作者：圣才电子书
出版社：圣才电子书
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
George Yule《语言研究》（第2版）配套题库【课后练习＋章节题库（含名校考研真题）＋模拟试题】试读：
第一部分 课后练习
第1章 语言的起源
1．What is the basic idea behind the “yo-heave-ho” theory?
Key: The sounds produced by humans when exerting physical effort (grunts), especially when co-operating with other humans, may be the origins of speech sounds (“yo-heave-ho”).
2．What specific type of claim is made by the “oral-gesture” theory?
Key: The patterns of movement in articulation (of tongue, lips) would be the same as gestural movement (of hands); hence waving tongue would develop from waving hand.
3．What specific features of human teeth and lips make them useful in the production of speech sounds?
Key: Human teeth are upright and roughly even in height; human lips are very flexible because of their intricate muscle interlacing.
4．What exactly happened with the larynx and why was it a disadvantage?
Key: The larynx moved lower, making it easier for the human (unlike a monkey) to choke on pieces of food.
5．What are the two major functions of language, and how do they deferrer?
Key: They are “interactional”, which is mainly a social function of language, and “transactional”, which is mainly a function involving the communication of knowledge and information.
第2章 书写文字的形成
1．Where will you find the writing system with the longest history of continuous use?
Key: China
2．What is the name given to the writing system used for Russian?
Key: The Cyrillic alphabet
3．Which modern language uses a partially syllabic writing system?
Key: Japanese
4．What are the disadvantages of a logographic writing system?
Key: An extremely large number of separate symbols are involved, so there are problems in learning all the symbols and also in remembering them.
5．What is the process known as Rebus writing?
Key: Rebus writing involves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the sound of the spoken word used for that entity.
第3章 语言的属性
1．Can you briefly explain what the term ‘arbitrariness’ means as it is used to describe a property of human language?
Key: Linguistic forms are described as arbitrary because there is generally no natural connection between the form and its meaning.
2．Which term is used to describe the ability of human language-users to discuss topics which are remote in space and time?
Key: Displacement
3．Is the fact that linguistic signals do not normally serve any other type of purpose, such as feeding, a good reason to consider this a unique property of human language?
Key: No, because many animal communication systems use the vocal-auditory channel for signaling and for no other purpose.
4．What is the term used to describe the fact that, in a language, we can have different meanings for the three words tack, act and cat, yet, in each case, use the same basic set of sounds?
Key: Duality
5．What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted?
Key: For example, a child with genetic features from its natural parents (e.g. Korean) will learn the language of the culture of its adopting parents (e.g. English).
第4章 动物与人类语言
1．Has any chimpanzees ever been taught to produce human speech sounds? What’s been the problem?
Key: It’s unlikely. Viki produced versions of three English words, but it is not clear that she actually produced human speech sounds; the problem is that no other creature is physiologically equipped to produce human speech sounds.
2．In Sarah’s vocabulary, the color ‘red’ was represented by a grey plastic shape. If Sarah could use this plastic shape to convey the meaning ‘red’, which property does her language have?
Key: Arbitrariness.
3．What was the basis of Terrace’s conclusion that the chimpanzee’s use of sign language is not true language?
Key: After careful examination of the filmed record, Terrace concluded that chimpanzees were performing tricks to get food rewards.
4．How did the Gardeners try to show that Washoe was not necessarily repeating signs made by interacting humans?
Key: They designed an experiment in which no humans could provide cues and Washoe still produced correct signs.
5．What was the key element in Kanzi’s language learning?
Key: Early exposure to language in use.
第5章 语 音
1．Try pronouncing the initial sounds of the following words and then determine the place of articulation of each one (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.) of each.
(a) hand __________
(b) foot __________
(c) toe __________
(d) belly __________
(e) chin __________
(f) thigh __________
(g) calf __________
(h) knee __________
Key: (a) glottal; (b) labio-dental; (c) alveolar; (d) bilabial; (e) alveo-palatal; (f) dental; (g) velar; (h) alveolar
2．Which of the following words end with voiceless (−V) sounds and which end with voiced sounds (+V) sounds?
(a) crash __________
(b) bang __________
(c) smack _________
(d) thud __________
(e) wham __________
(f) splat __________
Key: (a), (c), (f) are voiceless; (b), (d), (e) are voiced
3．Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following words (stop, fricative, etc.).
(a) silly __________
(b) crazy __________
(c) jolly __________
(d) merry __________
(e) dizzy __________
(f) happy __________
(g) loony __________
(h) funny __________
Key: (a) fricative; (b) stop; (c) affricate; (d) nasal; (e) stop; (f) approximant; (g) approximant (liquid); (h) fricative
4．Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here?
Key: (a) king; (b) face; (c) sheep; (d) the; (e) who; (f) back; (g) bought; (h) how
5．Produce a phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation you hear of the following words:
(a) she__________
(b) tape __________
(c) dope __________
(d) walk __________
(e) sign__________
(f) fell __________
(g) these __________
(h) thought __________
Key:
第6章 语音模式
1．What is the test used for determining phonemes in a language?
Key: If we substitute one sound for another in a word and we get a change of meaning, then the two sounds must be phonemes.
2．Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs?
Pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel
Key: Pat- fat; pat- pit; heat - heel; tape - tale; bun- ban; fat - far; bell- bet; meal - heel.
3．How does an allophone differ from a phoneme?
Key: Substituting phonemes changes meaning and sound; substituting allophones only changes sound.
4．What’s the difference between an open and a closed syllable?
Key: An open syllable ends with a vowel whereas a closed syllable ends with a consonant (as coda).
5．Which segments are most likely to be affectively to be affected by elision in the pronunciation of the following words?
(i) postman
(ii) government
(iii) sandwich
(iv) pumpkin
Key: (i) /t/; (ii) /n/; (iii) /d/; (iv) /p/
第7章 词与构词法
1．Which of the following expressions is an example of ‘calque’? How would you describe the other(s)?
(a) luna de miel (Spanish) – honeymoon(English)
(b) mishin (Japanese) – machine (English)
(c) tréing (Hungarian) –training(English)
Key: (a) is a ‘calque’, because the elements are directly translated; (b) and (c) are ‘borrowings’
2．The term Vaseline was originally created as a trade name for a product, but has become an ordinary English word. What is the technical term used to describe this process?
Key: Coinage
3．Identify the affixes used in the words: unfaithful, carelessness, refillable and disagree and decide whether they are prefixes or suffixes.
Key: Un-, re-, dis- are prefixes;-ful,-less, -ness,-able are suffixes.
4．Can you identify the word-formation processes involved in producing the italicized forms in these sentences?
(a) Laura parties every Saturday night.
(b) Tom was worried that he might have AIDS.
(c) Zee described the new toy as fantabulous.
(d) ELIZA EXCLAIMED, “Absobloominglutely!”
Key: (a) conversion; (b) acronym; (c) blending; (d) infixing.
5．More than one process was involved in the creation of each of the forms indicated below. Can you identify them?
(a) I just got a new car-phone?
(b) Shiel wants to be a footballer.
(c) The negotiators blueprinted a new proposal.
(d) Another carjacking has just been reported.
Key: (a) clipping from ‘telephone’ to ‘phone’, then compounding;
(b) compounding of ‘foot’ and ‘ball’, then derivation with ‘-er’;
(c) compounding of ‘blue’ and ‘print’, then conversion to a verb;
(d) blending of ‘car’ and ‘hijack’, then derivation with ‘-ing’.
第8章 形态学
1．(a) List the ‘bound’ morphemes to be found in these words: misleads, previewer, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly
(b) In which of the following examples should the ‘a’ be treated as a bound morpheme: a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL?
Key: (a) mis-, -s; pre-, -er; -en,-ed; un-, -er; -less, -ly
(b) atypical.
2．What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence?
The old man sat on a chair and told them tales of woe.
Key: the, on, a, and, them, of.
3．What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases:
(a) the singer’s songs
(b) the newest style
(c) it’s raining
(d) the cow jumped over the moon
Key: (a)-‘s,-s; (b) –ing; (c) –est; (d)-ed.
4．What would we list as allomorphs of the morpheme “plural” from this set of English words: dogs, oxen, deer, judges, curricula?
Key: -s,-en, Ø,-es,-a.
5．Provide the equivalent forms, in the languages listed, for the English translations shown on the right below.
Key: bibili; kəji; sal; abaloŋgo; tátwa; tiap; kumain.
第9章 短语与句子：语法
1．Give the traditional terms for the grammatical categories of words used in the following sentence (e.g. boy = noun): The boy rubbed the magic lamp and suddenly a genie appeared beside him.
Key: ‘The’ (article); ‘boy’ (noun); ‘rubbed’ (verb); ‘the’ (article); ‘magic’ (adjective); ‘lamp’ (noun); ‘and’ (conjunction); ‘suddenly’ (adverb); ‘a’ (article); ‘genie’ (noun); ‘appeared’ (verb); ‘beside’ (preposition); ‘him’ (pronoun).
2．What prescriptive rules for the ‘proper’ use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences?
(a) That’s the girl I gave my roller skates to.
(b) He wanted to simply borrow your car for an hour.
Key: (a) YOU must not end a sentence with a preposition.
(b) You must not split an infinitive.
3．Most modern attempts to characterize the structure of sentences are based on a particular approach. What is this approach called, and what general principle is adhered to in such an approach?
Key: The descriptive approach has, as a general principle, a procedure which involves describing the regular structures actually found in the particular language being analyzed.
4．Present a labeled and bracketed analysis of this sentence: The policeman chased a robber.
Key:
5．Given the following English translations of some other Gaelic words, can you translate the sentences which follow: mor (‘big’), beag (‘small’), bhuail (‘hit’), duine (‘man’).
(a) Bhuail an gille beag an cu dubh.
(b) Chunnaic an cu an duine mot.
Key: (a) The small boy hit the black dog.
(b) The dog saw the big man.
第10章 句法学
1．In what ways are these expressions ‘ambiguous’?
(a) An American history teacher.
(b) Flying planes can be dangerous.
(c) The parents of the bride and the groom were waiting.
Key: (a) “a teacher of American history” or “an American who teaches history”
(b) “planes which are flying” or “when a person flies in a plane”
(c) “parents of the bride, plus the groom” or “the parents of both the bride and the groom”.
2．Can you provide four, ‘superficially distinct’ sentences which would each have the same ‘underlying’ structure as one of the following sentences?
(a) Lara was arrested by the police.
(b) She took her coat off
(c) Someone stole my bicycle.
(d) I told him to turn down the volume.
Key: (a) The police arrested Lara.
(b) She took off her coat.
(c) My bicycle was stolen.
(d) I told him to turn the volume down.
3．Which of the following expressions would be generated by this phrase structure rule: NP → Art (Adj) N?
(a) a radio
(c) a new student
(b) the rusty car
(d) the screw driver
Key: All of them
4．Which of the following structures can be changed via the Particle Movement transformation?
(a) He put down his glass.
(b) She threw away her dress.
(c) He pulled off his shirt.
(d) They jumped in the pool.
Key: (a), (b) and (c) can be changed; (d) cannot, because here “in” is a preposition and not a particle.
5．Using the phrase structure rules presented in this chapter, you should be able to complete these labeled tree diagrams.
Key:
第11章 语义学
1．What is the basic lexical relation between the following pairs of words?
(a) shallow deep
(b) mature ripe
(c) suite sweet
(d) table furniture
(e) single married
(f) move run
Key: (a) antonymy; (b) synonymy; (c) homophony; (d) hyponymy; (e) antonymy; (f) hyponymy.
2．How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?
(a) The television drank my water
(b) His dog writes poetry
Key: (a) The verb “drink” requires a subject with the feature ‘+animate’, bur “television” has the feature ‘-animate’.
(b)The verb “write” requires a subject with the feature ‘+human’, and the noun “dog” has the feature ‘-human’.
3．Identify the semantic roles of all the noun phrases in this sentence: With his new golf club, Fred whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the river and he felt good.
Key: Instrument (golf club), Agent (Fred), Theme (the ball), Source (the woods), Goal (the grassy area), Location (the river), Experiencer (he)
4．Which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive?
(a) absent present
(b) high low
(c) fill empty
(d) fail pass
(e) fair unfair
(f) appear disappear
Key: (a), (d) = non-gradable;
(b), (e) = gradable;
(c), (f) = reversive
5．Which of the following examples are best described as polysemy or as metonymy?
(a) Computer chips are an important new technology.
(b) The bookstore has some new titles in linguistics.
(c) Yes, I love those, l ate a whole box on Sunday!
(d) I had to park on the shoulder of the road.
(e) The pen is mightier than the sword.
Key: (a), (d) = polysemy; (b), (c), (e) = metonymy
第12章 语用学
1．What are the deictic expressions in the following utterance?
I am busy now so you can’t do that here. Come back tomorrow.
Key: ‘T’, “now”, “you”, “that”, “here', “come”, “tomorrow’.
2．What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says:
(a) Where did he buy the beer?
(b) Your watch is broken.
(c) We regret buying that car.
Key: (a) He bought the beer.
(b) You have a watch.
(c) We bought the car.
3．What are the anaphoric expressions in:
Dr. Dang gave Mary some medicine after she asked him for it.
Key: she, him, it
4．What kind of inference is involved in interpreting these utterances:
(a) Professor: Bring your Plato to classroom tomorrow.
(b) Nurse: The broken leg in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor.
Key: (a) The name of a writer can be used to refer to a book by that writer.
(b) A person with an injury in hospital can be identified by the name of that injury.
5．Someone stands between you and the TV set you were watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct and which indirect speech acts:
(a) Move!
(b) You’re in the way.
(c) Could you sit down?
(d) Please get out of the way.
Key: (a) direct; (b) indirect; (c) indirect; (d) direct
第13章 话语分析
1．What is meant by the term ‘cohesion’ in the study of texts?
Key: The ties and connections which exist across sentences in texts
2．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers?
Motorist: My car needs a new exhaust system
Mechanic: I’ll busy with this other car all day
Key: Motorist requests mechanic to perform action; mechanic states reason why he cannot comply with request
3．What do you think is meant by the term ‘turn-taking’ in conversation?
Key: It describes the observed fact that people take turns at speaking, one at a time, in conversation.
4．What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle?
Key: Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner
5．Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about:
Well, to be quite honest, I don’t think she is ill today.
Key: Quality- since the speaker is stressing the 'honesty' of what he says.
第14章 语言与机器
1．What is meant by the term ‘synthetic speech’?
Key: Spoken language produced electronically.
2．Why would a successful model of speech articulation not be a model of ‘speaking’?
Key: Speaking involves having something to say (a mental process) whereas articulation is simply the activity of saying (a physical process).
3．What is meant by ‘artificial intelligence’?
Key: Modeling human intelligence via machines, or the science of making machines do what would require intelligence if done by humans.
4．Which aspect of linguistic analysis is principally carried out by a parser?
Key: Syntactic analysis, primarily
5．Why do machine understander-systems operate within ‘limited worlds’?
Key: It is computationally impossible to give the machine all world-knowledge, but the machine can be very knowledgeable within a small, limited world.
第15章 语言与大脑
1．What are the usual names given to the four components of the brain generally considered to relate to language function?
Key: Broca’s area; Wernicke's area; the motor cortex and the arcuate fasciculus
2．What is aphasia?
Key: Aphasia is an impairment of language function due to localized cerebral damage which leads to difficulty in understanding or producing language.
3．What happens in a dichotic listening test?
Key: In a dichotic listening test, a person sits with a set of earphones on, and through each earphone, simultaneously, comes a different sound.
4．What specializations for the recognition of types of sounds have been found in different parts of the brain (for most people)?
Key: For most people, the left hemisphere is specialized for language sounds and the right hemisphere for environmental sounds.
5．Why is Genie’s case so remarkable with respect to established notions about areas of language specialization in the human brain?
Key: Genie did not learn language during the critical period, and when she did begin using language, she appeared to have a right-hemisphere specialization.
第16章 第一语言习得
1．Can you describe two noticeable features of caretaker speech?
Key: Caretaker speech has frequent questions, exaggerated intonation, simple sentence structures, a lot of repetition, and simple vocabulary.
2．What ratio of words understood to words produced would you expect an average twenty –four-month-old child to have and which ‘stage’ would that child already have reached?
Key: By the age of two, five times as many words are understood as are produced and the child will have reached the 'two-word' stage.
3．In a normal child acquisition schedule, what would be the order of regular appearance of the following inflections: -ed; -ing; -’s; -s (plura)?
Key: The order would be: -ing; -s (plural); -’s; -ed.
4．The following two sentences were produced by children of different ages. Which would you expect from the older child and on which features did you base your answer?
(a) I not hurt him.
(b) No the sun shining.
Key: The more advanced form is (a) since the negative element is no longer stuck on the front of the sentence, as in (b).
5．What is the term used to describe the process whereby a child uses one word like ball to refer to an apple, an egg, a grape and a ball?
Key: Overextension
第17章 第二语言习得
1．What are the four obvious barriers to adult L acquisition?2
Key: An L is mostly learned in teenage or adult years, in brief 2periods at school, while the learners are busy with other things, and already have an L1 to use for communicative purposes.
2．What do you think ‘the Joseph Conrad phenomenon’ refers to?
Key: The ability of adults to master aspects of the written language, but still speaking with a foreign accent
3．What happens when an interlanguage fossilizes?
Key: There are many features which do not match the target language and there is no further development.
4．Why might ‘foreigner talk’ be beneficial?
Key: It may provide clear and simple examples of the basic structure of the L2, as well as communicative success, for the beginning learner.
5．What are the three components of communicative competence?
Key: Grammatical, sociolinguistic and strategic competence
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