最新英语专业考研英美文学考点测评（北京环球时代学校英语专业考研点睛丛书）(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：吴中东,宫玉波,曲长亮,丁慧宇

出版社：中国人民大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

最新英语专业考研英美文学考点测评（北京环球时代学校英语专业考研点睛丛书）试读：

中国是一个正在崛起的大国，这个崛起大国背后的推动力是什么？是占世界五分之一的人口？是悠久的历史？是社会主义制度的优越性？环顾今天的世界，人口大国印度、文明古国希腊、社会主义国家古巴，他们的优势不足以支撑一个持续崛起的强国。我们背后必然有一个更强大的力量，这就是我们民族的学习能力，也包括目前我们学习外语的能力。

全国拥有87万英语专业本科生，全世界独有，居全球之首。马云先生就曾是英语专业学生。英语专业涌现出无数行业精英，如李肇星、杨洁篪、杨澜、俞敏洪、李长栓。各行业达人几乎也都是精通英语的人才。同时，英语专业培养了从事英语教学工作的人民教师，遍及幼儿到大学教育。毫不夸张地讲，英语专业为国家的GDP做出了巨大的贡献。

今天，对能驾驭外语、有国际眼光的人来说，机会前所未有。

Opportunities have never been greater to those who master English.

我们从两年前开始答复英语专业本科和专科学生的咨询，其间除回答学生在学习过程中碰到的疑难问题外，还遇到许多牵涉到毕业就职和继续深造的问题，尤其是关于是否考研、如何准备考英研的问题，特借这次作序的机会作一系统回答。

英语专业的本科生、专科生的出路就目前在国内来看大致有三条：一是学校；二是出版社或新闻媒体；三是外企。而从这些领域对英语专业的人才需求来看，对水平、学历要求越来越高。在高校，自不必说，本科学历是远远不够的，学术的氛围要求你必须深造，否则前途渺茫；如果你想到新闻媒体、出版行业，竞争也非常激烈，本科毕业水平恐怕也难以满足要求；去企业，稍好一些，但因为本科生知识积累有限，且工作经验匮乏，在被单位提拔重用上将处于弱势地位。因此，现在就英语专业本科生的去向来说：考研势在必行

从人的发展来看，实现从本科到研究生的飞跃，不仅仅是专业知识的进一步积累和深入，也使综合素质得以提高，更使人生价值得到提升。因此，英语专业考研是提升生命意义的重要途径。

许多美国历史学家认为，美国之所以有今天的经济发展和社会发达，归根结底是因为19世纪末期美国在教育体制改革方面做了三件大事：一是研究生教育体制的建立；二是职业教育的发展；三是妇女教育的普及。他们把研究生教育放在了第一位，可见，无论是对个人还是对国家命运来说，研究生教育都是至关重要的。

从专业的角度看，英语对于中国学生而言不仅是一种语言工具，更是一个专业。作为从事英语专业的人士来说，研究生教育是培养专业精神的基石。无论从事教育、翻译、英语文学研究还是英语教育研究等，都少不了这个专业基石。

所以，从各个方面看，英语专业的本科生都应该考虑考研。目前在国内，英语及英语有关学科考研人数逐年递增，据不完全统计，2006年全国参加考试人数已达20万，是所有研究生招生科目中排名第三的热门专业。专业愈热，竞争愈激烈，这决定了：考研是需要准备的

考研是选拔性考试，选拔就会有淘汰、就是择优录取，所以考研者不仅仅要战胜考卷，更是要战胜其他考生，也就是说只有获得高分才能稳操胜券。所以这样的考试有一定难度是在所难免的。一般来讲，大学本科四年学业完成，不作准备就去考研，失败的概率是相当大的。

考英研难，难在如下两方面：（1）英研考卷本身。“选拔考试”都信奉一个原则：特殊大于一般。那些你知我知的一般性知识是很少出现的。出题人命题的潜台词是“知特殊必知一般”。因此考英研的卷子有其特殊性，而这特殊性在大学四年学习中很少涉及，所以只掌握大学四年学习的内容是达不到考研要求的，或者说虽然涉及，也是不成系统、支离破碎、点评式的。这就意味着，英研（无论哪个英语院系）是有英研的特殊要求的，它需要我们有针对性地作系统准备。（2）如前文所言，“考研者不仅仅要战胜考卷，更是要战胜其他考生……才能稳操胜券”。这就要求考英研者必须表现优秀，而优秀只能出自于准备，正如北京环球时代学校的校训所言：伟大是准备出来的。（Greatness can be prepared！）如何准备（1）提早打算，从容不迫。一般来讲，“二下三上”时就应该有考研的萌动之想，特别注意与考试相关的课程，然后“三下”时下定必胜的决心，着手准备，为系统复习创造必要的时间条件，便可有相当的把握。（2）选定专业方向，培育专业精神。目前在我国各类大学里均有英语院系，其中大多数均有硕士点，招收研究生，方向多为文学、语言学、英语教育、口译和笔译，另外还有一些开设了英语国家研究如美国研究、英国研究、加拿大研究、澳大利亚研究等，还有特殊目的的英语如商务英语等。希望同学们在学习期间找到兴趣点，确立专业方向，使自己的准备更有针对性和目的性，从而更有效地向目标前进。另一方面，把语言（英语）或与语言有关的学科视为终身追求目标是需要专业精神和专业兴趣的。我们不能对所有的人都提出这样的要求，但是对一个备考英研的人来说，这无疑是必胜的信心表达，以这样的决心，英研考不上是没有道理的。（3）备考英研可以遵循如下步骤：

A. 打下坚实的英语语言基础。没有坚实的语言基本功，考英研就成了无本之木、空中楼阁。据统计，在以往考英研落榜者中，80%的人都是因为英语基础不过关，基础英语这张卷子没有达到100分以上。另外，考英研专业卷主要是用英文答题的，扎实的语言基本功无疑让你如虎添翼。坚实的语言运用基础很少是一蹴而就。它要求我们从点滴做起，扎扎实实练功。如词汇的广度（词汇量）和词汇的深度（词的用法）。在广度方面，要求考生识别15 000~18 000个单词。2000年修订大纲规定专八词汇量是13 000，但十几年过去了，随着社会的进步和发展，对英语专业人才要求的提高，加之考研这个选拔性考试的高标准，如今要想考英研稳操胜券，起码要达到我们所提出的词汇量标准。达到这样的词汇量必须要求切实可行的、契合英语专业学习者的词汇学习方法：或背美文记单词，或语义词群记忆，或“倒背如流”，或“内联外想”，或“后现代解构”，或借助声音契合和语文关系，或词源词根等。在词的深度方面，只知其一不识其他是很危险的，如我们只知道suppose是动词，不知它有连词词性，我们就会拒绝这样的句子“Look, suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?”词汇以外的其他内容也是如此。

B. 深化专业课学习。我们知道以自我完善为目的的大学专业课学习与以考英研为目标的专业课学习是不尽相同的（如语言学学习）。后者要求目的性更强，知识掌握更精准，有些还要理论联系实际，总之要求高一些。所以当你定下专业方向就要以这样的标准要求自己。

C. 不仅看单科分数，而且看总分。目前大多数院系还是以“基础英语”150分、专业课150分、二外100分、政治100分，总分500分为体系（除少数院系如上海外国语大学等另有其计算总分的方法）。这就说明，只是英语基础扎实、英语专业学得出色，而二外和政治较弱也是令人遗憾的。所以考研者要全面提高素质，万不可偏颇。

为了帮助同学们提高英语专业水平，弥补从大学本科到考研之间的差距，我们严格取材、精心组织编写了“北京环球时代学校英语专业考研点睛丛书”。该丛书凝聚了几十所高校近百位教授、副教授、博导、硕导的教学经验及命题和考试辅导实践。书中内容以《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》的要求为基础，按照各高校英语院系招收研究生入学考试要求组织编写。编者们不仅对上百所高校近年来英语专业研究生入学考试各个部分的典型试题按考试内容进行分析、归纳及整理，力求囊括各校试题的所有考点，并在此基础上找出各项考试的重点和难点，还编制了大量的模拟训练和答案解析及评分标准，目的是为了帮助同学们融会贯通地掌握所学的英语知识，熟练掌握相应考试的考点、重点和难点，使同学们在英研入学考试中取得好成绩。

在这套“丛书”的编著过程中，我们注意突出以下特点：

一、共核性知识点的高度浓缩。所谓共核，就是任何学校都要考的，比如：英语的基础知识，如词汇、语法、修辞、阅读、写作、翻译等；综合英语，如语言学、文化等。基础英语是每个院系都需要考查的，虽然各校之间的题型有差异，甚至同一院系的同一专业在不同的年份题型都不尽一致，但变化的只是形式，不变的却是核心、是考点，也就是共核性的知识点。语言学、英美文学和文化就更复杂一些，各个学校都会指定厚厚一大摞参考书，而学校与学校之间的指定参考书还不一样，这就更需要在研读了所有这些书（几乎全部是用英文写就）的基础上进行归纳与总结，同时再研究各校历年真题，从而概括出高度浓缩的共核性考点。据我们观察，考研成功者都是一样的，有扎实的基本功和共核性知识，而考研失败者除有各自的理由之外，也呈现这种共核性知识缺失的共性。所以，我们在这套“丛书”中突出强调了共核性知识点，但同时，我们也对一些比较边缘的知识点做了相应处理。

二、全真模拟练习的广泛运用。我们认为，只有通过充分地练习才能牢固地掌握语言，只有在实践中才能熟练地学会语言。知识，尤其语言知识的掌握必须经历三个阶段。第一阶段：知识的认知，即学习知识；第二阶段：知识的运用，用学到的知识去解决问题；第三阶段：知识的创新，通过知识创新最终掌握知识。人类认知的水平发展到现在，认知阶段的时间已被大大缩短了，很多知识、技能的掌握都是直接通过运用而完成的，知识的最终掌握必须通过知识创新而达到。遵循以上原则，编者们在参考上百所高校真题题型的基础上，结合自己的命题实践，编制了大量模拟练习题，让使用者在解决问题的过程中学习新知识，同时模拟练习也从不同角度和深度加强和巩固同学们对共核性知识点的掌握。此外，由于共核性知识点的高度浓缩性，我们也在练习中体现了一些虽然几率小但有可能考到的知识点。

三、对本科教学内容的拔高和对英研学术内涵的前瞻性运用。这套“丛书”的主创人员都是具有丰富教学经验的硕士生导师，许多甚至就是其所在高校英研招生入学考试的命题人。他们一方面拥有丰富的一线教学经验，既教本科生，又带研究生，同时还在从事相关领域的研究工作，处于学术研究的最前沿，所以他们对本科生与研究生之间的差距非常了解，熟知研究生入学考试专业课的考查要求和命题重点。在这次“丛书”的编撰过程中，我们还组织所有创作人员对上百所高校近年来的研究生入学考试真题进行细致分析和深入研究，以此为基础组织内容，对本科所学知识进行总结和拔高，并适度前瞻性地运用语言学、语用学、测试学、心理学甚至哲学等学科的研究成果，力求用更具科学性的方法来贯通知识的传授，使这套“丛书”不仅仅服务于考研的需要，还可为较高层次的英语学习者所用。

在本书的编写过程中，我们得到了来自于北京外国语大学、北京大学、北京第二外国语学院、北京语言大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、首都师范大学、北京航空航天大学、北京交通大学、国际关系学院、中国传媒大学、对外经济贸易大学、上海外国语大学、复旦大学、华东师范大学、南京大学、广东外语外贸大学、中山大学、厦门大学、武汉大学、西安外国语大学、四川外国语大学、天津外国语大学、大连外国语大学、吉林华桥外国语学院等数十所高校英语院系近百名教授、副教授的鼎力支持和帮助，因为篇幅有限我们不能一一列出他们的姓名，谨在此向他们深表真挚的谢意。吴中东　宫玉波2015年4月前　言

本书为“北京环球时代学校英语专业考研点睛丛书”之一，是专门为英语专业本科毕业生报考研究生入学考试而准备，系根据我国各大学英语专业通用的教材为蓝本并通过认真研究国内上百所大学英语专业硕士生入学考试英美文学有关试题而编写。本书参考的教材有：张伯香主编的《英美文学选读》、吴伟仁主编的《英国文学史及选读》（上、下）和《美国文学史及选读》（上、下）、钱青主编的《美国文学名著选读》（上、下）、刘炳善主编的《英国文学简史》、常耀信编著的《美国文学简史》、陈嘉主编的《英国文学史》（四卷本新版）、戴桂玉主编的《新编英美文学欣赏教程》及杨岂深等主编的《英国文学选读》（Book 1、Book 2、Book 3）等。

本书首先提供了一个英国文学和美国文学全景图，用图表方式集中陈列了有关两国文学的考点及其相互关系，供使用者集中记忆和考前复习。其后内容分为“英国文学”和“美国文学”两大部分，在“英国文学”部分，按中古时期和文艺复兴时期、启蒙主义时期、浪漫主义时期、维多利亚时期和现代时期分成5章；在“美国文学”部分，按早期和浪漫主义时期、现实主义时期和现代时期分成3章。每章包括一个中文归纳的考点总结、各典型高校真题分析和大量的练习题。本书力求体现如下特点：

一、内容系统，重点突出

本书严格参考英语专业英美文学教学大纲，并系统参考国内通用英美文学教材而精心编写。我们通过对全国各高校英语专业硕士研究生英美文学方向的真题进行广泛的研究并总结出“共核性”考点，以英美文学各个历史阶段为主线编排成全景图，从纵（时期、流派）和横（作家、代表作、主要内容或经典句段）两个方向梳理了上述全部教材的核心内容。“共核性”考点可使考生在极短的时间内真正掌握十数本鸿篇巨幅的英美文学教材中的本质内容，做到“以不变应万变”；而采用历史阶段的划分方法和图表的表现形式又能让考生在浩如烟海的英美文学海洋中一直保持明确的方向感，迈向胜利的彼岸。

二、专家点拨，紧扣应试

本书的编者均为英美文学博士、英语教授和硕士生导师，他们本身就是所在院校英语院系的命题人或命题主任，这部作品是他们十多年的英美文学教学与研究的经验总结与概括。他们在参考国内英语专业硕士研究生英美文学方向真题题型的基础上，结合自己的命题实践，编制了大量模拟练习题，题型包括：名词解释与文学术语、多项选择、作品分析、简答题与论述题。这些练习题不仅完全覆盖了各章应掌握的全部考点，并且各种题型从不同角度和深度通过完全仿真的练习加强和巩固了考生对“共核性”知识点的掌握。

三、高度总结，精练拔高

本书是对英语专业英美文学知识的高度总结与拔高，除在第一部分的考点全景图外，还在每章开头用寥寥数语总结了本章的考点，并通过对各典型高校实考试题的分析进一步阐述考点。练习题的参考答案也力求简洁易懂，并通过标注得分点使考生掌握评分标准，便于得高分。使用本书可以使英语专业本科毕业生的英美文学水平达到英语专业研究生入学水平，从而顺利通过考试，成为一名合格的英语专业研究生。

作为执教数十载的教师，我们最大的愿望就是成为学生站立的肩膀并让他们走得更远，我们希望这本凝结了众多教师教研心血的参考书能在考研之路上助莘莘学子一臂之力，让更多有潜质的学生获得接受进一步教育和从事深入研究的机会，这样我们也就聊足自慰了。

由于相关资料卷帙浩繁，而编者时间有限，书中疏漏在所难免，敬请广大读者拨冗指正。编　者2015年3月Part One英国文学考点全景图中古时期的英国文学Literary Brief DescriptionTerms(1) Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. (2) Ballads were passed down from generation to Ballad（民generation. (3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing 谣）the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th-century English ballad.(1) Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. (2) Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote Epic（史诗）three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.(1) Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval Romance（England. (2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic 罗曼史／骑士deeds. (3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, 文学）loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.(1) Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. (2) Alliteration is a Alliterationtraditional poetic device in English literature. (3) Robert （押头韵）Frost’s poem Acquainted with the Night is a case in point: “I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet.”中古时期的英国文学Brief DescriptionName of the WriterWorks(1) Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.(2) The epic describes the Beowulfheroic deeds of a 《贝奥武Scandinavian hero, 甫》Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. (3) The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil.The Canterbur(1) The Canterbury Tales is y TalesGeoffrey Chaucer（乔叟）《坎特伯Chaucer’s monumental (1) He is regarded as the father success. (2) It is a 雷故事of English poetry. (2) The collection of stories told by 集》Canterbury Tales is his a group of pilgrims on their masterpiece. (3) He presents, Troilus way to Canterbury. (3) It for the first time in English and was influenced by literature, a comprehensive CriseydeBoccaccio（薄伽丘）’s realistic picture of the medieval 《特罗勒Decameron（《十日谈》）. English society and creates a 斯和科丽(4) In the poem Chaucer whole gallery of vivid characters 西 德》presents, for the first time from all walks of life. (5) in English literature, a Chaucer introduced from The comprehensive realistic France rhymed stanzas of Romaunt picture of the medieval various types (heroic couplet) of the English society and creates into English poetry to replace Rose a whole gallery of vivid the Old English alliterative 《玫瑰罗characters from all walks of verse. (6) It was Chaucer who 曼史》life. (5) The poem shows made London dialect the The Chaucer’s humanism and foundation for modern English House of anticipates a new era to speech. (7) His characterization Fame《come.is vivid.声誉之堂》(1) Piers Plowman is a Piers poem that gives a picture Plowman of the life in feudal William Langland（威廉·兰格《农夫皮England. (2) It is a protest 伦）against the then social 尔斯》injustice.文艺复兴时期的英国文学Literary Brief DescriptionTerms(1) The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth.” It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which Renaissancehad been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries （文艺复兴）persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3) The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.(1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. (2) It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their Humanismbeliefs that man was the center of the universe and man （人文主义）did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.(1) Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenserian Spenser. (2) It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the stanzafirst eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in （斯宾塞诗iambic hexameter （六音步），rhyming ababbcbcc. (3) 节）Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.(1) Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary Conceitconceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly （奇特的比dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in 喻）John Donne’s poetry.(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. (2) With a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical metaphysical poets tried to break away from the poetryconventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. (3) （玄学派诗The diction is simple as compared with that of the 歌）Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. (4) The imagery is drawn from actual life.(1) Sonnet is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe. (2) A sonnet is a Sonnetlyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, （十四行诗）restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. (3) Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.(1) Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic Blank versepentameter. (2) It is the verse form used in some of the （无韵体诗）greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.(1) The word “meter” is derived from the Greek word “metron,” meaning “measure.” (2) In English when Meterapplied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of （格律）stressed and unstressed syllables. (3) The analysis of the meter is called scansion（格律分析）.(1) Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something, especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended Allegorymetaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain （寓言）social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.(1) Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or Stanzamore, arranged according to a fixed plan. (2) The stanza （诗节）is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.(1) University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to Universityb ecome professional writers. Some of them later Witsbecame famous poets and playwrights. They were （大学才子）called “university wits.” (2) Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. (3) They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.(1) Foreshadowing, in drama, means a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. (2) In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Romeo’s Foreshadowinexpression of fear in Act 1, Scene 4 foreshadows the g（预兆）catastrophe to come:I fear too early; for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the stars…(1) Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. (2) In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question,” Soliloquywhich begins the famous soliloquy from Act 3, Scene 1 （独白）of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.(1) A Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story. Narrative (2) It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer’s PoemThe Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton’s Paradise （叙述诗）Lost.文艺复兴时期的英国文学Name of Brief DescriptionWorksthe WriterPhilip Sidney（菲利普·锡尼爵士）(1) He Arcadia《阿stands for 卡狄亚》the spirit Astrophel of the and ElizabethaStella《阿斯(1) Arcadia is a prose romance filled with n Age.lyrics. (2) It is regarded as a forerunner of the 特罗菲尔与(2) In斯 特拉》modern world.manyD efense of ways he Poetryrepresents《 为诗歌辩the 护》Renaissance ideal of “the complete man.”Edmund Spenser（埃德蒙·斯宾塞）(1) He is acclaimed (1) The Faerie Queene is Spenser’s as “the masterpiece, a great poem of its age. (2) The poets’ fairy queen in the poem stands for both the poet” in The Faerie Queen Elizabeth and glory. (3) In the poem English QueeneSpenser speaks of 12 virtues of a perfect literature. 《仙后》gentleman. (4) This allegorical poem is (2) His The distinguished for its rich content and exquisite poetry is Shepherd style. (5) The poem is written in the form of noted for Calendarthe Spenserian Stanza. (6) The Red-cross such 《牧羊人日Knight in the poem represents the Church of qualities 记》England.as a The Shepherd’s Calender records and perfect expresses the poet’s laments over the loss of melody, a Rosalind.rare sense of beauty, a splendid imagination, a lofty moral Thomas More（托马斯·莫尔）(1) He is the greatest of the English humanists. (2) He authored Utopia.(1) Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and cruel Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king. (2) It voiced the supreme Tamburlainedesire of the man of the Renaissance for 《贴木儿大infinite power and authority.帝》(1) Dr. Faustus is a play based on the Dr. FaustusGerman legend of a magician aspiring for 《浮士德的悲knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end Christophe剧》as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. (2) It r MarloweThe Jew ofc elebrates the human passion for knowledge （克里斯托Maltaand happiness. (3) It also reveals man’s 弗·马洛）《马耳他的犹frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a He is the 太人》hostile moral order. (4) And the confinement most The to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.gifted of Passionate The Jew of Malta expresses man’s desire for University Shepherd to wealth.Wits.His (1) The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is Love《多情considered as one of the best lyrics in English 的牧羊人致Literature. (2) It is composed in the tradition of 情人》the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. (3) Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature when lovers are not William Hamlet is the greatest tragedy of Henry ⅥShakespeaShakespeare’s. Hamlet, the melancholic 《亨利六世》reRichard Ⅲscholar-prince, faces the dilemma between （威廉·莎action and mind.《理查德三士比亚）世》(1) Othello is a tragedy of humanism. (2) His (1) He is inner weakness is made use of by the outside Henry Ⅳthe evil force.《亨利四世》greatest of Henry Ⅴ(1) Macbeth is a tragedy of all ambitious all adventurers who become the prey of their 《亨利五世》ElizabethaHenry Ⅷambition. (2) Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up n《 亨利八世》his ambition and drives him to incessant dramatists.crimes.A (2) His Midsummer (1) King Lear is based on an old British literary legend. (2) The old King Lear is a self-willed Night’s career Dreamruler who suffers from treachery and infidelity falls into《 仲夏夜之on account of his irresponsibility and vanity. four (3) In King Lear, Shakespeare has not only 梦》periods.T hem ade a profound analysis of the social crisis He wrote in which the evils can be seen everywhere, Merchant of 37 plays Venice《威but also criticized the bourgeois egoism. (4) and 154 Shakespeare points out that a king or ruler 尼斯商人》sonnets. must be responsible to his people.As You Like (3) HisI t(1) The Merchant of Venice is a play sonnets eulogizing the friendship between Antonio and 《皆大欢喜》representT welfth NightBassanio, idealizing Portia as a heroine of Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯(1) The Advancement of Learning is a great ·培根）tract on education. (2) Here Bacon highly (1) He is a praises knowledge, refuting the objections to philosopheEssayslearning and outlining the problems with which r, a 《论说文集》his plan is to deal. (3) Also he answers the scientist The charge that learning is against religion.and the Advancemen(1) Novum Organum (The New Instrument) is first t of Learninga successful treatise written in Latin on English 《论学问的进methodology. (2) The argument is for the use essayist. 步》of inductive method of reasoning in scientific (2) He Novum study.lays the Organum (1) Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon’s foundation (The New essays. (2) It analyzes what studies chiefly for Instrument)serve for, the different ways adopted by modern 《新工具》different people to pursue studies, and how science Of Studiesstudies exert influence over human character. with his 《论读书》(3) Forceful and persuasive, compact and insistence precise, the essay reveals to us Bacon’s on mature attitude towards learning.scientific way of thinking and fresh

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