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南京航空航天大学考博英语历年真题及详解试读：
2009年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2008年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
Part I Reading comprehension (40points)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Question 1-5 are based on the following passage.
Disagreements among economists are legendary, but not on the issue of free trade. A recent survey of prominent economists both conservative and liberal concluded that "an economist who argues for free international trade is almost as common today as a physician who favors leeching." Why the consensus? International free trade, economists agree, makes possible higher standards of living all over the globe.
The case for free trade rests largely on this principle: as long as trade is voluntary, both partners benefit; otherwise they wouldn’t trade. The buyer of a shirt, for example, values the shirt more than the money spent, while the seller values the money more. Both are better off because of the sale. Moreover, it doesn’t matter whether the shirt salesman is from the United States or Hong Kong or anywhere else.
The vast majority of American manufactures face international competition. This competition forces companies to improve quality and cut costs. By contrast, protectionism encourages monopoly, lower quality and higher prices. Americans pay an enormous price for protectionism -- over ‘60 billion a year, or 1000 for a family of four. Thanks to protectionism, for example, American consumers pay twice the world price for sugar.
Free trade also makes the world economy more efficient, by allowing nations to capitalize on their strengths. The United States has an advantage in food production, for instance, while Saudi Arabia has an advantage in oil. The Saudis could undertake massive irrigation to become self-sufficient in food, but it is more economical for them to sell oil and purchase food from us. Similarly, we could become self-sufficient in petroleum by squeezing more out of oil sale. But it is much less costly to buy some of our oil from Saudi Arabia. Trade between our two countries improves the standard of living in both.
Protectionism is both wasteful and unjust. It taxes most heavily on the people who can least afford it. Thus, tariffs that raise the price of shoes burden the poor more than the rich. Despite the powerful case for free trade; the United States and the rest of the world has always been protectionist to some degree. This is because free trade benefits the general public, while protectionism benefits special-interest groups, which are better organized, better financed and more informed. To make matters worse, much of what we hear on this issue is misinformation spread by the special interests themselves.
1. The economists ______.
A. disagree whether to restrict free trade or not
B. agree on free trade
C. agree on the restriction of internal trade
D. hold different arguments because of their different interests
2. The two parties in a free trade ______.
A. do not care at all
B. care for different things
C. care for the things being traded
D. care for the same things
3. What is the author’s attitude toward protectionism denoted from the passage?
A. Sincere
B. Appreciative
C. Grateful
D. ironic
4. Why has protectionism always been exercised if it is wasteful and unjust? Because ______.
A. it helps to establish national industry of one’s own
B. it can achieve an independent economy
C. it is favored by general public
D. it benefits some privileged few
5. According to the free trade principle, the author suggests that ______.
A. U.S. explore its oil shale
B. Saudi Arabia build its own industry
C. Saudi Arabia import food from U.S.
D. U.S. becomes more self-sufficient in food
Question 6-10 are based on the following passage.
Because Ireland is an island geographically near the mainland of the United Kingdom, English rulers have fought since the Middle-English Ages to retain political control over it. Attracted by the lush farmland, English and Scottish landowners settled there, and in time of famine or political unrest, the local workers suffered, while their landlords were cushioned by their wealth. The history of modern Ireland is, in fact, largely a story of antagonism and resentment between the Irish and their English and Scottish rulers.
Since the 1920’s, Ireland has been divided into two parts: Northern Ireland (Ulster) and the Republic of Ireland (Eire). The north is still part of the United Kingdom and is predominantly Protestant; the south is an independent republic and is mainly Catholic. The majority in Ulster accept this political compromise, but the active and mainly Catholic minority are fighting for union with the independent republic of Southern Ireland. The IRA, the Irish Republican Army, have mounted bombing campaigns in military and civil targets in Ulster and England. They have sent letter-bombs to public figures, they have slot fellow Irishmen who support the British or belong to opposing, and now equally militant Protestant groups. As a result of this, the British have stationed an army in Belfast, the IRA has been outlawed, and several of them have spent many years in prison or have died in support of their cause. Whether this level of violence and repression is justifiable, and whether the violence that could result from political change would be worthwhile are the controversial issues that divide everybody involved.
6. It suggested that the central problem is relationship between ______.
A. Britain and Ireland
B. Ulster and Eire
C. Catholics and Protestants
D. the Irish Republican Army and Ulster.
7. This outline suggests that the central problem is ______.
A. many centuries old
B. about three centuries old
C. about 80 years old
D. a few years old
8. The IRA is ______.
A. part of the Ulster police force
Bo part of American army
C. a group of militant priests
D. a terrorist organization
9. Bomb attacks occur ______.
A. only in England
B. when public figures talk about Ireland
C. only in Northern Ireland
D. in England and Northern Ireland
10. The writer feels that the controversy is about ______.
A. freedom
B. political change
C. the use of violence
D. injustice
Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage.
By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.
Most people regard snake bites as a fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal. Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.
All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them.
The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can be happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally or if you try to catch it or pick it up, which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming, it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close.
The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison.
Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no efforts, as there are of serious illness.
11. Adders are most likely to be found ______.
A. in Scotland and nowhere else
B. in wider parts of Britain
C. in shady fields in England
D. on uncultivated land throughout Britain
12. We are told that British snakes are ______.
A. afraid of human beings
B. poisonous including the adder
C. dangerous except the adder
D. friendly towards human beings
13. Which of the followings statements is Not true?
A. The adder is the only poisonous snake in Britain.
B. In Scotland there are no other snakes except the adder.
C. Snake bites seem more dangerous than they actually are.
D. People’s attempts at emergency treatment are utterly unnecessary.
14. When will the adder not attack you?
A. when you try to catch it
B. when you are some distance away from it.
C. when you happen to step on it.
D. when you try to pick it up.
15. If an adder hears you coming, it wills usually ______.
A. attack you immediately
B. disappear very quickly
C. want to frighten you
D. move out of the way
Question 16-20 are based on the following passage.
Culture is the sum total of all the tradition, customs, beliefs, and ways to life of a given group of human being. In this sense, even/group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.
To the professional anthropologists, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.
People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisted largely of grunts and groans.
While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers the description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our western language not in their sound patterns or grammatical structure, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguished merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or but of sight, or in the past, or in the future.
This study of language, in turn casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.
16. The language of uncivilized groups as compared to western language is limited in ______.
A. vocabularies
B. grammatical structures
C. sound patterns
D. both A and B
17. The statement that "every group has a culture" grows out of the author’s ______.
A. definition of culture
B. philosophy
C. feeling about human beings
D. bias in regard to civilized human
18. According to the author, anthropologists would have all culture viewed ______.
A. comparatively
B. independently
C. intrinsically
D. hierarchically
19. According to the author, language whether "civilized or not" have ______.
A. the potential for expanding vocabulary
B. the potential for increasing sound patterns
C. the same way to transfer ideas
D. the same grammatical structures
20. Implied but not stated: ______.
A. the study of language is the same as the study of anthropology
B. the study of language has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy cultures
C. the study of languages discredited the anthropological studies
D. the study of language casts a new light upon the claims of anthropologists
Part II Translation (40 points)
Directions: There are 10 sentences in this part .Translate sentence 21---25 from English into Chinese and sentence 26---30 from Chinese into English.
21. The ice does not become a glacier until it moves under its own weight, and it cannot move significantly until it reaches a critical thickness—the point at which the weight of the piled-up layers overcomes the internal strength of the ice and the friction between the ice and the ground.
22. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.
23. Because a solid-fuel rocket can be kept ready for a long time, most military missiles employ solid fuels, but human-piloted space flight needs the fine adjustments that can only be provided by liquid fuels.
24. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages of the infancy, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger.
25. The expert concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased the babies; it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
26．在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。
27．在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。
28．仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50％.
29．事实上，不发达地区大都拥有丰富的资源，发展潜力很大。
30．应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。
Part III Writing (20 points)
Directions: For this part, you should write a composition on the title The economic development and environmental protection according to the following OUTLINE given in Chinese. You should write no less than 150 words.
1．经济发展与环境保护的关系
2．经济发展与环境保护的现状
3．我们应该怎样做
2008年秋南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
Section I Reading Comprehension
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D, Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points).Text 1
Among economists, it is an axiom that choice is good and more choice is better. Giving buyers more choices means more—and more intense—competition, which lowers prices, raises quality and fosters innovation. In the end, workers are more productive, consumers are better off and the economy is bigger and more efficient. It’s a lovely theory, and one that is particularly attractive to conservatives, who use it to justify replacing government services—Medicare, Social Security, public housing, and public schools—with market-based solutions.
Unfortunately, it turns out not to be true. Yes, up to a point, choice does enhance efficiency and consumer welfare. But at some point, there get to be so many options about what to buy or what career to go into or which mutual fund to invest in that many people make worse decisions than they would if they had fewer choices—or simply put off making a decision at all. Even when people make what seems, objectively, to be the right choice; odds are they will be less happy about it as they second-guess themselves.
All this is laid out in wonderfully readable form by Swarthmore College Professor Barry Schwartz in his recent book, “The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less.” Schwartz, a psychologist by training, draws heavily on recent research by behavioral economists who have shown that humans are less rational than classical economic models assumes. His insights have such important implications for the design and marketing of products and services that General Electric, American Express, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the British Cabinet have all called on Schwartz for advice.
Schwartz conjures up a wealth of examples to support his conclusions. In one survey, 65 percent of respondents said they would want to choose their own treatment if they got cancer. But in another survey of those who actually have cancer, only 12 percent wanted to make the choice; the rest said they would rather leave it to their doctors. Or consider the experiment in one upscale market, which offered $1-off coupons to customers who sampled a new line of jams and jellies. In one test, consumers could taste only six of the 24 varieties; in a second, all 24 varieties were made available. While 30 percent of those exposed to the smaller sample bought ajar, only 3 percent of those who sampled from the complete line did so.
Schwartz also cites the work era researcher who analyzed the Vanguard Group’s vast database of customers with 401,000 retirement accounts. The research found that for every 10 stock and bound funds added to the list of options, the amount invested in low-yielding money market accounts increased by 2 percent. Put another way, more options resulted in less choice, and a lower returns.
If that seems like silly behavior, it is. If people are put off by having 12 choices rather than two, they could ignore the extra 10 and be just as well off. But people aren’t rational, and they can’t force themselves to ignore choices once they are presented.
While this de-linking of choice and happiness may be new to economists, all they had to do was look around, After all, why is it that in an era when people arc less constrained by geography and social norms in their choice of spouse, they are marrying later and with less success than when choices were more limited by race, class and religion? And why is it that today’s top college students, able to follow virtually any career path, increasingly arrive at graduation day without a clue of what they want to do? If one of the virtues of having more money is to have more choices, why is it that people in the Untied States don’t report themselves any happier than people in Poland?
All this is fascinating grist for Schwartz, who in 58 years had had one job, one wife and three houses, and reports himself to be very happy, even if he still can’t figure out whether to buy regular, easy fit or relaxed jeans. “All the really big decisions in my life didn’t seem like decisions,” Schwartz explained. “They seemed like pretty reasonable choices, so I made them. And I’ve never looked back.”
1. The conservatives are interested in introducing market-based solutions into government service sectors because ______.
A. they are totally dissatisfied with tile current size and efficiency of economy
B. they believe the key to higher efficiency lies in offering more alternatives
C. they are constantly taking into consideration the well-being of consumers
D. they believe that the market economy is the only way to increase efficiency
2. It seems that the classical economic models have the assumption that ______.
A. human beings are less rational than they used to be
B. human beings are unlikely to make irrational choices
C. human beings have a natural tendency to reject more choices
D. human beings generally get less when they ask for more
3. The experiment cited in Paragraph 4 shows that ______.
A. consumers are not interested in buying new jams and jellies
B. consumers have a strong brand preference in making purchase choices
C. consumers are more concerned with their health than with their food
D. consumers tend to withdraw from buying when there are more choices
4. We can infer from Paragraph 7 that ______.
A. marriage is still, to a large extent, determined by race, class or religion now
B. more attention to career development may also contribute to late marriages
C. the people in Poland are poorer but happier than the Americans now
D. economists may find it ridiculous that people are less happier
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]