作者：段进
出版社：东南大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
空间句法在中国试读：
前言
空间句法在中国的研究与应用起步较晚。最早文献见于1985年《新建筑》杂志上《空间句法——城市新见》及《关于“空间句法”一文的讨论》两篇文章。尽管当时这一运用计算机研究空间形态的新视角引起了许多学者的关注。但由于对空间句法的理论原理了解甚少，造成的结果是对用机算机来分析空间中人的行为的技术表示出缺乏社会与人文内容的质疑。在短短热潮之后的很长时间里，国内鲜有学者对空间句法进行挖掘和研究，更谈不上在实践中应用。
进入21世纪以来，多项出版物使空间句法的基础理论、应用方法和成功案例在中国有了较全面的展示，尤其是2005年清华大学主办的《世界建筑》出版的空间句法专辑，2007年我与英国伦敦大学学院的比尔·希列尔教授等人共同撰写的《空间句法与城市规划》，以及2008年希列尔教授《空间是机器——建筑组构理论》一书的中文译本。其中，《空间句法与城市规划》一书分为三个部分。首先由希列尔教授权威地对空间句法的理论及国外相关应用进行了简明扼要、清晰地论述，建立了中国学者对空间句法的理论、原理和方法的基本认识；然后我们挑选了四个当时在中国较为典型的应用案例进行解析，其意在引导读者如何将理论应用到城市规划实践中去；第三部分是论战，我们邀请了五位相关领域的研究学者就空间句法这个议题发表了不同的看法。可以说这本书基本上能够客观地反映当时空间句法在中国的研究与应用现状，以及人们对它的认知程度。书籍出版后很快售罄，在国内引起了较好的反响，尤其引起了广大青年学者和研究生的兴趣，更重要的是它促进了城乡规划设计行业的关注并激发了从业人员的应用热情，对推动空间句法在中国的发展起到了重要作用。面对良好的市场反馈，出版社曾多次提出加印或再版事宜。经慎重考虑，我没有采纳再版的建议而是决定写《空间句法在中国》这本新著，主要的原因是基于对空间句法在中国发展现状的几方面思考：
首先，空间句法在中国发展取得的成果需要梳理。随着理论引介的深入、运用实践的探索，并伴随着一批到国际空间句法研究与教学机构的学者学成归来，以及像伦敦空间句法有限公司这样的专业机构通过合作或直接在中国的应用等都推动了国内空间句法的研究与使用进入了一个新阶段。
最显著的成效之一是空间句法改变了人们对空间的一个基本认知。自古以来，人们都自然地认为城市空间的内容在人们的感性认知可思考范畴之内。因此，规划师和设计师都采用简单直接的方式去描述它们。空间被认为是完全被动的人们需求的产物，这种认知已成为一种习惯性思维范式。空间句法作为一种从城市整体到局部都可以运用的理性分析工具，在中国的实证研究和量化分析中证明了空间形式与空间功能之间存在着相关性，空间形式对人的使用功能、活动具有反馈与影响作用，形式与功能之间存在内在的逻辑性。我们终于不再只能依靠直觉思维来进行空间研究和规划设计，空间句法已经提供了一种理性科学的系统性辅助手段。
到2014年底，国内公开出版的与空间句法相关的文献总数约为515篇，其中依托国家自然科学基金的有96篇。这说明空间句法作为一种有效的科学研究方法已获得认可并被广泛使用。从这些研究成果来看，应该说涉及了城乡人居环境的分析、研究和设计等不同领域以及空间上、时间上的不同层面。按照实践的应用方向划分：主要有空间形态组构的量化分析、空间与认知的关系以及空间与社会经济的关系三大类别；按照应用的学科领域划分：涵盖了城乡规划学、建筑学、风景园林学、地理学、社会学等多重领域；按照空间尺度划分：既有宏观尺度的城镇群层面、城市整体结构与系统层面，也有中观尺度的城市街区和街道层面，还有微观尺度的建筑群和单体建筑层面；按照关注的时间阶段划分：有研究城镇发展的历史演变，也有探索当代城镇系统与空间的组构方法，更有运用发展规律预测城镇空间未来的发展。这些研究与探索应用深浅不同，相互交织与渗透，形成了空间句法在中国应用与演进的整体图景。
其二，空间句法在中国发展出现的问题需要重视。空间句法在中国的应用与演进图景中，缺乏系统的理论学习和方法培训的困境尤显突出。相对于国际上的理论研究与技术开发，中国基本处于拿来主义阶段。从目前我们分析的与空间句法有关的55项国家自然基金、515篇论文以及大量的应用案例研究成果的统计数据可以看出，真正涉及原有理论的创新与发展或是对技术方法进行原创性改进的甚少，只占4％左右，而这些作者绝大多数都有在国外高等院校或空间句法研究机构中攻读学位或进修的经历，这也从侧面反映了中国对于空间句法的教育和培训仍相对落后，尚不能形成一个成熟的教育体系和研究系统。
基于以上原因，造成了空间句法在中国目前的应用与研究中对理论理解和应用范围方面出现了一些问题。在一些研究成果中，错误地将空间句法作为一种预测城市空间发展的方法使用，这样就导致形成城市发展中的空间决定论倾向。很显然，这不是空间句法研究的初衷。通过空间的构型关系或者拓扑关系就能判断未来城市空间发展的想法，或者说空间一定会发展成某种形态的“终极蓝图”说法正是空间句法的基本原理所摒弃的。空间句法所提供的技术支撑主要是对自组织中空间形态与行为功能之间关系的判断，证明了空间是一个整体系统，有好坏优劣，而空间结构中的任何部分发生变化，都会导致系统结构发生改变。严格意义上讲，空间句法是无法承担对城市发展结构变化预测的重任的。因此，国内一些关于空间句法应用于对城市空间结构未来发展预测的研究努力存在原理上的误差。
同样，在应用领域与技术方法上也存在一些误用。如有研究人员将不同城市购物中心的整合度、连接度等进行比较，以数值大小划分等级判断优劣。我们知道，在不同的空间句法分析案例中，各变量的数值大小并不能作为不同案例间相互比较空间优劣性的标准，尤其是不同城市的比较。
更为普遍的问题是大部分的应用人员在模型算法中取什么深度或取多大的度量半径时，都简单地套用其他城市的经验数值，而不是通过实地调研与检验后，通过耦合度分析找到适合本地的数值。这种应用方法的偏差很容易出现误判，甚至对研究和规划设计产生误导。
其三，空间句法在中国发展的未来需要探索。中国目前的规划技术和方法的优化需要空间句法的技术支撑。例如，目前中国城市的功能单元服务配套仍按千人指标，空间区位仍以地理几何为中心，或以设计人员的经验判断为依据。空间句法把城市作为一个复杂不可分割的整体的自组织系统，通过内在空间网络与人的活动关系的计算所形成的活动单元不再是外表直观显象的划分，而是实际的人的使用行为。空间句法揭示了城市物质空间的内在结构与社会功能的逻辑关系，由此产生出以空间网络特征与城市活动关系为背景的诸多应用领域。
中国的新型城镇化和城市发展的转型为空间句法提供了更为广阔的应用前景。面对越来越多旧城中存量型土地规划与设计中的问题。应用空间句法对旧城区的空间网络和空间视域的分析，在交通网络的织补、土地使用性质与强度的确定、公共空间系统的组织、地区空间活力的提升等多方面进行的前期研究可发挥重要作用，并可对规划与设计方案作实施后成效的预评估，同时它改变了单凭直觉经验进行规划设计与建设的方式，为避免造成不尊重建成环境而大拆大建提供了技术支撑。
中国特色的社会文化和本土空间研究需要空间句法开拓新的领域。我们在对空间句法在中国进行实证研究的案例统计分析后认为：空间句法提供了一种理性的思维方式和有效的空间分析方法，这种方式与方法本身不存在文化与形态的差异性，从实证的成果来看能够适应于中国城市与人居环境的分析研究。但是，中国城市与建筑形态及社会经济文化的特殊性，也对空间句法的理论与方法提出了挑战，空间句法需要有理论改进与技术拓展来应对这种挑战。例如，在中国园林空间的分析中由于可视性与可达性、迂回路径与虚拟目标的组构复杂性以及山、石、水、景等空间构成要素的特殊性等，空间句法对此的分析一直存在理论与技术上的困惑。目前研究者们正尝试通过对空间句法分析要素和分析方法的改进来探索这一难题的解决途经。中国的这些人居空间形态原型及特征的空间组构与演化规律需要研究与探索，它是世界城市与建筑文化的重要组成部分，其研究成果必将丰富世界城市空间理论研究的类型发展。
同时，在空间句法的理论深化与技术拓展方面，中国未来也将做出贡献。随着计算机技术、模拟模型、GIS技术等其他空间分析方法的发展，空间句法与之结合可以建立更为完善、便捷而精确的城市与建筑空间描述与分析模型，通过技术的整合和基本资料与数据的积累可以对城市进行多尺度、多领域、多层次的分析，从建筑到城市甚至到区域层次的大数据分析，也可以更精细化地深入到建筑之间、建筑与街道之间进行具体的可视度分析，从而更具体地分析空间形态的构形与行为活动的关系，并结合中国的实践进行技术探索。
综上所述，本书的视野关注于空间句法在中国的最新进展、潜在问题和未来发展。
2012年7月，我和博士生陆涵开始着手本书的筹备工作。期间，我们就此事与希列尔教授进行了接洽。在表达了撰写意向之后，希列尔教授一如既往地对空间句法在中国的发展及出版工作表示出积极支持。之后，我们有幸地邀请到在中国不懈努力进行空间句法研究并取得一定成果的专家学者参加了本书的写作。他们代表了这一阶段的研究思路和技术水平。经过多次沟通与讨论，于2012年11月最终敲定本书的写作框架及应用案例。从初稿、二稿到定稿的过程中，我们对作者的写作重点、注意问题、技术方法、格式等方面进行了多次反馈，最终形成了本书的整体性。浙江工业大学的戴晓玲博士为本书的框架和顺利完成做出了重要贡献。她在伦敦大学学院获硕士学位，毕业后一直努力推进空间句法在中国的发展，在中国的空间句法研究与伦敦大学学院的沟通、合作方法方面起到了一定的桥梁作用。
全书共分为三个部分：第一部分是理论与方法的探索，包括第1—3章。第1章“空间句法在中国的应用与发展”由本人撰写，概述了中国大陆的空间句法兴起与演进，及其在各领域的应用情况；第2章“空间可持续发展：城市街道网络的三种功能”由伦敦大学学院的希列尔教授撰写（杨滔译），对空间句法发展的最新理论动态及应用软件发展等进行了介绍；第3章“引入空间竞争法则的空间句法轴线地图建模方法”由东南大学的邵润青博士撰写，从对句法模型进行现代网格型城市空间的分析技术方法难点进行了探索与改进。
第二部分是规划与实践的应用，包括第4—12章。以国内学者的典型研究为实证，从三大学科（城乡规划学、建筑学、风景园林学）不同的方向梳理了国内关于空间句法应用的基本研究方法，表达了各个不同方向的研究成果。其中，第4章“城镇空间历史演变分析：以丽江为例”由深圳大学的王浩锋、饶小军教授撰写；第5章“组构视野下的城镇空间结构分析：以三个江南市镇为例”由戴晓玲博士以及同济大学的李立与陈泳教授撰写；第6章“街区路网形态与活力：以京津为例”由北京交通大学的盛强博士撰写；第7章“街区路网密度与土地开发强度：以深圳特区为例”由深圳大学的王浩锋、施苏撰写；第8章“街区多尺度空间研究：以福州三坊七巷为例”由南京大学的徐建刚教授、福建省住房和城乡建设厅的陈仲光及南京大学的王培震撰写；第9章“古典园林空间结构与游园行为模式：以苏州怡园为例”由南京林业大学李志明博士撰写；第10章“城市总体规划的街道网络与中心体系：以阜阳为例”由我和陆涵撰写；第11章“基于城市空间逻辑性的活力街区空间塑造：以南京红花机场地区再开发为例”由东南大学的邵润青、我及杨奕人撰写；第12章由“城市滨水空间景观设计：以厦门杏林湾为例”由北京林业大学的王向荣教授，丘华恩及王静文博士撰写。这9个案例分别从城镇、街区、园林景观等不同尺度进行论述，基本可以客观地反映出当前国内研究者对空间句法的理解及应用情况。
第三部分是未来的发展与挑战，包括第13—15章。其中第13章和第15章由我撰写，第14章由英国空间句法咨询公司主管即伦敦大学学院访问教授蒂姆·斯托纳（王夏译）负责完成。多年来，我在参加项目评审、学生论文答辩及阅读期刊论文的过程中经常会遇到各类对空间句法的错用和误读。针对这些情况，在第13章中从支撑平台、理论技术、方法认识等方面对空间句法在中国发展的困境和误区进行了反思和讨论，以纠正目前部分研究与使用者的错误理解；第14章斯托纳先生的文章能够帮助读者更加深入地了解空间句法公司的相关情况，其内容主要涉及公司的背景、组织方式及未来在中国的拓展计划等；最后在第15章中，结合国际上的发展及应用现状，我就未来如何使空间句法在独具中国特色的背景下得到更有效的使用和发展发表了一些自己的看法，希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用。
在这里要特别感谢希列尔教授对前后两本书出版给予支持与帮助；感谢参与撰写的各位同仁在繁忙的工作之中仍不遗余力地配合出版的各项事宜；感谢戴晓玲及国家住建部（中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部）的杨滔，在与英国方面的协调与沟通中鼎力协助，杨滔还为本书的英文作了翻译；感谢现旅居美国的建筑师华佳将前言翻译成英文；感谢东南大学出版社的徐步政、孙惠玉编辑对本书提出的宝贵建议；感谢陆涵对前期资料的收集整理及期间与各位作者往来信件的收发。
最后，感谢广大读者对《空间句法与城市规划》和《空间句法在中国》的支持与关注。段进2014年12月于东南大学Preface
The research and application of Space Syntax in China started fairly late comparing to its counterparts.The earliest publications are two papers in New Architecture journal in 1985, respectively“Space Syntax:A Different Urban Perspective”by Bill Hillier （translated by Bin Zhao）and“A discussion about‘Space Syntax Paper' ”by Dongsheng Jin.This new perspective that studies spatial forms with the assistance of computer did attract attention of many scholars.However, due to an insufficient understanding of its theoretical principles, many criticisms were raised.The attempt to analyze the human behavior in space with computer technologies was questioned for its lack of social and humanistic concerns.As a result, after the short wave of enthusiasm, very few domestic scholars kept working in this field, let alone using the tool in design practice.
Entering the 21th century, the theory, application methods and case studies of Space Syntax have been introduced to China by many publications in a comprehensive manner, especially by the“Space Syntax”monograph of the World Architecture journal, hosted by Tsinghua University, in 2005; Space Syntax and Urban Planning, co-authored by Prof.Bill Hillier and I and published by Southeast University Press, in 2007; and the Chinese version of Space is the Machine in 2008.The Space Syntax and Urban Planning book is divided into three sections.The first section is an authoritative, concise and clear elaboration of the theory and application of Space Syntax by Prof.Hillier, which establishes the basic understanding of the theory, principle and methodology of Space Syntax for Chinese scholars.In the next section we selected four relatively typical cases in China for analysis, intending to guide the readers on how the theory can be applied to the urban planning practice.The third section is a round-table debate, in which we invited five scholars in relevant fields to voice their opinions on the topic of Space Syntax. In a way, this book has objectively reflected the status of the research and application of Space Syntax in China at the time, as well as people' s understandings of it.The book was quickly sold out after publication, was well received in China, and generated a great deal of interest among young scholars and graduate students.Most importantly, it drew attention from the urban and rural planning practices, inspired enthusiasm of the professional planners, and made significant contributions to the development of Space Syntax in China.Encouraged by the excellent feedback, the publisher has repeatedly proposed re-printing or re-publishing the book.After careful consideration, I did not accept the proposal of re-publication, but instead decided to write a new book-Space Syntax in China, mainly because of three concerns on the current status of the development of Space Syntax in China：
First, the accomplishments that Space Syntax has achieved as it gains progress in China need to be re-evaluated.The research and application of Space Syntax in China has entered a new phase as the theoretical introduction deepens, the practical exploration furthers, along with the returning of a group of scholars who have graduated from institutions that focus on the research and education of Space Syntax, and the involvement of professional organizations such as Space Syntax Limited in the development of Space Syntax in China through collaboration or direct applications in China.
One of the most evident accomplishments is that Space Syntax has changed people' s basic understanding of space.Ever since the ancient time, people have naturally believed that the contents of urban space is within the realm of people' s perception and sensibility. Therefore, urban planners and designers have always described them in a simple and direct way.Space was thought to be a completely passive product of people' s needs, and this understanding has become a habitual thinking pattern.As a rational analytical tool that can be utilized on parts and wholes of cities, Space Syntax has demonstrated, through the quantitative analysis and practical application in China, that there is correlation between the form and function of space, that the form of space reacts on and influences people' s behaviors in the space, and that there is inherent logic between form and function.Finally, we cannot conduct spatial researches and urban planning projects on the sole basis of intuition when Space Syntax has already offered a rational, scientific and systematic tool.
At the end of 2014, the total number of Chinese publications related to Space Syntax was about 515,96 of which were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation. This indicates that Space Syntax has been recognized and widely used as an effective scientific research approach.These researches have involved various fields, including analysis, research and design of urban and rural living environment, and touched on different locations and time span.Based on the directions of Space Syntax' s practical application, they can be grouped into three categories – quantitative analysis of spatial composition, relationship between space and cognition, and relationship between space and social economics.As for the academic fields Space Syntax has been applied to, the researches have covered a multitude of fields, including urban and rural planning, architecture, landscape design, geography, sociology, etc.The spatial scales of the researches vary from the macro scale of city／town clusters and the system and structure of the whole city to the mid-range scale of cityblocks and streets, and to the micro scale of building clusters and individual buildings.Regarding the timeframes the researches have focused on, some have studied evolutions of historical cities and towns, some have explored the organizational structures of contemporary cities and towns' systems and spaces, and others have even forecasted future spatial developments of cities and towns with the aid of the Space Syntax theories.These researches, explorations and application vary in depth and breadth, and they have shaped the whole picture of the application and evolution of Space Syntax in China as they inter weave and permeate with each other.
Second, the problems that have emerged as Space Syntax advances in China need to be addressed.In the big picture of the application and evolution of Space Syntax in China, the lacking of systematic theoretical education and methodological training stands out prominently as the greatest hurdle to its development.Compared to the theoretical researches and technical advancements in other countries, China is basically in a“take-it-all-in”phase. Observing from the statistical data on the 55 NNSF grants,515 papers and numerous practical application cases that are related to Space Syntax, we can see that only 4％ of them have really touched on the regeneration and development of the original theory, or innovative improvement of the techniques.Most of these authors have studied in foreign colleges or research institutions that focus on Space Syntax.This indicates the education and training on Space Syntax in China is still relatively underdeveloped.It is not yet able to form a sophisticated system of education and research.
For the aforementioned reasons, problems on the theoretical understanding and scopes of application have aroused in the application and research of Space Syntax in China.In some researches, Space Syntax is incorrectly employed as a method of forecasting thedirection of urban space development, resulting in a tendency of space determinism in urban development.Apparently, this is not the original intention of Space Syntax.The assumption that future development of urban spaces can be deduced from their spatial configuration or topological relationship, or that the space will inevitably develop into an“ultimate blueprint”of certain form, is what the basic principles of Space Syntax disapprove.The technical support that Space Syntax offers is mainly to determine the relationship between spatial forms and functions of behavior in a self-organization, and therefore prove that space is an integrated system that could be sound or faulty, and that changes of any parts in a spatial structure will lead to changes of the structure of the system.Strictly speaking, Space Syntax cannot take the substantial responsibility of predicting the transformation of the developmental structure of cities.Therefore, some of the Chinese researches that employ Space Syntax to predict the future development of urban spatial structure are fundamentally flawed.
Similarly, there are quite a few faulty applications of the techniques in the practical field.Some researchers have compared the integration and choice values of shopping centers in different cities, and evaluate their spatial qualities based on the numerical values. As we know, the numerical values of variables in different Space Syntax cases cannot serve as basis for spatial quality comparisons between different cases, especially between different cities.
The most wide-spread problem is that most professionals would simply apply other cities' values to their own models when choosing the specific values of depth or radii, instead of finding values that suit their own cities through compatibility analysis after conducting field researches and tests.The flaws in this application method would easily result in wrong conclusions or even mislead researches or designs.
Third, the future of Space Syntax' s development in China needs to be explored.The optimization of current planning techniques and approaches in China requires the technical support of Space Syntax.For example, presently the arrangement of service facilities for urban neighborhoodsis still based on population, and spatial locations are still based on their geometrical or geographical centers, or on design professionals' experience.Space Syntax treats the city as a complex, undividable and comprehensive self-organization; and by computing on the relationship between its internal spatial network and human behaviors, it forms subdivisions that are no longer based on superficial perceptions but on actual behaviors of users.Space Syntax reveals the logic relationship between the internal structure of urban material spaces and social functions, and therefore generates many fields of application that explore the relationship between spatial network configuration and urban activities.
The new urbanization and urban transformation in China offers a more expansive prospect for the application of Space Syntax, especially when confronted with the growing number of issues on the planning and design of existing land in old cities.Applying Space Syntax to the analysis of the old cities' spatial network and view corridors can contribute significantly to the initial research on mending transportation networks, determining the nature and intensity of land use, organizing public spatial systems and elevating spatial dynamism in these regions.It can also pre-evaluate the outcome of urban planning and design efforts.This could change the conventional planning and construction approaches that rely on intuition, and offer technical support that help avoiding destructive constructions that do not respect the existing built environment.
Space Syntax is essential for the Chinese socio-cultural researches and domestic spatial studies to venture into new realms.After analyzing the statistical data on the application of Space Syntax in China, we believe that Space Syntax offers a rational mode of thinking and an effective method of spatial analysis, and this mode and method itself is indifferent to the heterogeneity of culture and form.Judged from the results of its application, it is compatible to the analysis and research of the living environment in China.However, the uniqueness of Chinese urban and architectural configurations and
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