EFL学生英语演讲的艺术(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-05-25 15:00:06

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作者:楼荷英

出版社:浙江大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

EFL学生英语演讲的艺术

EFL学生英语演讲的艺术试读:

第1章 选择话题

在有些场合,演讲者往往被指定一个具体话题,但在大多数情况下,演讲者只是被指定演讲的类型,即是否是靠知型演讲、说服型演讲或特殊场合演讲。即是否是告知型演讲、说服型演讲还是特殊场合演讲。演讲的具体题目则由当时的具体情况,如演讲的听众、场合、目的等所决定。即使演讲话题是被指定的,演讲者也必须找到适合于自己角度的切入口。因为演讲的话题虽被确定,但也仅仅只是给演讲者提供了指定的范围,比如奥运会、全球化等,演讲者只有用心去挖掘才能找到适合自己的角度。(一)查找并确定潜在话题的方法

1.运用头脑风暴找话题

当你觉得话题选择无从着手,一个很好的方法就是运用头脑风暴。拿出一支笔和一张纸,把你脑海中闪过的话题罗列下来,然后,浏览一下所写的话题,确定是否能就某一个话题再作延伸。运用头脑风暴找话题也可以首先从自己的兴趣、爱好、专业、社会见闻等生活中比较熟悉的东西入手。运用头脑风暴找话题是非常有效的方法,在你想到的话题中,总有一个是适合的。

2.运用图书馆和互联网搜索话题

图书资料和互联网搜索也是找寻潜在话题方法之一。图书资料包括百科全书、期刊杂志、报纸等。以《不列颠简明百科全书》(Britannica Concise Encyclopedia)为例,稍一浏览你就会发现许多意想不到的话题。例如,你看到Abbey这个单词时,你就会想到表示教堂的另外许多单词,例如:Abbey,Minster,Church,Cathedral,那么这时候你可能很想知道它们之间的差别,为什么关于教堂有这么多不同的称呼。如Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂),St.paul’s Cathedral(圣保罗大教堂),Canterbury Cathedral(坎特伯雷教堂),York Minster(约克教堂)。这时候,你可能就会有兴趣去了解英国的宗教文化,来做一个信息型演讲。

另外,随着科技的进步,互联网也成了搜索资料最便利最有效的方法。你可以使用Google,Yahoo,Lycos,Fast/AlltheWeb,AltaVista,AskJeeves等搜索引擎找寻信息。例如在Google网页上,列出了Google编辑的话题目录,选择其中一项就可以看到很多相关的条目。点击这些条目,你会得到另一个子项,以此类推,你就能得到更多细化的话题。

打开的页面中就会出现以下项目:

从这一列热门话题中,你也许会对Drug Abuse感兴趣,这时候你就通过互联网找到了话题,并且,通过浏览网上资料,也对演讲的话题有了一定的了解。(二)查找并确定话题的原则

上面陈述了查找并确定潜在话题的方法,下面展开查找并确定话题的原则。

1.选择自己熟悉并感兴趣的话题

如果选择一个自己熟悉的话题,演讲者会非常放松并且充满自信。根据自己的亲身经历或者所见所闻,就不会无话可说。丘吉尔的演讲举世闻名,有人曾经问道:

“how long have you prepared for your speech?”

“For forty years.”

从丘吉尔的回答中可以看出演讲者一生中所积累的亲身经历是最好的内容,是演讲者可以把握的。

演讲者熟悉并感兴趣的话题可以是:

●个人的亲身经历

The things that embarrassed you,the things that moved you,your first date,the major decisions you have made,your high school,your family,the classmates and teachers you will never forget,the funny things that happened in your life,etc.(让你难堪的事情、让你激动的事情、你的第一次约会、你人生中的决定、你的高中生活、你的家人、让你难忘的同学和老师、在你生活中发生的滑稽可笑的事情等。)

●与大学生有关的话题

College love,job hunting,career planning,how to deal with the pressure of living and studying,overseas study,etc.(大学生恋爱、大学生就业、职业规划、大学生如何应对生活和学习压力、出国留学等。)

●家庭生活话题

how to make both ends meet,DINK(Double Income No Kids)family,women’s right/liberation,how to keep a harmonious family,generation gap,etc.(如何节约开支、丁克家庭、妇女半边天、和谐家庭、代沟等。)

●社会热点话题

Drug abuse,campus violence,drunk driving,gun control,mortgage crisis,diplomacy,same-sex marriage,housing problems,cultural and religious conflicts,etc.(吸毒、校园暴力、醉酒驾车、枪支控制、次贷危机、外交、同性结婚、住房问题、文化宗教冲突等。)

●自我发展和理想的话题

Career planning,ideal life and job,facing failure,surviving the fierce competition,growing pains,self discipline,discovering oneself,dreams,etc.(职业规划、理想生活和工作、面对失败、在竞争中生存、成长烦恼、自律、发现自我、梦想等。)

演讲者通过回想自己的亲身经历,找出自己熟悉并感兴趣的话题,通过发散性思维和归类思考来找到一个适合的切入点。

2.选择听众感兴趣、有价值、有独创性的话题

在选择话题之前,演讲者首先要考虑的是:我的话题能给听众提供什么信息;这个话题听众是否会感兴趣;听众是否会乐在其中;听众是否能学到东西;是否让听众耳目一新,如果是老话题该怎样创新。

例如2005年“CCTV(外研社)杯”全国英语演讲大赛中的命题演讲是“The Greatest Invention in My Eyes”。这是一个比较普通的话题,很多选手看到这样命题演讲,都落入了俗套,有的讲计算机、有的讲手机、有的讲电的发明,等等。虽然在演讲技巧上用尽方法,但因为内容和选题较贫乏,很难得到听众和评委的认可。但有一个选手立意新颖,马上就吸引了观众的眼球。他以“The Greatest Invention in My Eyes-Eraser”为题,讲了一个大家非常熟悉,而又容易被忽略的东西——橡皮擦。当然他的橡皮擦有深刻的寓意。以下是演讲的一部分:

On seeing these words “the greatest invention,”people will naturally associate them with those tremendous,hefty and huge machines or those hot,high-tech facilities,which have gained the household names.Generally speaking,inventions are created to “create”something to benefit people.however,this unique invention,which is often ignored,was created to make something disappear.So what is it?It is my little friend-the eraser-the greatest invention in my eyes.

First,my little friend,the eraser,always instructs us to be brave enough to face up to our mistakes and to correct them as soon as possible…Thanks to the eraser,we are provided with the possibility to confront mistakes bravely and to correct them timely so as to lay a solid foundation of our magnificent future.

Secondly,my little friend,eraser,always intends to sacrifice himself to give others new opportunities to perfect step by step,while,at the same time he disappears gradually.

…-Gao Bin

演讲者从引入橡皮擦再谈到它的功能,然后延伸到人们应该像橡皮擦一样勇于面对自己的错误并加以改正,要学习橡皮擦奉献自己、造福他人的精神。整个演讲从引入、展开到呼吁,一气呵成,给听众焕然一新的感觉。

3.选择符合指定类型的话题

演讲者一旦被要求做指定类型的演讲,那么他所选择的话题也要符合这一要求。例如,“中国的佛教文化”、“中国大学生英语学习现状”等。话题的目的是讲明事实、传递信息、增加理解,一般情况下不能作为说服型演讲的话题。同样,如“男女是否应该平等”、“中国电影应该有明确的分级制度”、“金钱不是万能的”这一类型的演讲,目的是要说服听众相信演讲者的观点,因此不能作为信息类的演讲话题。另外一些特殊场合的演讲,如婚礼或葬礼上的演讲,听众往往对所要听到的内容有特定的期待,如果演讲者任意更改,那么演讲不但达不到效果,甚至还有可能招致麻烦。所以,在演讲前弄清演讲类型至关重要。

第2章 确定演讲目标

(一)理解总体目标和具体目标

在选择了一个话题以后,就要确定演讲总体目标,然后写出演讲的具体目标。演讲总体目标是确定演讲的整体意图,基本可以分为告知型、说服型、娱乐型和一些特殊场合的演讲。演讲具体目标是演讲者希望得到的具体反应,准确地表达了演讲者希望通过演讲来达到的愿景,反映了总体目标及主题。只有确定具体目标,演讲才能有的放矢,才能更好地吸引听众,使演讲者在演讲时有条不紊,发挥自己的最佳状态。例如对于“金钱”这个话题,你的总体目标如果是告知型的,那么你可以以“金钱的演变”为主题,通过这个主题,达到“让听众知道金钱的演变历史”;如果你的总体目标是说服型的,那么你可以以“金钱是万能的吗”为演讲主题,你的具体目标是“说服听众金钱不是万能的,人生中有许多金钱买不到的,但更可贵的东西”。下面再看几个例子。

话题:Jazz Music

总体目标:To inform

具体目标:After the speech,the audience will know the history of jazz music.

总体目标:To persuade

具体目标:To convince the audience that listening to jazz music frequently may do good to your health.

话题:Cloning

总体目标:To inform

具体目标:After the speech,the audience will know how cloning works.

总体目标:To persuade

具体目标:To convince the audience that the advantages of cloning outweigh the disadvantages.The key point is for the government to keep the practice under control.

话题:KFC

总体目标:To inform

具体目标:After the speech,the audience will know how KFC came into being.

总体目标:To persuade

具体目标:To convince the audience that eating KFC food a lot will definitely cause obesity and therefore do great harm to their health.

话题:Teacher’s Salary

总体目标:To inform

具体目标:After the speech,the audience will know what are the factors to decide teacher’s salary.

总体目标:To persuade

具体目标:To persuade the audience that teacher’s salary should be mainly based on the teaching performance rather than their degrees and publications.(二)表述具体目标的原则

具体目标的确定必须经过精心的策划和组织。表述一个恰当的具体目标应遵循下面几项原则。

1.具体目标应由一个完整的不定式或一个完整的陈述句子构成

一般来讲,如果演讲是告知型演讲,那么你可以用“理解”、“告知”、“认识到”、“区别”等来表达你希望达到的演讲效果。对于说服型演讲,则可以用“相信”、“接受”、“说服”等,甚至有时用“改变”来表达。

例如,你一直在关注中国的素质教育,也对这个话题感兴趣。那么你可以把你的具体目标定为“我希望听众理解素质教育的重要性”。这是一个完整的句子,表明了演讲目标,并且从这个演讲目标中也可以看到这是一个告知型的演讲。

2.具体目标必须细化

如果具体目标太过于笼统空泛的话,那么演讲就会苍白无力。演讲没有重点,听众也不会感兴趣。上面的例子中,“我希望听众理解素质教育的重要性”这个目标太过于宽泛,如果换成“希望听众明白素质教育能让教育回归本真,促使人的全面发展”,这样的演讲会让听众听后得到启发。

以下是有效目标和无效目标的几个实例。

无效目标:Talking about yoghurt

有效目标:To persuade the audience that having yoghurt each day is an ideal way of losing weight.

无效目标:Talking about generation gap

有效目标:To let the audience understand the factors contributing to generation gap and how to bridge it.

无效目标:The meaning of life

有效目标:To convince the audience that the meaning of life lies in striving for one’s dream and,by striving,we can work wonders in our life.

1.Luck Is Not a Matter of Chance

Luck Is Not a Matter of Chance……Lucky You!

评析

例文

话题:Luck

总体目标:To persuade

具体目标:To persuade the audience that luck is not a matter of chance,it is a matter of being open to new experiences,perseverance and hard work,and positive thinking

Thomas Jefferson once said “I’m a great believer in luck,and I find the harder I work,the more I have of it.”What,though,is luck?Webster’s dictionary suggests that luck is the “events or circumstances that operate for or against an individual.”

In truth,luck has nothing to do with something operating for or against you.Luck is not a matter of chance;it is a matter of being open to new experiences,perseverance and hard work,and positive thinking.

When 17years old Steven Spielberg spent some time in the summer of 1965with his cousin,they toured Universal pictures.The tram stopped at none of the sound stages.Spielberg snuck off on a bathroom break to watch a bit of the real action.When he encountered an unfamiliar face who demanded to know what he was doing,he told him his story.The man turned out to be the head of the editorial department.Spielberg got a pass to the lot for the very next day and showed a very impressed Chuck Silvers four of his 8mm films.This was the foot in the door Spielberg needed to start squatting on the lot,a decision that led to his first contract with Universal Studios.

Studies have shown that lucky people tend to be far more open to new experiences.Those who are unlucky are creatures of habit,never varying from one day to the next.If you want to be lucky,add some variety to your life.Meet new people,go new places,and increase the possibility of those chance opportunities the “lucky”people always seem to run into.

Luck,though,isn’t just about trying new things.Luck is also about hard work,even when it is;well,“hard.”

A 1994study suggested that lucky people are the ones who continue to try,even when they are faced with obstacles.Study initiator Richard Wiseman said,“people have to persevere,they have got to stick at it.people give up too soon.The ones who achieve their goals are the ones when they hit obstacles don’t just give up and pack it in,they try again.They find another route.They are versatile,they are flexible,and they have got new ways of finding solutions.Accepting responsibility for who you are and being the person who drives the bus,not the person who is being driven are the ones who tend to be luckier.”

If you want good luck,you have to work through the times of bad luck to get there.

Being open to new experiences and persevering are important in creating luck,but so is your thought process.

One participant in a luck study was constantly thinking about her bad luck.One of the study creators said,“When she would come to the unit to be interviewed,it would be just this whole string of bad-luck stories:‘I can’t find anyone.I’m unlucky in love.When I did find someone,the guy fell off his motorbike.The next blind date broke his nose.We were supposed to get married,and the church burned down.’But to every single interview,she’d bring along her two kids.They were 6and 7years old-very healthy,very happy kids who’d sit there and play.And it was interesting,because most people would love to have two kids like that,but that wasn’t part of her world,because she was unlucky in her mind.”

The old adage related to positive thinking seems to apply in the instance of luck.Just because that business deal didn’t work out or you missed the bus,look at the bright side of things,and more luck will come your way.

proponents of the idea that luck is a matter of chance will tell you that some people are just lucky.Some will even tell you that luck happens in phases,and a bit of luck is sure to come your way eventually.Many will even suggest things like “Your luck is sure to change soon,”if you have a streak of good luck.The simple truth of the matter,though,is that luck is not a matter of chance.

The great Lucille Ball once said,“Luck?I don’t know anything about luck.I’ve never banked on it,and I’m afraid of people who do.Luck to me is something else:hard work-and realizing what is opportunity and what isn’t.”

You make your own luck in this life,and the great thing about it is that anyone can do it.Lucky you.

2.The Truth about Caffeine

The Truth about Caffeine

评析

例文

话题:Caffeine

总体目标:To inform

具体目标:To inform the audience the beneficial effects of caffeine,the negative effects and the safe levels of caffeine consumption

how many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts?how much coffee do you drink a day?One cup?Two cups?More?how about caffeinated sodas?

Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us.What are we to believe?

Today I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body.It may not cause you to change your coffee consumption but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body.

I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine,the negative effects and discuss what are considered safe levels of caffeine consumption.

Let’s start with the good news.Caffeine,which comes from the leaves,seeds and fruits of about 63different plants,is well known as a stimulant.That’s why people drink it,right?

Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans.This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work.Calling this a health benefit may be stretching it,though staying awake while you are driving a car is definitely a benefit to your well-being!

Caffeine also contains antioxidants which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities.

The negative effects of caffeine are largely dependent on how much you consume.

When consumed in small quantities like,for example when you have one cup of coffee or one soda,caffeine can cause your heart rate to increase,you urinate more which can cause dehydration,and your digestive system produces more acid.

In larger amounts,caffeine can cause you to have headaches,feel restless and nervous,be unable to sleep,and even,in very large quantities to have hallucinations.(Don’t try that at home!)When larger amounts of caffeine(over 600mg per day)are used over long periods of time you can develop sleep problems,get depressed and have problems with your digestive system.

According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of health website,having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health but moderate consumption is also not considered harmful.

They say that having up to 3eight ounce cups of coffee a day or 250mg of caffeine is considered(quote)“average or moderate”.10cups of coffee a day is considered excessive.Also,remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew.

Most sodas with caffeine,unless they are specially enhanced like “Jolt”or something like that,have about 35mg of caffeine per 8ounces so you don’t have to worry too much unless you are drinking several 2liter bottles per day.Also,the effect of caffeine on you personally will depend on a number of factors like your weight,general health,mood and personal sensitivity to caffeine.

You can see that caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being but the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation,you don’t have to worry too much.

So,the next time you are wondering whether you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up,relax.At least now you know what it is and isn’t doing to you!

1.如何确定潜在的话题?除了在书中提到的方法外,你认为演讲的准备阶段还可使用哪些有效的方法来确定话题?

2.查找并确定演讲话题的原则。

3.什么是演讲的总体目标和具体目标?请举例加以说明。

如果英语老师让你在课堂上做一个三分钟的演讲,题目自定,你打算立什么为演讲题目?立题的方法和原则是什么?请为你的演讲题目写出总体目标和具体目标。

第3章 背景分析

背景是演讲的场合和场所。在演讲的准备阶段,分析背景十分必要。背景是使演讲得以开展、听众能够参与的物质保障。(一)对场所及规模的了解

场所主要有室内场地和室外场地。如果是室内场地,那么场地的大小、基本设施、布局都必须要考虑,其中包括:是15~30人的小场地,还是30~100人或者更大的场地;音响设备、多媒体设备如何;是否有写字板或黑板;场地的布局是讲台式的还是圆桌型的,等等。如果是小场地,并且是圆桌型的场地,那么演讲者可以准备一些互动游戏来提高听众的参与度和热情;如果是大场地,而且是讲台式的,那么就要在演讲内容上下工夫,否则,就会变成说教型演讲了。如果有多媒体设备,那么演讲者还可以加入视频辅助,让听众能够通过视觉来增加理解,同时也让演讲丰富多彩,听众不易疲乏。

另外,听众的规模也会对演讲产生影响。听众的规模越大就越难产生互动交流。同时,由于听众的从众效应,一小部分人的骚动就会影响大部分人的兴趣以及对演讲的投入,演讲也就不能顺利开展。此时,演讲者应运用幽默的语言、强有力的实证材料等来吸引听众的注意力。相反,听众规模越小,演讲就越容易控制,在这种情况下,演讲者应加强互动和交流,随时应用策略来调动听众兴趣。(二)演讲的时间

任何一个演讲的时间都是限定的。太短的演讲还未让听众明白主题就已结束,没有达到告知或说服的目的;而太长的演讲即使非常精彩也会变得乏味,因为人的注意力无法长时间保持。无论哪个层次的听众都喜欢短小但精悍,言简意赅的演讲。有记者问美国前总统威尔逊:“准备一份10分钟的演讲需要多少时间?”他的回答是:“两个星期。”“准备30分钟的演讲呢?”他的回答是:“一个星期。”“准备2个小时的呢?”回答是“不用准备,马上就可以讲。”虽然威尔逊的回答有点夸张,但这也说明要做一个短小精悍的演讲实在不易。注意力持续时间因人而异。但一般来讲,高中年龄段以下的孩子注意力在45分钟以下,成人的注意力也只是在1个小时左右,所以演讲的时间最好控制在1个小时左右。演讲者不能有意无意地延长时间,否则前部分十分出彩的演讲效果会被听众因延长时间而带来的厌烦所掩盖,产生事倍功半的影响。相反,短小精悍的演讲能保持听众思维的延续性和稳定性,避免劳累而产生的厌烦情绪,产生事半功倍的效应。林肯的“葛底斯堡演说”总共不到10个句子,华盛顿的就职演讲仅仅135个字。演讲只要突出主题,讲清观点即可。用莎士比亚的话来说,“简洁精炼是智慧的灵魂,空洞冗长则是肤浅的藻饰”。(三)演讲的位次安排

演讲者了解自己在演讲中的位次安排也十分重要。如果是唯一演讲者,那么演讲者不必考虑这一点。因为,听众因你而来,你是中心。但如果演讲者有几位,那么听众就会对几位演讲者做自己的评判,特别是演讲者在做同一个主题演讲的时候。你的演讲内容、演讲时间和演讲方式都会受到前一任演讲者的干扰。在演讲前,演讲者要尽量了解前一个演讲者的背景、演讲风格等。特别在一些演讲竞赛中,要在同一类演讲中脱颖而出,演讲者需要在内容上、风格上别出心裁。

美国第16任总统亚伯拉罕·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是一位伟大的演讲家。他的著名演讲“葛底斯堡演说”(Gettysburg Address)轰动世界,并被铸成金文保存在英国牛津大学。但在葛底斯堡落成典礼准备阶段,政界一致推荐著名学者爱德华·艾尔弗雷德(Edward Alfred)致演讲词,而对当时的总统林肯只是礼节性邀请。直至今日,人们很少记得爱德华洋洋洒洒长达2个小时的激情演讲,却记得林肯只有10句话的演讲。林肯的演讲如此成功是因为他分析了听众,分析了自己在演讲者中的位次,从而应用了恰到好处的策略。他意识到自己只是受到礼貌性的邀请,听众不是因他而去,他们的焦点不在于他,如果不是主角的他长篇大论,肯定会失败。所以他以最短的时间、最精辟的语言表达了他的信念,表达了听众的心声。

第4章 听众分析

作为一个演讲者,应该了解自己的听众。亚里士多德曾经说过:“听众是演讲的目的和目标。”作为一名演讲者,如果你所演讲的内容不被听众理解,即使你讲得无比精彩也毫无意义。当人们回忆让他们难忘的老师时,可能已经不记得老师的穿着习惯甚至容颜,但仍然会记得老师对他们的关注。正是这种关注让他们觉得受到重视,也可能正是这样的关注改变了他们的人生。同样,演讲能否对听众留下深刻的印象,取决于演讲准备阶段的听众分析以及演讲发表阶段对听众反馈所做出的反应。

拉塞尔·康韦尔(Russell h.Conwell)是位牧师,也是美国著名的演说家。他的著名演讲“钻石就在你家后院(Acres of Diamonds)”震撼世界。这篇演讲又在50多年里被康韦尔演讲了6000多次,影响和激励了整整两代美国人,康韦尔也获取了相当于现在1.4亿美元的报酬。林肯说:“《钻石就在你家后院》是一篇震撼心灵的励志演说。”美国前总统克林顿评价该演讲是“一篇鼓舞了成千上万人走向成功并创造了演讲史上报告场次奇迹的不朽演说”。虽然拉塞尔前后共讲了6000多次,但每次演讲都非常精彩,每次演讲都给听众带来全新的感觉,都很受欢迎。究其原因,康威尔说,每次要到一个地方演讲,他都会提前到达,到街头巷尾走走,了解当地的风土人情、民风民俗,然后针对当地人的具体情况,设计及调整演讲内容。这是他的成功之道。这个例子充分说明了解听众的重要性。

一般来讲,演讲听众分析包括听众的人口统计学状况分析以及听众心理分析。(一)人口统计学状况分析

为了更好地了解听众,分析听众的多样性,演讲者需要做人口统计学分析。人口统计学分析包括对听众年龄、性别、种族、宗教及文化背景、社会经济地位、团体归属、对学科的了解等因素的分析。如果听众是演讲者所熟悉的,那么演讲者可以通过自己的分析来了解他们的特征,如果是演讲者所不熟悉的,那么就要从各种信息渠道来获得这些信息。本部分着重讨论听众的年龄、性别、种族、宗教、文化和语言。

1.年龄

年龄与兴趣、信仰、人生价值观都有密切的关系,因此判断听众的年龄非常重要。演讲者不但需要理解听众的平均年龄,还应该了解他们的年龄段。在准备演讲和发表演讲时都应该考虑到听众的年龄。如果对十几岁的中学生大谈节俭等中华美德,他们可能会对你的演讲嗤之以鼻,但如果加入某位他们非常喜欢的明星节俭的生活故事,那么这个演讲肯定会有不一样的效果。同样,面对20世纪60年代出生的中国人,给他们讲hip-pop,恐怕还没等演讲结束,听众就纷纷离席了。所以,每一个年龄都有他们自己的时代背景、价值观和人生观。

在美国及一些西方国家,许多分析年龄特征的专家把出生在不同年代的人称为X、Y、Z代,而在中国,人们往往以70后、80后、90后来区分。

▲在美国

美国内战后的几代

名称

Z一代(Generation Z)

Y一代(Generation Y)

X一代(Generation X)

婴儿潮一代(Baby Boom Generation)

沉默的一代(Silent Generation)

大兵的一代(G.I.Generation)(注:G.I.指代Government Issue)

迷惘的一代(Lost Generation)

传教士一代(Missionary Generation)

出生时间

2001年至今

1981-2000年

1961-1980年

1946-1960年

1925-1945年

1901-1924年

1883-1900年

1860-1882年

X代(Generation X)特征

*着重自主独立性(value autonomy and independence)

*在自由公开交流中成长(thrive on open communication)

*从行为导向的角度看待工作,而不仅仅是结果(view work from an action-orientation perspective)

*注重分析问题的原因(seek out the “whys”in issues)

*不相信吃苦就会有回报(do not believe in “paying dues”)

*致力获得技能和专业知识(seek to acquire skills and expertise)

*对公司没有长期的忠诚度,但对个人有忠诚度(do not have long-term loyalty to a company,but are loyal to individuals)

*认为必须平衡工作和生活(believe in balancing work-life objectives)

*寻找共同的目标(令人鼓舞的公司愿景)(look for a shared crusade(inspirational company vision))

*不太愿意当领导(are reluctant to take on leadership roles)(CLC,1998)

Y代(Generation Y)特征

*着重信息,精通媒体(is information and “media savvy”)

*有较强的职业道德,企业精神和责任感(has a strong work ethic,entrepreneurial spirit and sense of responsibility)

*乐于接受改变(is comfortable with change)

*为一个更开放宽容的社会打好基础(is paving the way to a more open and tolerant society)

*基于合作,交流和互相依赖来达到目标(blends collaboration,networking and interdependence to achieve goals)

*对未来充满自信和乐观(has self-confidence and optimism about the future)

*着重技能发展,在指导下成长(values skill development and thrives on mentoring/coaching)

*受过良好的教育(is well-educated)(Bradley Jorgensen,2003)

Z 代(Generation Z)特征

*很早就接触高科技(are exposed to technology very early in their lives)

*已经有网上身份(already have an online identity)

*因为参与太多的课外活动而成为最有压力的一代(the most stressful generation for their involvement in too many extra-curricular activities)

*因每天遵循严格的活动表而有时被忘记仍然是小孩(sometimes forget to be children with the rigid schedule of daily activities)

▲在中国

在中国,最常见的年龄段的划分是70后、80后和90后。

70后特征

*有责任心、踏实和稳重,对自己负责任,对社会负责任

*理想和目标更务实一些,比较容易吃苦,懂得处理各种关系

*有理想,但是不空想,有时候还有些灵活性

*强烈的目标感和成功的渴望,以及能够容忍很多种的生活方式,多元化的价值取向

80后特征

*崇尚自由、快乐、平等

*讲究情调、品位,审美水平较高

*自我中心,行为果敢

*藐视权威和领袖

*爱好交友,不以外表判断人

*情绪化

*挣的钱与花的钱有较大差距

*独立性差,依赖家庭和朋友

*说话直爽,无禁忌

*无忧患意识,自我保护能力弱

*厌恶一切形式上的东西;追究自然朴素的生活状态

*乐于尝试,挑战自我

90后特征

*除父母外,亲情观相对淡薄,有些孤僻

*社会化的要求,他们强烈地想与人交往,想得到别人的理解

*过早的竞争压力使“90后”普遍聪慧多才,爱好广泛,比较注重自我

*学习焦虑,抗挫能力弱,嫉妒心强,对网络依赖

*他们自信又比较脆弱,敏感而多少有些自私

从上面的分析可以明显看出各年代的人在价值观、人生观、生活习惯等方面有很大的不同,演讲者在演讲前应该做充分的准备。当然,演讲者也不能在任何场合都一概而论认为每一代的人都有一样的特征,演讲者还应考虑其他一些因素。

2.性别

另一个演讲者了解听众兴趣的人口因素是性别。性别是一种特定文化中与男性特征和女性特征相关的社会文化特征的混合物。每一个人在自己的成长过程中慢慢地形成了自己的女性特征和男性特征。女性与男性之间无论在兴趣、生活、价值上大不相同。根据网络调查,男性感兴趣的谈论话题是政治、社会热点、新闻、体育、工作、理想,当然还有吹牛。男性喜欢大谈富有哲理的,不切实际的人生道理。而女性最感兴趣的话题是生活、情感、家庭关系、美容服饰、电视剧、工作压力和健康。所以演讲者在对待男性听众和女性听众群体时应该有不同的侧重点。如果你决定讲一下英国足球俱乐部,这可能比较适合男性参加。如果要尽量把女性听众吸引过来,那么演讲者可能要从另外一个角度出发。例如,你的演讲是针对与热爱足球的男生热恋的女生,或者是要和热爱足球的丈夫分享共同话题的妻子。

有些特定演讲的性别目标群是非常清楚的。像女权运动者伊丽莎白·斯坦顿(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)的演讲“毁灭性的男性(The Destructive Male)”,男性可能不会喜欢,甚至是厌恶,因为这样的演讲冒犯了他们。她在演讲中说道:

I urge a sixteenth amendment,because “manhood suffrage,”or a man’s government,is civil,religious,and social disorganization.The male element is a destructive force,stern,selfish,aggrandizing,loving war,violence,conquest,acquisition,breeding in the material and moral world alike discord,disorder,disease,and death.See what a record of blood and cruelty the pages of history reveal!Through what slavery,slaughter,and sacrifice,through what inquisitions and imprisonments,pains and persecutions,black codes and gloomy creeds,the soul of humanity has struggled for the centuries,while mercy has veiled her face and all hearts have been dead alike to love and hope!

我强烈要求制定第十六修正案,因为“男性选举权”或“男性政府”是全民无组织、宗教无秩序和社会混乱的表现。男性具有破坏力、

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