法律英语阅读与翻译教程（第二版）(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：屈文生,石伟

出版社：上海人民出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

法律英语阅读与翻译教程（第二版）试读：

（前言）一本以培养与提高法律翻译能力为中心的法律英语教材

近几年来，中国大陆的“法律英语”（legal English）教育蓬勃发展。我国多数著名法律院系、部分外国语大学和综合型大学已经为高年级本科生和研究生（包括英语专业和法律专业等）开设了“法律英语”课程。一些有条件的学校对“法律英语”课程进行了细化，将其分为“法律英语视听说”、“法律英语阅读”、“法律英语写作”及“英汉—汉英法律翻译”等科目。与此同时，广大青年学生（特别是法科生和外语系的学生）意识到市场对双语法律人才的需求，学生们在求职时发现，很多涉外律师事务所、跨国企业、外资银行等机构在招聘人才时十分看重应聘者的法律文件翻译能力。基于此，不少大学生将更多的精力和时间投入到法律英语的学习当中。但如何学好和教好“法律英语”，这一直是萦绕在师生们心中的一个问题。

国内先后出版了数十本名为“法律英语”或“法律翻译”的教材，许多专家和学者也已在法律英语、法律翻译教学方面进行了宝贵的探索。但从总体上说，我国的法律英语教学还远远不能满足实践的需要。在教学实践中，法律英语教学和教材的问题主要集中于以下几个方面：首先，法律英语教学在一定程度上成为了“法律英语精读教学”，教师在课堂上大多只注重提高学生阅读与理解的能力，而学生的其他能力，比如实践中极为重要的翻译能力，并没有得到较为全面的培养和提高。其次，法律英语的教学方法较为陈旧，不能很好地适应当今社会发展和实际工作的需要。再次，尽管我国已经出版了很多名为“法律英语”的教材，但教师使用顺手、学生使用舒心的真正实用的高质量教材并不多。最后，教学评估标准存在着模糊性——“提高学生法律英语水平与实际应用能力”本身就是一个模糊的目标；法律英语教与学的科学评估，尚待进一步明确。

为了解决以上问题，编写一部实用的教材是当务之急。本书编者多年来一直从事法律英语的教学和研究，也出版过多部与法律英语有关的教材，但摆在编者面前的一个问题就是：如何使这部教材区别于其他教材，从而更好地满足教师的教学需要和学生的学习需要。结合多年的教学和科研经验，编者将本书定位为“一本以培养与提高法律翻译能力为中心的法律英语教材”。具体而言，本教材在编写过程中，主要注意了下列几个方面：

首先，将教材分为“法律英语”和“法律翻译”两部分，是本教材的一个重要创新。在目前已经出版的法律英语类教材中，就编者的阅读范围内，似乎还未有将“法律英语”和“法律翻译”合二为一的教材出现。本教材并不是将“法律英语”教材和“法律翻译”教材的简单“汇编”。这样安排的原因基于编者的理解：“法律英语”是“法律翻译”的基础，“法律翻译”是“法律英语”的拔高。学生通过本书“法律英语”部分的学习，可较系统地理解和掌握英美法的基础知识、背景和术语，并提高学生的法律英语阅读和理解能力，为“法律翻译”部分的学习打下坚实的基础；而“法律英语”部分的学习，并不是整个学习过程的终点，学生需要在此基础上，提高实践中更为需要的翻译能力。本书编者认为，“法律英语”需要与“法律翻译”很好地结合：单纯地进行“法律英语”学习，学生的法律翻译能力就不会得到系统有效的训练；而假如学生不进行“法律英语”的学习，便直接进入“法律翻译”的课堂，则往往会因没有系统地了解英美法知识以及法律英语术语等原因，无法在学习过程中聚精会神并培养起兴趣，结果收到的可能是“事倍功半”的效果。

其次，课文正文大都配有译文，便于读者自主学习。英语教材如没有译文，通常会给学生的“准确理解”带来很多困难。本书为“法律英语”的11篇主课文均配上了中文译文，并将英文与中文左右排版，方便读者学习（无论是课上跟着老师学，还是在课下自学）。对于“法律翻译”部分的每则翻译实例，亦相应配上了中文或英文翻译；即便是书中的每个翻译练习，读者亦可在参考答案中找到它们对应的译文。编者的建议是，在学习过程中，为了切实提高法律翻译的水平和能力，读者可以先独立自主地将原文译为另一种文字，然后再参照译文进行正误审核，从而深入地理解各篇课文和各个材料。如果学生能认真地翻译本教材中每一篇课文和每一个练习材料，其法律翻译水平一定会有较大的提高。

再次，课文的长度更为适合课堂教学。本教材所选的每篇“正课文”均大约为800—1000个英文单词，一般适合2—3个课时的教学（每课时45分钟）。总体而言，课文的篇幅较短，编者力图用简短的篇幅对相关的法律知识进行提炼与概括，使学生能在较短的时间内对英美法的相关知识形成一个宏观的印象，并掌握法律翻译常用的格式化语言、基本套路和技巧。还要说明的是，就“法律英语”部分，本教材还为每一课安排了一篇“补充材料”。“补充材料”的材料一般是对“正课文”所涉及知识的补充说明，可供学生课后阅读。教师可根据具体情况，安排教学进度。如果每周2—3课时，每学期以16周计算，两个学期即可完成本书的全部教学内容。

最后，为了检测学生的学习效果，教材还配套设计了一定数量的练习题与期末考试试题。测试是检验教学效果和学生水平的有效手段。现行的法律英语测试多是终结性测试。终结性测试对于检验学生一段时期的学习效果起到不可或缺的重要作用，但是由于学期设置的局限，无法起到引导学生学习的作用，学生往往在学期末参加法律英语测试，测试的结果无法及时反馈给学生。终结性考试不能完全融入法律英语教学环节，这多少会导致学生学习法律英语的积极性和主动性不高，学生自主学习能力不强。本书编者认为，测试是监测课程教学的工具，测试既为教学服务，又直接影响教学内容和教学方法，对教学可产生一定的反拨作用，这种反拨作用可能有益于教学，也可能妨碍教学。编者认为，法律英语测试应把法律翻译能力提高与否作为一个重要的测试项目。基于此，本书设计的练习与试题分别从不同的角度考查学生对课文的理解、对法律英语核心术语的把握，并重点测试学生的法律翻译水平。通过每一课的练习和测试，学生可以动态地了解自己的学习效果，进而对自己的学习过程和学习方法进行调整，以更好地提高自身的各项能力。编者在教学中使用过这些习题和试卷，并取得了不错的效果。

总之，本教材的课程安排和选编始终围绕着提高学生翻译能力这一目的，始终以便于教师教学和学生使用为宗旨。本教材可以用于“法律英语”教学，也可以用于“法律翻译”教学。本教材在一定程度上是编者多年法律英语教学和科研经验的总结，希望本教材的出版能够有助于我国的法律英语和法律翻译人才的培养！

本书借鉴或吸收了《法律英语综合教程》（清华大学出版社2005年）和《法律英语案例探究》（清华大学出版社2007年）中张丽、冯婧、邢彩霞、夏元军、李威等老师参编的部分课文，以及其他同行已出版过的一些论文、专著与教材，本书末列出主要参考文献，以致编者谢意。

本书的出版得到华东政法大学教务处及外语学院的大力支持，上海人民出版社解锟编辑为本书出版付出巨大心血，谨致谢忱！编者水平有限，书中内容如有不当之处，敬请读者指正。主编屈文生、石伟2011年6月8日

本书是华东政法大学教务处2010年度本科教学改革与发展项目“以培养与提高法律翻译能力为中心的法律英语教学与测试创新性研究”成果；亦是上海市教委重点课程《法律英语》的建设成果。特此鸣谢！

第二版前言

本教材自2012年出版，至今已逾三年。自出版以来，本教材在华东政法大学、对外经济贸易大学等院校被作为主要参考教材用于包括法律英语阅读、法律英语翻译等法律英语相关课程的教学，受到了师生的普遍好评。同时，热心的读者也对本书提出了一些建设性的建议。

随着编者关于法律英语研究和实践的不断深入，一些新的材料和方法也进入编者的视野之中。特别是在2014年至2015年，我们两位编者分别赴美国研究和学习。在美期间，我们与美国的学者就法律英语的教学和研究进行了诸多交流，也搜集了不少的资料，比如最新的案例、有影响力的学者论文、国际公司使用的合同范本等。在此背景下，我们非常愿意把最新的研究和学习体会通过本教材的修订与读者进行交流。

在本次修订过程中，编者还是紧紧围绕“以培养和提高翻译能力为中心”这一始终贯之的宗旨，对课文和习题进行了补充和完善。同时，本次修订还新增了“附件”部分，内容包括美国宪法、中国司法改革白皮书评介、“华政杯”全国法律英语翻译大赛的试题和参考答案选登，等等。值得一提的是，“华政杯”全国法律英语翻译大赛自2010年始创，每年举办一届，至今已经成功举办了六届，影响力也日渐扩大：参加比赛的人员除了高校的学生之外，还有来自律所、翻译机构和公司的实务界人士；除了来自大陆高校的学生外，还有来自港澳台地区高校的学生。在每一届的颁奖典礼上，来自高校、法院、政府部门、律所、企业等不同领域的学者和专家发表演讲、交流思想。时至今日，“华政杯”全国法律英语翻译大赛已经成为法律英语界的重要活动，持续地推动着我国法律英语教学和研究的发展。

值得一提的是，在本教材的修订过程中，美国康涅狄格州大学法学院（University of Connecticut School of Law）法律博士（Juris Doctor）Thomas Petschauer先生校对了本书“

上编

我们将此修订版本定名为《法律英语阅读与翻译教程》（第2版）。此前，我们曾考虑使用“修订版”，而非“第2版”。在美国期间，我们经常能够看到已经修订了十几版、二十几版，甚至三十几版的著作和教科书，比如著名的Chitty on Contracts就在2015年11月出版了最新的第32版。佛家有言，“制心一处，无事不办”。我们亦希望本教材在不断的修订中，日臻完善，为中国的法律英语教育和研究贡献微薄之力。上编Lesson 1Law and Classifications of Law|第一课　法的概念及其分类Ⅰ．Text ＆ Its Translation1．General Introduction

Law is a system of rules and guidelines，usually enforced through a set of institutions．It shapes politics，economy and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people．Contract law regulates everything of life from buying a bus ticket to trading on financial derivatives markets．Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal and real property．Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security，while tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's rights or property are injured．If the harm is criminalized in legislation，criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator．Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law，the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives．Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government agencies，while international law governs affairs between sovereign states in activities ranging from trade to environmental regulation or military action．Writing in 350 BC，the Greek philosopher Aristotledeclared，“[t]he rule of law is better than the rule of any individual．”

Law raises important and complex issues concerning equality，fairness and justice．“In its majestic equality，”said the author Anatole Francein 1894，“the law forbids the rich and the poor alike to sleep under bridges，beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread．”In a typical democracy，the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government，namely an impartial judiciary，a democratic legislature，and an accountable executive．To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public，a government's bureaucracy，the military and police are vital．While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law，an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society will support their progress．2．Classifications of Law

There are several different ways in which laws can be classified，depending on the criteria or characteristics．a．Substantive Law vs．Procedural Law

Substantive law explains what you can and cannot do．For example，the law states that you cannot murder another human being unless it was in self defense，you were under duress，or if you were druggedby another person．Unlike substantive law，procedural laws are just the steps that must take place when filing a lawsuit against another party．b．Public Law vs．Private Law

Law can be divided into two main branches：（1）public law and（2）private law．Public law is the body of law dealing with the relations between private individuals and the government，and with the structure and operation of the government itself，including constitutional law，criminal law，and administrative law．Private law is the body of law dealing with private persons and their property and relationships．c．Criminal Law vs．Civil Law

Criminal law or penal law defines breaches of duty to society at large．It is society，through government employees called prosecutors（such as district attorneys），that brings court action against violators．If you are found guilty of a crime such as theft，you will be punished by imprisonment or a fine．Civil law，as opposed to criminal law，is the branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals or organizations，in which compensation may be awarded to the victim．For instance，if a car crash victim claims damages against the driver for loss or injury sustained in an accident，this will be a civil law case．d．Common Law vs．Civil law

Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action．Common law countries prosecute with the concept of “stare decisis”，which means that these countries such as the United States of America make decisions based on precedents．Because each judicial opinion serves as a precedentfor later decisions，as a result，common law is sometimes called judge-made law．Anglo-American law is rooted in the tradition of the common law．In 1881，Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr．wrote，“The life of the law has not been logic：It has been experience．”Common law developed as a response to the need to find solutions to the pressing issues of the time．Unlike common law，the principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow．Ⅰ．课文及译文1．概述“法”是指由一整套机构保证执行的规则体系。法以各种方式来勾画出政治、经济和社会的样子，是人际关系的社会调节器。合同法调整生活的方方面面，从公共汽车票的购买到金融衍生品市场上的交易，不一而足。财产法的内容则是与动产和不动产转让及所有权相关的权利与义务。信托法适用于用来投资和金融担保的资产；侵权法允许当事人在权利或财产受损时主张赔偿。

立法将损害公民权利或财产入罪的，检察机关可依刑法对犯罪者提起诉讼。宪法则是有关创设法律、保护人权以及选举政治代表等问题的纲领性法律。行政法主要用于审查政府机构的裁决；国际法用于约束主权国家之间诸如贸易、环境规制或者军事行动之类的事务。早在公元前350年，希腊哲学家亚里士多德就曾断言：“法治优于人治”。

法提出了诸多与平等、公平和正义相关的重要且复杂的议题。法国作家阿纳托尔·法郎士1894年曾说，“法律神圣平等，一视同仁，禁止富人也禁止穷人在大桥下睡觉、在大街上乞讨或偷几条面包。”在一个典型的民主国家中，解释和制定法律的中央机构是政府的三个主要部门，即公正的司法部门、民主的立法部门和负责任的行政部门。政府机构、军队和警察在贯彻和执行法律以及向公众提供服务的过程中扮演着重要的角色。虽然上述国家机构均依法律创设并受法律的约束，但独立的法律职业群体与活跃的市民社会亦促进上述机构的进步。2．法的分类

按照不同标准或特征，法可以根据不同的方法进行分类。（1）实体法与程序法

实体法规定何为可为之事，何为不可为之事。例如规定不得谋害性命（除非出于自卫、受到胁迫或处于醉态）的法律即属实体法。与实体法不同，程序法的内容是指一方提起诉讼时应当遵循的步骤。（2）公法与私法

法可划分为两大部门：公法和私法。公法是调整个人与政府间关系的法律，同时还规定政府自身框架及其运作，公法包括宪法、刑法和行政法。私法是调整私人、私人财产以及私人之间关系的法律。（3）刑法和民法

刑法规制的是危害整个社会的行为（违反对社会承担的义务）。社会通过称作“检察官”（如“地区检察官”）的政府官员，对违法者提起诉讼。行为人被判有罪（如盗窃罪）的，可被处以监禁刑或罚金刑。与刑法不同，民法调整的是个人间、法人间或个人与法人间的争议，通常受害者会判得赔偿金。例如，车祸中的受害人如向司机主张事故损失或伤害赔偿金的，就是一则民事案件。（4）普通法与大陆法

普通法是由法官通过法院（及类似裁判机构）的判决发展起来，而非通过立法机关制定的制定法，或者行政机构的决定发展起来。普通法国家实行“遵循先例”的原则，也就是说，美国等普通法国家是基于先例作出裁决的。

因为每一司法意见都是后来裁决的先例，所以，普通法有时也被称为“法官造法”。盎格鲁美利坚法律植根于普通法的传统之中。在1881年，奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯大法官写道，“法律的生命不是逻辑，而是经验”。普通法的发展，是对解决时代紧要问题的需要而作出的回应。与普通法不同，大陆法的原则是向全体公民提供触手可得的、成文的法律合集，这些法律对其有约束力，并要求法官严格遵守。Ⅱ．GLOSSARY|Ⅱ．词汇表

contract law合同法

property law 财产法

trust law 信托法

tort law 侵权法

constitutional law 宪法

criminal law刑法

administrative law 行政法

international law 国际法

financial derivatives market 金融衍生品市场

personal property动产

real property不动产

security 担保（复数形式多指“证券”）

precedent先例

substantive law 实体法

procedural law 程序法

public law 公法

private law 私法

criminal law 刑法

civil law 民法，大陆法

common law 普通法

self defense自我防卫

duress强迫、胁迫

stare decisis 遵循先例；因循先例Ⅲ．SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT|Ⅲ．补充资料

The history of law is closely connected to the development of civilization．Ancient Egyptian law，dating as far back as 3000 BC，contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books．By the 22nd century BC，the ancient Sumerian（苏美尔人）ruler Ur-Nammuhad formulated the first law code．Around 1760 BC，King Hammurabifurther developed Babylonian law，by codifying and inscribing it in stone．Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae（石柱），for the entire public to see；this became known as the Codex Hammurabi．The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century，and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages，including English，German，and French．

The Old Testamentdates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives for a good society．The small Greek city-state，thancient Athens，from about the 8century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry（市民），excluding women and the slave class．However，Athens had no legal science or single word for “law，”relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law，human decreeand custom．Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy．

Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy，but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated．Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire，law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under Justinian Ⅰ．Although codes were replaced by custom and case law during the thDark Ages，Roman law was rediscovered around the 11century when mediaeval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts．

In medieval England，royal courts developed a body of precedent which later became the common law．A Europe-wide Law Merchantwas formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws．The Law Merchant，a precursor to modern commercial law，emphasized the freedom to contract and alienabilityof property．As nationalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries，the Law Merchant was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes．The Napoleonic and German Codes became the most influential．In contrast to English common law，which consists of enormous tomes of case law，codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply．However，today there are signs that civil and common law are converging．EU law is codified in treaties，but develops through the precedent laid down by the European Court of Justice．Ⅳ．EXERCISES|Ⅳ．练习1．Answer the following questions．（1）What is your understanding of the definition of law？（2）What is distinction between public law and private law？（3）What is the primary distinction between common law and civil law？（4）What is the difference between civil law and criminal law？2．Translate the following terms into English．（1）遵循先例（2）刑法（3）金融衍生品市场（4）宪法（5）行政法（6）人定法（7）商人法3．Translate the following terms into Chinese．（1）administrative agency（2）judicial decision（3）reasonable care（4）common law（5）contract law（6）commercial law（7）corporate law4．Choose the proper terms to complete the following definitions．Criminal law　Civil law　Public law　Constitution　Reasonable care（1）__________ is the body of law defining offenses against the community at large，regulating how suspects are investigated，charged，and tried，and establishing punishments for convicted offenders．（2）__________ is the fundamental and organic law of a country or state that establishes the institutions and apparatus of government，defines the scope of governmental sovereign powers，and guarantee individal civil rights and civil liberties．（3）__________ is the degree of care that a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence would exercise under the circumstances．（4）__________ is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals，organizations，and associations（such as companies，trade unions，and charities），as opposed to criminal law．（5）A__________ is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed．5．Complete the table with words in proper forms and complete the sentences below with words from the table．The first one has been done for you．Verb（1）The__________ is the body which has the function of making law；normally it is the Parliament or Congress．（2）It is quite a lengthy process to__________ to the European Community．（3）European__________ on Human Rights is one of the most notable International human rights instruments．（4）In 1787，the Constitutional Convention__________ to amend the Articles of Confederation to give the national government the power to address the country's commercial problems．（5）Federal form of government is one in which the states form a union and the sovereign power is divided between a central governing__________ and the member states．6．Translate the following sentences into Chinese．（1）Law consists of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society．（2）The term “common law”is also used to distinguish one segment of Anglo-American law from another part called “equity．”Today the terms refer to different sets of legal doctrines．（3）When one person，organization，corporation，or branch of government sues another to obtain a remedy for a supposed injury，the case is a civil case，leading to a possible remedy in money damages or an order to do or not to do a certain act．（4）Public law defines a person's rights and obligations in relation to government．Public law also describes the various divisions of government and their powers．（5）Most nations have a written constitution．A major exception is Great Britain．The British constitution is unwritten．（6）The most obvious distinction between civil law and common law systems is that the civil law system is a codified system，whereas the common law is not created by means of legislation but is based mainly on case law．（7）Tort law defines a host of duties people owe to each other．One of the most common is the duty to exercise reasonable carewith regard to others．Failure to do so is the tort of negligence．Lesson 2Legal Systems：Common Law and Civil Law|第二课　普通法系与大陆法系Ⅰ．Text ＆ Its Translation

Every independent country has its own legal system．The systems vary according to each country's social traditions and form of government．But most systems can be classed as either（1）a common-law systemor（2）a civil-law system．The United States，Canada，Great Britain，and other English-speaking countries have a common-law system．Most other countries have a civil-law system．Many countries combine features of both systems．A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions，which codify their laws，and common law systems，where judge made law is not consolidated．1．Common-law System

The common-law system prevails in England，the United States，and other countries colonized by England．It is distinct from the civil-law system，which predominates in Europe and in areas colonized by France and Spain．The common-law system is used in all the states of the United States except Louisiana，where French Civil Law combined with English Criminal Law to form a hybrid system．The common-law system is also used in Canada，except in the Province of Quebec，where the French civil-law system prevails．

Anglo-American common law evolved chiefly from three English Crown courts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries：the Court of Exchequer，the Court of King's Bench，and the Court of Common Pleas．These courts eventually assumed jurisdiction over disputes previously decided by local or manorial courts，such as baronial，admiral's（maritime），guild，and forest courts．Courts of Equity，which were instituted to provide relief to litigants in cases where common-law relief was unavailable，also merged with common-law courts．This consolidation of jurisdiction over most legal disputes into several courts was the framework for the modern Anglo-American judicial system．

Common-law courts base their decisions on prior judicial pronouncements rather than on legislative enactments．Common-law judges rely on their predecessors' decisions of actual controversies，rather than on abstract codes or texts，to guide them in applying the law．Common-law judges find the grounds for their decisions in law reports，which contain decisions of past controversies．Under the doctrine of Under a common-law system，disputes are settled through an adversarial exchange of arguments and evidence．Both parties produce their evidencesor arguments before a neutral fact finder，either a judge or a jury．The judge or jury evaluates the evidence，applies the appropriate law to the cases，and renders a judgment or verdict in favor of one of the parties．Following the decision，either party may appeal the decision to a higher court．Appellate courts in a common-law system may review only findings of law，not determinations of fact．

The lawmaking role of legislatures in common law countries has increased greatly during the 1900's．For example，the United States Congress has made major changes in American contract and property law．The changes have dealt，for example，with such matters as labor-management relations，workers' wages and hours，health，safety，and environmental protection．Nevertheless，common-law countries have kept the basic feature of the English legal system，which is the power of judges to make laws．In addition，constitutional lawin these countries continues the common-law tradition of defending the people's rights and liberties．2．Civil-law System

Civil-law systems are based mainly on statutes．The majority of

试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]

下载完整电子书