 40: the Cat That Conquered the World”

小时候,我曾收到过一只Hello Kitty的娃娃做礼物。那时,日本的卡通形象还不是很流行,我并不认识这只小猫,只是奇怪它为何没有嘴巴。为了弥补这一“先天缺陷”,我自作主张帮它画了个樱桃小口。后来我才知道,自己的行为无异于画蛇添足。正如文中作者所写的那样,Kitty的魅力就在于它没有嘴巴,是一块情感白板,总是悲伤着别人的悲伤,幸福着别人的幸福。别看这小猫从不表露悲喜,却能始终陪在一旁,不离不弃。(王扬)

★Test Bible 考试手册★

精准定位,巧抓细节——考研英语阅读的解题关键

◎文/王双林

考研英语的阅读部分总计40分,是该考试中所占分数比例最高的题型,题目的难度也比其他题型高。不过,在命题过程中,出题者还是为考生留下了很多有助于解题的“蛛丝马迹”,考生要学会洞察这些细节,并应用到解题中。本文笔者将讲解几个考生可以利用的细节,希望对考生解题能起到事半功倍的效果。精准定位,不必多读

笔者在课堂上反复强调过一个“反常识”的观点:读得越多,错的可能性越大。这句话可以解读为“精准定位,不必多读”,具体意思是说,考生在解题时,回原文精准定位到答案范围之后,只在原文的答案范围内精读即可,不必多读其上下文。这样做的原因是考生阅读的信息越多,接受的干扰信息就越多。下面列举两道真题实例,供考生体会。

例1 Come on—Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. (选自2012年考研英语阅读真题Text 1)

21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as _____.

A. a supplement to the social cure

B. a stimulus to group dynamics

C. an obstacle to school progress

D. a cause of undesirable behaviors

解析:这道题有很清晰的定位点(first paragraph),考查的是考生在原文中找寻信息的速度和精确性。考生只需要两个步骤就可以完成题目。第一步,寻找包含答案信息的原文句子。题干中的peer pressure和often是考生回原文寻找答案信息的线索,考生需要找到两者都出现的句子。考生很快可以发现,例题所给原文中的划线句子即为包含答案信息的原文句子。第二步,将题干与划线句子对比,进行同义替换:划线句子中的it对应的是题干中的peer pressure,划线句子中的usually对应的是题干中的often,划线句子中的“leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex”对应的则是选项中的a cause of undesirable behaviors,其中leads to与a cause of相对应,no good与undesirable相对应,“drinking, drugs and casual sex”与behaviors相对应。由此考生可以推断出选项D为正确答案。

需要特别强调的是,这道题切不可误认为是 “but之后为答案”类型的题目,如今就转折词之后的内容出题的现象已经变少了。

例2 We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’” (选自2010年考研英语阅读真题Text 1)

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II are characterized by _____.

A. free themes B. casual style

C. elaborate layout D. radical viewpoints

解析:这道题是2010年考研英语阅读的难题之一。但事实上它并不难,只是很多考生做题的思路存在偏差导致难度加大。大部分考生都是采用常规的解题思路:根据题干中的newspaper reviews、in England和World War II回原文将答案信息定位至例题所给原文的划线句子。但是上述句子很长,因此解题难度很大。其实,题干中还有第四个信息点很多考生没有注意到,那就是characterize这个单词。Characterize这个单词表明这道题目是让考生查找到newspaper reviews的特点。此时,考生就应该想到寻找newspaper reviews的修饰语,因为修饰语就是用于说明中心词的特点。本题中,newspaper reviews的修饰语只有一个单词unfocused,该词说明了newspaper reviews的特点,能解出这道题的也只有这个单词,由此考生可以找到该词的同义替换词组,即选项A (free themes)。

在这道题的解题过程中,笔者并没有翻译句子,只是根据词组结构精确定位到一个表示特征的单词,将它作为答题依据。考生可以观察历年考研英语阅读题目,一般一篇400余词的文章,涉及答案信息的单词不会超过10%。所以,考研阅读的核心不是通读全文,也不是去翻译,而是寻找信息。利用并列结构解题

在阅读理解题目中,包含答案信息的原文句子可能是由and连接的并列结构。此时,考生要将and当成切割点使用,把其前面、后面的内容看成是各自独立的部分,分开考虑。在答题时,只要选项与其中的一部分内容是同义替换,那该选项就是正确答案。下面列举两道真题实例。

例1 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, what’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. (选自2007年考研英语阅读真题Text 2)

26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

A. Answering philosophical questions.

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

解析:考生可以将题干中的intelligence test和require作为定位词回原文查找含有答案信息的句子,由此考生可以定位到例题所给原文的划线句子。这个句子含有and连接的并列结构,有如下三个并列成分:to complete verbal and visual analogies、to envision paper after it has been folded and cut、to deduce numerical sequences。也就是说,智商测试要求被测试者完成三项任务:完成文字和图像上的类比、想象出纸张被折叠和剪切之后的形状以及推断数字的顺序。选项中只需要与其中一项任务是同义替换即可。阅读选项,考生可以发现选项D的内容choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones是对第一个并列成分to complete verbal and visual analogies的同义替换,由此考生得出本题的正确答案为选项D。

例2 But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. (选自2012年考研英语阅读真题Text 1)

23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ____.

A.adequately probe social and biological factors

B.effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

C.illustrate the functions of state funding

D.produce a long-lasting social effect

解析:考生首先可根据题干中的author’s view、Rosenberg’s book和fails to这三个关键词(组)将答案信息定位至例题所给原文的划线部分。考生可以发现,这个划线句子用and连接了两个并列成分:too much irrelevant detail和not enough exploration of the social and biological factors。正确选项只需与其中一个并列成分存在同义替换关系即可。通过比对选项与划线句子,考生可以发现选项A为正确答案。其中,题干中的Rosenberg’s book对应的是原文的Join the Club,题干中的fails to对应原文中的not,选项adequately probe social and biological factors对应的则是and之后的并列成分enough exploration of the social and biological factors。

利用“选项与原文并列成分中的一部分内容同义替换即可”这个思路,考生可以减少精读的内容,并能精确定位到答案信息的核心部分。利用时态解题

从理论上讲,英语中有16种时态,有些题目考生可以根据时态的不同迅速定位到含有答案信息的原文句子。以下面一道题为例。

例 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.” (选自2005年考研英语阅读真题Text 3)

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ____.

A. can be modified in their courses

B. are susceptible to emotional changes

C. reflect our innermost desires and fears

D. are a random outcome of neural repairs

解析:这道题根据上述段落出题。这一段讲述了三个不同时代的研究者对梦的解释:一个世纪之前的弗洛伊德、20世纪70年代晚期的神经学家和当下的研究者。考生解答该题时,首先需要通过题干中的时态判断题目具体问的是哪个时代的研究者观点。题干使用了现在完成时have come to believe,暗示了题干的研究者应该是指当代的研究者,由此考生可以将答案范围缩小到本段的后半部分,即now之后的部分。根据划定答案范围中的句子“And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better”(其中,一个主要权威人士声称,这些强有力的精神活动不仅可以得到控制,而且可以通过有意识的控制来帮助我们改善睡眠,使我们感觉更舒适),考生可以发现选项A符合这个意思,是正确答案。

综上所述,笔者提醒考生在考研英语阅读理解备考和实战过程中注意以下三点。

第一,在做阅读理解题时,考生并非“读得越多,选得越对”,正确的观念应该是“读得越精,选得越对”。考生应充分利用题干的信息精准定位到含有答案信息的原文句子,然后通过精读这些句子来选择答案。

第二,考生千万别把大量的时间放在翻译原文句子上。笔者在培训的过程中发现,很多考生力求把定位到的原文句子翻译出来,其实这样做对解题意义不大,考生只需要把重要信息提炼出来就能解题了。

第三,考生除了要学会定位,还需要掌握好词汇。定位法可以帮助考生节省做题时间,但是考生如果要透彻理解定位到的句子并准确替换出正确答案,就必须有扎实的词汇基础。所以在备考阶段,考生需要巩固自己的单词量,以求达到技巧和实力并行。【作者简介】:

王双林,北京新东方学校国内考试部教师,教授考研阅读等课程。本科毕业于上海外国语大学,硕士与博士研究生阶段就读于中国人民大学。

2014年6月四级翻译真题点评

◎文/张曦

2014年6月四级考试的汉译英部分涉及核能、阅读、教育等话题,展现出中国发展的现状,并探讨中国发展的未来。虽然涉及核能的题目中的个别词汇表达对考生来说颇有难度,但词汇并不是考查重点,能否熟练运用各种翻译技巧,能否忠实、顺畅地还原原文的信息依然是汉译英考查的主要目的。下文笔者就对本次四级考试中运用到的翻译技巧进行分析,希望对即将参加12月考试的考生有所帮助。翻译技巧分析

笔者将以此次考试真题为例来具体讲解汉译英时的以下五种翻译技巧。

1.给长句断句

汉语中的一个长句中往往包含多个分句,汉译英时若很难将多个分句合并译为一个英语长句,考生可尝试对汉语长句适当断句。关系较为紧密的分句应该合并译为一个英语句子,而关系较为松散的分句则可尝试将其断开。下面我们来看几个例句。

例1:中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%,该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。

评析:原文分句较多,其中前两个分句为因果关系,关系较为紧密,汉译英时可以用because、for等表示因果关系的连接词将它们合并译为一个英语长句。后两个分句的关系也很紧密,第四个分句是对第三个分句的补充说明,汉译英时可以将第四个分句译为名词短语,作为第三个分句的同位语,起补充说明作用。如此一来,原文的长句在汉译英时断为两部分,条理清晰、意义明确。

参考译文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of China’s current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.

例2:阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。

评析:原文第一个分句较为独立,汉译英时可将其译为一个独立的英语句子。原文后两个分句的关系比较紧密,又因第二个分句提出了一种“假设”,因此汉译英时可尝试将第二个分句译为if引导的状语从句,将最后一个分句译为主句。

参考译文:Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they don’t develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.

2.关注时态和语态

时态和语态也是汉译英时考生需要关注的问题,比如,若句子的时间状语涉及过去,译文要采用一般过去时;若句子的时间状语由过去延续到现在或对现在产生影响,译文要采用现在完成时。另外,汉语中有不少句子虽然没有表示被动的标志性词语,但主语和谓语之间却存在被动关系,汉译英时仍然需要采用被动语态。下面我们来看几个例句。

例1:中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。

评析:原文第一个句子中的谓语“早就认识到”说明情况在过去就已发生,延续到现在,因此汉译英时译文应采用现在完成时。第二个句子的时间状语“2003年”为过去的时间,其译文应采用一般过去时。

参考译文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day.

例2:换句话说,核能是可以完全开发和利用的。

评析:原文中的“核能”和“可以完全开发和利用”之间虽然没有表示被动关系的词语,但两者存在被动关系,所以译文要采用被动语态。

参考译文:In other words, nuclear energy can now be fully developed and utilized.

3.注意调整语序

汉译英时需要正确调整语序,尤其在中文句子的定语和状语较多、较长的情况下,考生需要先确定出短语的中心词,而后将修饰成分重新安排,译出流畅的译文。

例:一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到本地农村学校就读。

评析:原文“为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生”中,中心词为“学生”,定语非常复杂,汉译英时可将其处理为定语从句,按照从后往前的顺序层层处理定语,先译“转往城市上学”,再译“为接受更好教育”。此外,汉语中的动词较多,汉译英时可适当省略,如“为接受更好教育”可简化为for a better education。

参考译文:As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.

4.避免中式英语

在汉语中,“让”字句和“使”字句出现频率较高,将其译成英文时,不少考生常用let和make去对应,这样就会使译文的中式英语痕迹较重。在翻译这类句型时,考生可以使用一些英语及物动词,或省略“让”字或者“使”字,以使译文更为地道。

例:这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。

评析:原文中的“使……受益”可以结合起来译为“benefit …”,又因“使”字所在的分句体现了一种目的,汉译英时可以为此分句添加表示目的的连接词so as to或in order to,衔接到前文上。

参考译文:The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools.

5.采用亮点句型和结构

在翻译中文句子时,英语译文可适当采用一些地道的英语句型和结构,例如倒装句、强调句、并列结构等,这些亮点句型和结构会使译文更具有表现力,帮助考生取得高分。

例1:通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。

评析:英语中的并列结构具有较强的表现力,对于汉语中并列的信息,英语中可以采用并列结构翻译。例如原文中的“感恩、有责任心和与人合作”可以采用三个平行的形容词(grateful, responsible, and cooperative)来翻译,或者采用三个平行的不定式短语(to be grateful, to have a sense of responsibility, and to cooperate with others)来翻译。

参考译文:Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate.

例2:到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。

评析:原文若按照英语的一般语序来翻译,可以得出如下译文:“Approval wasn’t renewed with caution until October of 2012.”如果对译文的语序适当进行调整,采用强调结构来翻译,就能使句子更具表现力。

参考译文:It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.汉译英真题及参考译文

本次四级考试共出现了三道段落翻译题,内容涉及核能发展、阅读的重要性和教育公平。以下是笔者给出的真题及参考译文,仅供参考。【题目一】

中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%,该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。

2011年3月日本核电站事故后,中国的核能开发停了下来,中止审批新的核电站,并开展全国性的核安全检查。到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。

随着技术和安全措施的改进,发生核事故的可能性完全可以降到最低程度。换句话说,核能是可以完全开发和利用的。

参考译文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of China’s current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.

After the Japanese nuclear power station accident in March of 2011, China halted its development of nuclear energy, suspended its approval for new nuclear power plants and carried out the nuclear safety inspections across the country. It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.

With improvements in technology and security measures, the possibility of nuclear accidents can be reduced to a minimum. In other words, nuclear energy can be fully developed and utilized.【题目二】

中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。他们强调,人们应当读好书,尤其是经典著作。通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。

参考译文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day. They stressed that people should read good books, especially classics. Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate. Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they don’t develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.【题目三】

为了促进教育公平,中国已投入360亿元,用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部农村义务教育(compulsory education)。这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到本地农村学校就读。

参考译文:In order to promote equality in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan to improve the educational facilities in rural areas and enhance compulsory education in the midwestern rural regions. The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools. The funds are also being used to purchase musical instruments and painting materials so that now the children in rural and mountainous regions can have music and painting lessons just like those in the coastal cities. As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.

备考托福写作的几点建议

◎文/吕倩倩

提起托福写作,不少考生都觉得头疼。有些考生的英语水平达不到考试要求,有些考生无法将中式思维转化为英式思维,有些考生的表述不够清晰且不合逻辑,这些都是考生在备考托福写作时遇到的瓶颈和难题。为帮助考生解决这些难题,笔者在下文中将结合托福写作的题型特点提出几点备考建议。题型简介

托福写作共包括两种题型:综合写作(Integrated Writing)和独立写作(Independent Writing)。综合写作部分要求考生在三分钟内阅读一篇230~300词的学术文章,再听一段与文章相关的、时长约两分钟的讲座录音,这段录音主要是驳斥阅读文章中的观点。然后,考生可用约20分钟的时间写一篇短文,总结文章和录音中的要点,并阐述两者如何互相驳斥。该部分要求的写作字数在150~225词之间。听录音时,考生可以做些笔记来辅助答题。独立写作部分要求考生根据题目给出的观点(statement)提出自己的看法,并结合已有的知识和自身经验进行分析阐述,同时进行充分的论证。该部分的答题时间为30分钟,字数在300词以上。备考建议

综合写作部分将听、读、写融为一体,集中考查考生积累词汇、听讲座和写总结摘要的能力。独立写作部分则主要考查考生的论证能力。下面笔者就针对上述各项能力提出几点备考建议。

·建议一:积累词汇,地道表达

托福考试写作部分要求考生掌握1500~2000个单词。很多考生误以为只要能记住这么多单词就能应对托福写作,但这里所说的“掌握”并非如此简单。托福写作要求考生掌握的是“积极词汇”,即不仅要认识,还要恰当、灵活地运用,体现出词汇的多样性。这就需要考生平时注意积累,悉心收集,有意识地练习和使用背过的单词。

背单词时,考生可以好好利用词汇书中的同义替换词表,并在写作时练习同义替换,有意识地用高级词汇替换初级词汇,以避免出现词汇匮乏的情况。例如,在做综合写作题时,考生如果想表达录音和阅读文章中都“说”了什么,都表明了哪些观点,除了最简单的say和think以外,还能用下列单词:state、point out、suggest、support、assert、prove、identify、show、demonstrate、argue、illustrate和claim等。掌握词汇最有效的办法就是在不同的语境中频繁使用。如果考生能正确使用一个单词至少三次,就能将其转化成“积极词汇”。

此外,考生平时还应注意积累固定短语和地道表达。毕竟考生的母语不是英语,难免会写出不符合英文习惯的中式英语。例如,笔者的一个学生就曾将“开阔眼界”写成open one’s eyes,而地道的英文表达应为expand one’s outlook或broaden one’s horizons。词汇积累的来源很多,最直接的来源就是托福练习题和同义替换词表。除此之外,考生还可通过阅读英文小说、浏览英语新闻、看英文电影等方式来积累词汇。

·建议二:勤练听力,抓住重点

在托福考试中,听力的比重是相当大的。与托福考试听力部分的考查方式略有不同,综合写作中的录音材料一般为学术讲座,结构清晰,论点明确,论证细节多。因此,在备考过程中,考生除了要练好基本的听力技能,还要结合综合写作中听力的考查形式和考查重点,重点记录录音中的反驳理由和论证细节。

综合写作中的讲座录音通常分为四段:第一段介绍主论点,后三段皆为分论点。由于讲座录音要驳斥阅读文章的观点,考生需要注意,录音开头表转折或否定含义的信号词(如but、however、whereas等)的后面往往会出现主论点。此外,序数词及表列举的词(如first、second、third、furthermore等)后面出现的通常是分论点,考生在遇到时应提高警惕,集中精力听后面的内容。

考生平时在练习听力时,可以选择听英文演讲、讲座或公开课,以熟悉学术讲座的词汇和风格。就练习方法而言,考生可将泛听和精听结合起来。泛听是可以随时练习的,比如在等公交时,考生可以用手机听一段TED讲座,大致了解讲座内容即可。相对而言,精听则需要考生定点定时地练习,同时辅以听写训练。托福综合写作的讲座音频和英语专业四级考试的听写题都是练习精听的好材料。起初,考生可以每周听一次,在听第一遍时掌握文章大意;听第二遍时逐句听写;最后再完整听一遍,同时补充、修改细小的错误。精听需要考生听懂至少80%的内容,而泛听只需听懂大意即可。在这里,笔者提一个小小的建议:考生可以在进考场之前做一小段泛听,找找感觉,以便早点进入考试状态。

·建议三:条理清晰,学会总结

考生在总结综合写作部分阅读文章和讲座录音的要点时,首先要抓住阅读文章的逻辑框架和主要观点,然后带着疑问去听录音,看看录音中的观点究竟是如何驳斥阅读文章中的观点的,最后将两者结合起来,写一篇总结性的短文。阅读文章和讲座录音均为四段的“总—分”结构:第一段为总论点,后三段为分论点。因此,考生在写作时最好也遵循上述结构,在第一段总述讲座的观点,然后在后三段的前半部分依次阐述讲座的分论点,并在后半部分补充与讲座论点相对的阅读文章的分论点。这样一一对应,既清晰又有条理。下面笔者将结合TPO 15的综合写作题目做具体分析。因篇幅有限,笔者只选取了阅读文章和讲座录音的主要内容。

Reading:

The cane toad (蔗蟾) is a large (1.8 kg) amphibian(两栖动物) species native to Central and South America. It was deliberately introduced to Australia in 1935 … Unfortunately, the toad multiplied rapidly, and ... threatens small native animals … Several measures have been pro-posed to stop the spread of the cane toad in Australia.

One way to prevent the spread of the toad would be to build a national fence. A fence that blocks the advance of the toads will prevent them from moving into those parts of Australia that they have not yet colonized….

Second, the toads could be captured and destroyed by volunteers…. If the Australian government were to organize a campaign … to join forces to destroy the toads, the collective effort might stop the toad from spreading.

Third, researchers are developing a disease-causing virus to control the cane toad populations. This virus will be specially designed: … it will not harm most of the infected species …

Listening:

The cane toad won’t be as easy to get rid of as the reading suggests. The measures proposed by the reading are likely either to be unsuccessful or to cause unwanted environmental damage.

First of all, a national fence probably won’t stop the spread of the toad. That’s because young toads and toad eggs are found in rivers and streams…. These waterways will be able to carry the young toads and their eggs to the other side….

Secondly, … untrained volunteers would inadvertently destroy many of Australia’s native frogs. Some of which are endangered. It’s not always easy to tell the cane toad apart from native frogs ...

Third, using the virus is a bad idea because it could have terrible consequences for cane toads in their original habitat in Central and South America.... Australian reptiles (爬行动物) and amphibians are often transported to other continents by researchers or pet collectors for example. Once the animals infected by the virus reach Central and South America, the virus will attack the native cane toads and devastate their populations. That would be an ecological disaster because in the Americas cane toads are a native species and a vital part of the ecosystem….

分析:结合阅读文章和讲座录音的主要内容,考生可以分别总结出这两部分的主论点和分论点。阅读文章主要提出了抑制澳大利亚蔗蟾繁衍的三种方法:第一种是在全国范围内建围栏;第二种是组织志愿者来捕杀蔗蟾;第三种是研制某种病毒来控制蔗蟾的数量。针对阅读文章,讲座录音提出,上述方法不但不会奏效,还可能对环境造成损害。随后,讲座依次阐述建围栏的方法为何无效,志愿者的方法有何不妥,以及新型病毒的研制会对生态环境造成什么不良后果。考生只需将上述论点结合起来,无一遗漏地进行论述,同时合理运用过渡句和表示逻辑关系的连接词,就能写出一篇合格的短文。

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