床头灯英语5000词纯英文:红字(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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作者:(美)纳撒尼尔·霍桑

出版社:航空工业出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

床头灯英语5000词纯英文:红字

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版权信息书名:床头灯英语5000词纯英文:红字作者:(美)纳撒尼尔·霍桑排版:昷一出版社:航空工业出版社出版时间:2011-01-01ISBN:9787801835130本书由中航出版传媒有限责任公司授权北京当当科文电子商务有限公司制作与发行。— · 版权所有 侵权必究 · —前 言

◆英语是语言的帝国

全球60亿人中,有3. 8亿人的母语是英语,2. 5亿人的第二母语是英语, 12. 3亿人学习英语,33. 6亿人和英语有关。全世界电视节目的75%、电子邮件的80%、网络的85%、软件源代码的100%都使用英语。40~ 50年后,全球将有50%的人精通英语。全球约有6000种语言,21世纪末其中的90%将消亡。届时英语作为主导语言的地位将进一步得到提升。

目前中国大约有4亿人在学英语,超过英国和美国的人口总和,这是中国努力与时代接轨、与国际接轨的一个重要标志,大量中国人熟练掌握国际通用语言是中华民族走向繁荣富强的必要保障。

◆全民学英语运动

中国近20年来兴起了一场轰轰烈烈的全民学英语的运动。其规模之大,范围之广,古今中外前所未有。

学生、教师、公务员、公司职员、商店店员、出租车司机等,各行各业,都在学英语。其学习过程的漫长,也令人感叹。从幼儿园、小学、中学、大学、硕士、博士,到毕业工作,出国,直至退休,一直都在学,英语的学习可谓是终生性的。

◆英语学了多年之后的尴尬

中国人学了多年英语之后,如果冷静地反省一下多年努力的成效,不难发现自己的英语水平令人十分尴尬。这里将具体表现列举一二。

●读任何原版的英语杂志,如Times(时代)、Newsweek(新闻周刊)、The Economists(经济学家),或者原版小说,如Jane Eyre(简·爱)、Gone with the Wind(飘)等,必须借助词典,因为我们随时都可能读不懂。即便查阅大部头的词典,我们常常还是不能理解文意,将文意理解得面目全非。最为可悲的是我们中很多人已经屈从于这种一知半解的阅读状态,甚至有人还荒唐地认为英语本身就是一门模模糊糊的语言,这样当然就更谈不上尝到读原汁原味英语的乐趣了。

●学习和探索专业知识的主流载体仍然是汉语。但我们必须清楚:整个现代科学体系基本是用英语来描述和表达的,译成汉语会有一定程度的失真,而且必然导致滞后。

●英语表达是一个更大的问题。主要体现在用英语写作以及用英语深入交谈上。事实上,大多数人只能用简单的英语来进行粗略的表述,无法顺利地参加国际学术会议或者进行国际贸易谈判。即便是学术水平很高的专家,在国际刊物上发表论文时,只能请仅懂英语不懂专业的人翻译。一篇在很多老外眼中不伦不类的论文就这样产生了。客观地讲,即使采用不太高的标准来衡量,在中国英语学习的失败率也应该在99%以上。

◆来自西方的教育理念

中国人读英语有个缺点,学习缺乏渐进性。他们习惯于读满篇都是生词的文章,以为这样“收获”才最大。结果他们的阅读不断地被查词典打断,一小时只能看两三页,读起来自然索然无味,最后只能作罢。这是中国人学英语的通病!读的文章几乎全部达到了语言学家所说的“frustration level”(使学生感到沮丧的程度)。

西方的语言学家和心理学家对英语学习者的阅读状况进行了大量的研究,结论令人非常吃惊:最适宜阅读的难度比我们长期所处的、我们所习惯的、我们头脑中定位的难度要低得多!只有文中生词量小到足以保证阅读的持续性时,语言吸收的效果才最好,语言水平的提高也最快。举个形象的例子:上山是从峭壁直接艰难攀登还是走平缓的盘山路好?显然,能够从峭壁登顶者寥寥无几!即使其能勉强成功,也远远落后于沿坦途行进者。

◆犹太民族的启示

曾经有人说:全世界的金钱装在美国人的口袋里,而美国人的金钱却装在犹太人的脑袋里。据统计,犹太人占世界总人口约0. 3%,却掌握着世界经济命脉。在全世界最富有的企业家中,犹太人占50%以上。无论是过去和现在,在知名的经济巨头中犹太人占有绝对的比例。如第一个亿万巨富、石油大王洛克菲勒,“美国股神”巴菲特,华尔街的缔造者摩根,花旗集团董事长威尔,“打开个人计算机直销大门”的戴尔,坐在全球软件头把交椅“甲骨文公司”的艾利森,华纳电影公司创办人华纳,电影世界的领头羊斯皮尔伯格,他们都是犹太人。

犹太人成就的背后就是他们的噬书习惯。联合国教科文组织调查表明,全世界读书最多的民族是犹太民族。其中以色列在人均拥有图书和出版社以及每年人均读书的比例上,超过了世界上任何一个国家,成为世界之最,平均每人每年读书64本。与之反差很大的是中华民族,平均每人每年读书0. 7本。这之中有阅读习惯的中国人虽占5%,却掌握着中国80%的财富。一句话,阅读,特别是经典名著的阅读,是一个人和民族崛起的最根本方法。

阅读不能改变人生的起点,但它可以改变人生的终点。不论出身高贵与卑贱,阅读都能改变人生的坐标和轨迹。

◆通往英语自由境界的阶梯

英语的自由境界指的是用英语自由地学习和工作;自由地阅读英文原版书刊和资料;自如地用英语表达和交流;自然地用英语进行思维;自主地用英语撰写论文和著作。

一个英语达到自由境界的人,他的生活也常常是令人羡慕的。清晨随手拿起一份国外的报纸或者杂志,一边喝着浓浓的咖啡,一边轻松、惬意地阅读。可以用英语自由地进行实质性的交谈和撰写书面材料。能够自由地在英文网页上荡漾,能够随时了解国外的最新科技动态或最新的商贸行情。自己的生存空间不再受到国界的限制,无论是交友、择偶,还是发展自己的事业,都有更宽的、跨国度的选择。

有一定英语基础的读者要想“修成正果”,达到英语的自由境界,最缺少的就是可读之书。市面上的英语读物粗粗看来似乎琳琅满目,但稍一细读就会发现这些语料要么是难度过低,词汇量只有一、两千词的相当于中学水平的简写本;要么是令人望而生畏、读之更是倍受挫折的原著,语料难度脱节甚至是“代沟”,严重地阻碍了英语中高级学习者对英语的掌握。床头灯英语5000词系列填补了这方面的空白,为读者打造了到达英语自由境界的阶梯。

◆本套读物的特色———真正适合中高级英语学习者的原汁原味英语读物

●难度适中:本套读物用英语中核心5000词写成,对于难以理解之处均有注释,使你躺在床上不用翻词典就能顺利地读下去,在不知不觉中走向英语自由境界。

●语言地道:美国作家执笔,用流畅的现代英语写成,并保留了原著的语言特色。

●选材经典:皆为一生中不可不读的作品,读之可提高英语水平、积淀西方文化和提高人生境界。

●情节曲折:让你徜徉在一个又一个迥异奇妙的书中世界。……

◆“床头灯”英语系列读物的使用方法:

●整个床头灯系列包含儿童、中学生、3000词、5000词、6500词等不同层次。你可以选择不用查字典你就能保证阅读的持续性的级别进入,这个级别最少读30本,体会一下用英语读懂名著的感觉———英语形成语感、自信心增强。然后乘胜追击,读下一个级别的,每个级别读30本以上。

●使用床头灯英语学习读本(英汉对照版)练写作:看书中汉语部分,然后你试

着翻译成英文,再把你翻译的英文与书上的英文对比。本套读物是通向英语自由王国的钥匙,是通往英语最高境界的签证。在中国走向世界的道路上,英语水平决定工资水平!让每天阅读半小时“床头灯”成为你生活中的一部分。我相信这才是英语成功的真谛。

与股神巴菲特吃一顿午餐要花几百万美金,这使人们注意到了与名人交流的昂贵。而与比巴菲特更著名的大家近距离沟通,只需要去读“床头灯”。王若平 于北京人物关系表

Hester Prynne赫斯特·普林:本书女主人公

Arthur Dimmesdale阿瑟·迪梅斯戴尔:普林的情人,波士顿著名青年牧师

John Wilson约翰·威尔逊:波士顿最年长的牧师

Brackett布拉克特:监狱长

Roger Chillingworth罗杰·奇林沃思:普林的前夫

Pearl珍珠:普林与阿瑟的私生女

Bellingham贝林厄姆:新英格兰(北美)总督

Mistress Hibbins希宾斯夫人:总督的姐姐

Winthrop温思罗普:前总督故事梗概《红字》(1850)是美国十九世纪最有影响的浪漫主义小说家纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804—1864)第一部长篇小说,情节简明,内容深刻,矛盾突出,构思新颖,手法独到,语言生动,心理描写细致入微,使它成为“心理罗曼史”,美国浪漫主义小说和心理分析小说及象征主义小说的开山之作,也是150多年来,深受各国读者喜爱的根本原因。《红字》取材于1642~ 1649年在北美殖民地新英格兰发生的一个真实的恋爱故事。

赫斯特·普林是一个善良、聪明、美丽的英国姑娘,不幸嫁给一个畸形、丑陋、伪善的老年医生罗杰·奇林沃思,断送了青春。他们在移居北美途中,罗杰被印第安人掳走失踪,普林到波士顿过寡居生活。她与当地著名青年牧师,才华出众的阿瑟·迪梅斯戴尔先生相识、相爱。他们的私生女珍珠出世后,政教合一的当局把普林母女投入监牢,罚她胸前永远戴着红A字(英文通奸Adultery的缩写),强迫她胸戴A字,手抱幼女,在刑台上公开示众,受尽屈辱。阿瑟受命在“示众大会”上劝说普林供出“同犯”,她忍受内心的巨大痛苦,回答说:“我不愿意说!但愿我能忍受他的痛苦和我自己的痛苦!”她下定决心,为了保护阿瑟的名誉和地位,自己承担一切后果和苦难!博学、高雅、勤奋,内心备受煎熬的阿瑟在众人面前惊呼:“女人的心实在太坚强,太宽大!”他被自己敬爱的女子的伟大精神和坚强决心感动得五体投地!

罗杰也来到示众大会上,认出当众受辱的少妇就是自己的妻子。他以医生的身份,利用到狱中为普林母女治病的机会,威胁普林不准向任何人(包括她的情人)说出他俩的关系。他要查出勾引他妻子的“罪犯”,进行报复。

普林出狱后,以罪妇的身份,带着珍珠住在城外的一间小茅屋里;她的针钱活是全城之冠。总督和各界名流的礼服、手套都要请她加工。她尽心尽力,对各界人士,特别是那些不幸的穷苦大众,都热情、周到、高效地为他们服务,以自己有限的财力、物力,资助一些穷人的生活。七年过去了,她以自己顽强的意志、出色的工作、崇高的品德,使她胸前的红A字从一个耻辱的象征变成真善美的标志。她本来就是一个绝代佳人,她以自己多年艰苦卓绝的社会实践,使自己成为到处都受欢迎的人;赢得了众人的尊敬和爱戴。她的小珍珠也长成一个美貌非凡的小天使。

在此期间,罗杰查出,阿瑟就是自己的情敌;他千方百计接近阿瑟,同他交“朋友”,假意为他治病,不断地在精神和肉体上残忍地折磨他、打击他。阿瑟深受宗教思想毒害,没有勇气公开承认、大胆坚持对普林的纯真爱情,在无休止的自我谴责、斋戒、忏悔和罗杰的打击报复等多种邪恶势力的挤压下,他的精神和肉体都迅速走向衰亡。普林曾设法在密林中同他相会,共同谋划出逃计策,打算双双逃回欧洲,寻找新的幸福生活。不料,他们的美好计划也被罗杰破坏,阿瑟彻底绝望;在一次节日游行中,他请求普林把他扶上刑台,他们和珍珠同时在刑台上亮相,公开自己的“罪行”后,瘁死在刑台上,成为政教合一的腐朽、专制政权的牺牲品!CHAPTER 1THE PRISON DOOR

T H E FOUNDERS of a new colony, whatever Utopia virtue and happiness they might originally project,have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery,and another portion as the site of a prison. Certain it is that, some fifteen or twenty years after the settlement of the town, the wooden jail was already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age, which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front. The rust on the heavy metal parts of its oaken door looked more antique than anything else in the New World. Like all that pertains to crime,it seemed never to have known a youthful era. Before this ugly building, and between it and the wheel-track of the street, was a grassplot, much overgrown with weeds, which evidently found something friendly in the soil that had so early borne the black flower of civilized society, a prison. But, on one side of the doorway, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with flowers, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, a token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.

This rose bush, by a strange chance, has been kept alive in history; but whether it had merely survived out of the stern old wild, so long after the fall of the gigantic pines and oaks that originally grown over it we shall not take upon us to determine.

Finding it so directly on the threshold of our narrative, which is now about to issue from that gloomy entrance, we could hardly do otherwise than pluck one of its flowers,and present it to the reader.

It may serve, let us hope, to symbolize some sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow.

注释

beetle-browed眉头紧锁的;怒目而视的

pertain to有关;涉及;在基督教义中,人生下来就有罪,叫原罪。人一辈子必然受苦受罪,起因于原罪(original sin)。CHAPTER 2THE M ARKET PLACE

T HE GRASSPLO T before the jail, in Prison Lane, on a certain summer morning, not less than two centuries ago, was occupied by a pretty large number of the inhabitants of Boston; all with their eyes intently fastened on the iron-clamped oaken door. There was very much the same solemnity on the part of the spectators as befitted a people amongst whom religion and law were almost identical, and in whose character both were so thoroughly linked, that the mildest and the severest acts of public discipline were alike made respected and awful. A penalty which,in our days, would infer a degree of mocking disgrace and ridicule, might then be invested with almost as stern a dignity as the punishment of death itself.

It was a circumstance to be noted, on the summer morning when our story begins its course, that the women, of whom there were several in the crowd,appeared to take a peculiar interest in whatever strict infliction might be expected to ensue. Morally, as well as materially, there was a coarser fiber in those wives and young women of old English birth and breeding, than in their fair descendants, separated from them by a series of six or seven generations; for, throughout that chain of ancestry, every successive mother has transmitted to her child a fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty, and a slighter physical frame,if not a character of less force and solidity, than her own.

“Good wives,”said a hard-featured woman of fifty,“I’ll tell you a piece of my mind. It would be greatly for the public benefit,if we women, being of mature age and church-members in good reputation, should have the handling of such criminals as this Hester Prynne. What do you think, gossips? If the woman stood up for judgment before us five that are now here in a knot together, would she come off with such a sentence as the worshipful magistrates have awarded?Marry, I think not!”

“The magistrates are God-fearing gentlemen, but too merciful—that is a truth,”added another.“At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. Madam Hester would have shied away at that, I warrant me. But she—the naughty baggage—little will she care what they put upon the front of her gown!Why, look you, she may cover it with a pin, or such like silly adornment,and so walk the streets as brave as ever!”

“Ah, but,”added, more softly, a young wife, holding a child by the hand,“Let her cover the mark as she will, the pang of it will be always in her heart.”

“What do we talk of marks and brands, whether on the front of her gown, or the flesh of her forehead?”cried another female, the ugliest as well as the most pitiless of these self-constituted judges.

“This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die. Is there not law for it? Truly there is, both in the Scripture and the statute book. Then let the magistrates, who have made it of no effect, thank themselves if their own wives and daughters go off course!”

“Mercy on us, good wife,”exclaimed a man in the crowd,“is there no virtue in woman, save what springs from a wholesome fear of being hung?That is the hardest word yet! Hush, now, gossips! For the lock is turning in the prison-door, and here comes Mistress Prynne herself.”

The door of the jail being flung open from with-in, there appeared, in the first place, like a black shadow emerging into sunshine, the grim and horrible presence of the town officer, with a sword by his side, and his staff of office in his hand. Stretching forth the official staff in his left hand, he laid his right upon the shoulder of a young woman, whom he thus drew forward; until, on the threshold of the prison-door, she repelled him, by an action marked with natural dignity and force of character, and stepped into the open air, as if by her own free will. She bore in her arms a child, a baby of some three months old, who winked and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day, because its existence had brought it acquainted only with the grey twilight of a lamp, or other dark apartment of the prison.

When the young woman—the mother of this child—stood fully revealed before the crowd, it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom; not so much by an impulse of motherly affection, but as that she might thereby conceal a certain token, which was shaped or fastened into her dress. In a moment, however, wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby on her arm, and, with a burning blush, and yet a proud smile, and a glance that would not be embarrassed, looked around at her town’s people and neighbors. On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread,appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done,and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the clothes which she wore; and which was of a fashion in accordance with the taste of the age,but greatly beyond what was allowed by the strict regulations of the colony.

The young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale.She had dark and abundant hair,so shiny that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, had the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes. She was ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine manners of those days; characterized by a certain state and dignity, rather than by the delicate, brief, and indescribable grace, which is now recognized as its indication. And never had Hester Prynne appeared more ladylike, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison. Those who had before known her, and had expected to see her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished,and even startled, to perceive how her beauty shone out, and made a radiance of the misfortune and shame in which she was enveloped. It may be true, that, to a sensitive observer, there was something exquisitely painful in it. Her clothing, which, indeed, she had made for the occasion, in prison, and had modeled much after her own fancy,seemed to express the attitude of her spirit, the desperate recklessness of her mood, by its wild and picturesque peculiarity. But the point which drew all eyes,and,as it were,changed the wearer—so that both men and women, who had been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne, were now impressed as if they saw her for the first time—was that SCAR LET LET TER, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom.

It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and enclosing her in a sphere by herself.

The grim officer now made a gesture with his staff,and a lane was then opened through the crowd of spectators.

Preceded by the officer, and attended by an irregular procession of stern-browed men and unkindlyfaced women, Hester Prynne set forth towards the place appointed for her punishment. A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys,understanding little of the matter in hand,except that it gave them a half-holiday, ran before her progress, turning their heads continually to stare into her face, and at the winking baby in her arms,and at the shameful letter on her breast.It was no great distance,in those days, from the prison door to the market place. Measured by the prisoner’s experience, however,it might be reckoned a journey of some length; for, proud as her appearance was, she perhaps underwent an agony from every footstep of those that thronged to see her, as if her heart had been flung into the street for them all to reject and trample upon. In our nature, however, there is a provision alike marvelous and merciful, that the sufferer should never know the intensity of what he endures by its present torture, but chiefly by the pang that follows after it. With almost a serene calmness, therefore, Hester Prynne passed through this portion of her ordeal, and came to a sort of platform, at the western extremity of the market place. It stood nearly beneath the roof of Boston’s earliest church, and appeared to be a fixture there.

Had there been a Catholic among the crowd, he might have seen in this beautiful woman, so picturesque in her clothing and manner,and with the infant at her bosom,an object to remind him of the image of Divine Maternity, which so many great painters have struggled with one another to represent; something which should remind him, indeed, but only by contrast, of that sacred image of sinless love, whose infant was to redeem the world. Here, there was the mark of deepest sin in the most sacred quality of human life, working such effect, that the world was only the darker for this woman’s beauty, and the more lost for the infant that she had borne.

The unhappy culprit sustained herself as best a woman might, under the heavy weight of a thousand unrelenting eyes, all fastened upon her and concentrated at her bosom. It was almost intolerable to be borne. Of an impulsive and passionate nature, she had fortified herself to encounter the stings and deadly stabs of public view,inflicting itself in every varie-ty of insult; but there was a quality so much more terrible in the solemn mood of the popular mind, that she longed rather to see all those rigid faces twisted with scornful merriment, and herself the object. Had a roar of laughter burst from the multitude—each man, each woman,each little high-voiced child, contributing their individual parts—Hester Prynne might have repaid them all with a bitter and disdainful smile. But, under the heavy infliction which it was her doom to endure, she felt, at moments, as if she must shriek out with the full power of her lungs, and cast herself from the platform down upon the ground, or else go mad at once.

Yet there were intervals when the whole scene, in which she was the most conspicuous object, seemed to vanish from her eyes,or at least,shone indistinctly before them, like a mass of imperfectly shaped and spectral images. Reminiscences,the most trifling and immaterial, passages of infancy and school-days, sports, childish quarrels, and the little domestic traits of her maiden years, came swarming back upon her, mixed with recollections of whatever was gravest in her subsequent life; one picture precisely as vivid as another;as if all were of similar im-portance, or all alike a play. Possibly, it was an instinctive device of her spirit to relieve itself, by the exhibition of these imaginary forms, from the cruel weight and hardness of the reality.

Be that as it might, the platform was a point of view that revealed to Hester Prynne the entire track along which she had been treading since her happy infancy. Standing on that miserable eminence, she saw her native village, in old England, and her home; a decayed house of grey stone with a poverty-stricken aspect, but retaining a half-destroyed shield of arms over the door,in token of antique manners. She saw her father’s face, with its bald brow, and reverend white beard, that flowed over the old fashioned collar; her mother’s, too, with the look of watchful and anxious love which it always wore in her remembrance, and which,even since her death, had so often laid the impediment of a gentle protest in her daughter’s path. She saw her own face, glowing with girlish beauty, and illuminating all the interior of the dusky mirror in which she had been known to gaze at it. There she saw another face,of a man well stricken in years, a pale, thin, scholar-like appearance, with eyes dim and blurry by the lamplight that had served them to pore over many boring books.

Yet those same eyes had a strange, penetrating power, when it was their owner’s purpose to read the human soul. This figure was slightly deformed, with the left shoulder a trifle higher than the right. Next rose before her, in memory’s picture-gallery, the intricate and narrow streets, the tall grey houses, the huge cathedrals, and the public square, ancient in date and quaint in architecture, of a Continental city; where a new life had awaited her, still in connection with the deformed scholar;a new life, but feeding itself on time-worn materials, like a piece of green moss on a crumbling wall. Lastly, came back the rude market place of the settlement, with all the assembled leveling their stern regards at Hester Prynne—yes, at herself—who stood on the platform, an infant on her arm, and the letter A, in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon her bosom!

Could it be true?She clutched the child so fiercely to her breast that it sent forth a cry;she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter,and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real. Yes!—these were her re-alities—all else had vanished!

注释

Hester Prynne['hestə-prin]n.旧译海丝特·白兰,规范译名应是赫斯特·普林,本书女主人公。

marry['mæri]int.此处作感叹词:真的!真是!千真万确!

thank oneself for(if)如果…真是活该,自作自受,咎由自取。此成语另一种形式是:have only oneself to thank for自作自受,只怪自己。

mercy on us有天哪!啊呀!我的天哪!哎呀,我的天!苍天在上!等多种译法。此处的mercy作惊叹词或叫感叹词,表示惊愕、惊怒、烦恼等情感。

good wife可敬的太太;好太太;善良的太太。此处的good有讽刺含义。这位男士对前一位女士的话表示不满。

town officer狱吏;北美殖民地时期,称乡镇的监狱为townhouse,因此称狱吏为town officer。

gown[ցaun]n.长外衣,长外套,罩袍,大学礼服

recklessness['reklisnis]n.不顾一切的个性

culprit['kʌlprit]n.犯人,罪人,罪犯

infliction[in'fliktʃən]n.加刑,处以刑罚

poverty-stricken贫穷的,贫困的,为贫穷所苦的

shield of arms另一写法是:coat of arms,盾形纹章(又译盾形家

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