作者：圣才电子书
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北京交通大学语言与传播学院855基础英语历年考研真题及详解试读：
2003年北京交通大学855基础英语考研真题及详解
Part One: Vocabulary, Structure and Reading Comprehension
Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Structure: Choose the correct or most suitable answer for each of the following statements. (20%)
A. In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.
1. In the late 1800’s Ellen Richard began work in the new field of “sanitary science” which was concerned with waste removal, water purification and _____.
A. to ventilate adequately
B. adequate ventilation
C. adequate ventilate
D. ventilation adequately【答案】B【解析】句意：19世纪末，艾伦·理查德开始投身新的领域“卫生科学”，这种科学包括废物处理、净水和充分通风。根据waste removal和water purification可知，此处应填写结构相同的“形容词＋名词”短语。因此答案选B。
2. The topology of Mars is more _____ than that of any other planet.
A. like that of the Earth
B. the Earth’s like that of
C. like the Earth of that
D. that of the Earth’s like【答案】A【解析】句意：火星的拓扑结构更像是地球的拓扑结构，而不是其他行星的拓扑结构。根据后文than可知，此处构成比较级more like A than B“与B相比更像A”的结构。根据后文“that of any other planet”可知，此处应填写与此结构类似的短语，即“that of the Earth”。that此处为代词，指代前文的topology。因此答案选A。
3. _____ about individuals who really existed and things that actually happened.
A. Folktales which sometimes tell stones
B. The stories of folktales sometimes telling
C. Stories sometimes told are when folktales
D. Folktales sometimes tell stories【答案】D【解析】句意：民间故事有时会讲述真正存在的人的故事和实际发生的事情。根据后文可知，后文的句法成分为定语从句，作宾语的定语成分，全句中缺少的句子成分为主干成分，即“主谓宾”，此处应选择为主谓宾结构的短语。因此答案选D。
4. Not until 1979 _____ its policy of reform and opening to the outside world.
A. China has started
B. when China started
C. did China start
D. started China【答案】C【解析】句意：直到1979年中国才开始改革开放政策。当Not until位于句首时，句子要倒装，其结构为：Not until＋从句/表时间的词＋助动词＋（主句）主语＋谓语。如：Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。因此答案选C。
5. —“Then about Tolstoy’s great novels.”
—“Who _____ has read his great novels can forget their fascination?”
A. who
B. that
C. which
D. whoever【答案】B【解析】句意：“接下来谈谈托尔斯泰的小说吧。”“哪个读过他伟大的小说的人会忘记他们的魅力？”分析后半句的句子成分，代词who为主语，forget为谓语，fascination为宾语，中间部分为定语从句修饰主语“人”，先行词为who或that，为避免重复，此处先行词只能用that。因此答案选B。
6. —“I did not go to the party.”
—“Did _____ go to the party?”
A. many John’s friends
B. many John’s friends
C. my sister boy friend
D. a boy friend of my sister’s【答案】D【解析】句意：“我没有去派对。”“那我姐姐的男性朋友有去的吗？”如果想表达“约翰的很多朋友”，应该用many of John’s friends，因此A、B错误。同样的结构，表示从属关系“我姐姐的男性朋友”，应该用my sister’s boy friend或a boy friend of my sister’s。因此答案选D。
7. —“John had the piano tuned today.”
—“Was it _____?”
A. out of tune badly before
B. before badly out of tune
C. badly out of tune before
D. out of tune before badly【答案】A【解析】句意：“约翰今天把钢琴调好了。”“它以前严重走调了吗？”before意为“之前”，badly意为“严重”，副词作状语修饰动词，应紧跟在动词后，时间状语放在句子成分后边根据。因此答案选A。
8. During the late 1850’s the question of the best route for the overland mail to California was _____ in the West.
A. interest of a serious topic
B. a serious interest of topic
C. a topic of serious interest
D. serious interest of a topic【答案】C【解析】句意：在20世纪50年代末期，向加利福尼亚州发送陆上邮件的最佳路线问题是西方最感兴趣的话题。根据句意可知，人们谈论的是“话题”而不是“兴趣”，此处的中心词为topic，serious interest为强调topic内容的成分，因此答案选C。
9. Carbohydrates are the most abundant and _____ food sources of energy.
A. least cost
B. least costly
C. less cost
D. fewer costs【答案】B【解析】句意：从能量上讲，碳水化合物是最丰富和最便宜的食物来源。costly是名词cost派生出来的形容词，意为“昂贵的”，与前文的most对应，此处应填写最高级least。因此答案选B。
B. In each item, choose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substitute for the underlined word.
10. The diffusion of wealth made it possible for those poor people to enjoy the same kind of service.
A. spring
B. spread
C. spray
D. sprawl【答案】B【解析】句意：财富的扩散使这些穷人有可能享受同样的服务。spring跳跃。spray喷射。spread和sprawl有相似的义项“蔓延”，但spread意为“传播；散步”，sprawl意为“杂乱无章地拓展”。因此答案选B。
11. A few gentleman farmers with plenty of money can still escape to the bucolic life—but in general, the stream of migration is flowing the other way.
A. pastoral
B. pastime
C. pasture
D. pasty【答案】A【解析】句意：只有少数殷实的绅士仍然可以避居乡间过着田园生活。bucolic意为牧歌般的。pastoral牧歌。pastime消遣；娱乐。pasture牧草。pasty肉馅饼；苍白的。因此答案选A。
12. Both gas and oil can be found in the minute pores of rocks such as limestone and sandstone.
A. outcome
B. output
C. outlet
D. outfit【答案】C【解析】句意：天然气和石油都可以在石灰岩和砂岩等岩石的微小孔隙中找到。pore孔隙；气孔。outcome结果。output输出。outlet出口。outfit装备。因此答案选C。
13. Critics have traced the genesis of Mark Twain’s central themes to his boyhood experiences.
A. meaning
B. structure
C. origin
D. optimism【答案】C【解析】句意：批评家们把马克·吐温的中心主题的起源追溯到他童年时代的经历。genesis起源；创始。meaning意义。structure结构。origin起源。optimism乐观。因此答案选C。
14. To conceal itself, an octopus sensing danger will squirt a black fluid through an opening under its head.
A. strain
B. swallow
C. soak up
D. spurt out【答案】D【解析】句意：为了隐藏自身，当章鱼感知到危险时将通过其头部下方的开口喷射黑色液体。squirt喷射。strain拉紧。swallow吞下。soak up吸收。spurt out喷。因此答案选D。
15. Swifts build nests made of twigs that they cement together with their saliva.
A. press
B. push
C. stick
D. gather【答案】C【解析】句意：雨燕用它们的唾液粘合树枝做巢。cement粘牢。press挤压。push推。stick粘住。gather聚集。因此答案选C。
16. Fine freshwater pearls are found in the main stream and the tributaries of the Mississippi River.
A. banks
B. deltas
C. branches
D. currents【答案】C【解析】句意：密西西比河干流和支流发现了质量上乘的淡水珍珠。tributary支流。bank河岸。delta三角。branch分支。current洋流。因此答案选C。
17. In humans the skin is renewed continually and imperceptibly.
A. incredibly
B. rapidly
C. completely
D. unnoticeably【答案】D【解析】句意：人类皮肤是不断地、不知不觉地更新的。imperceptibly不知不觉地。incredibly难以置信地。rapidly迅速地。completely完全地。unnoticeably不知不觉。因此答案选D。
18. Penguins do not suffer from the cold in Antarctica because their feathers secrete a protective oil.
A. hide
B. warm
C. produce
D. absorb【答案】C【解析】句意：企鹅在南极洲不感冒，因为它们的羽毛分泌保护油。secrete分泌。hide隐藏。warm加热。produce产生。absorb吸收。因此答案选C。
19. Chemists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee have developed a process for recovering silver from liquid photographic wastes.
A. identifying
B. refinishing
C. dissolving
D. retrieving【答案】D【解析】句意：田纳西橡树岭国家实验室的化学家们发明了一种从液态照相废料中回收银的方法。recover恢复；回收。identify认出。refinish修补。dissolve溶解。retrieve恢复。因此答案选D。
20. Many painters and writers live in the artist’s havens of Taos and Santa Fe, cities that are rich in New Mexico’s ethnic heritage.
A. tradition
B. inspiration
C. variety
D. wealth【答案】A【解析】句意：许多画家和作家生活在艺术家的天堂陶斯和圣达菲，因为这两个城市的新墨西哥民族文化遗产很丰富。heritage遗产。tradition传统。inspiration感。variety多样。wealth财富。因此答案选A。
Ⅱ. Read the following three passages and answer the questions after each passage. (25%)Passage 1
All men are snobs about something. One is most tempted to add: There is nothing about which no men can feel snobbish. But this would doubtlessly be an exaggeration. There are certain disfiguring and mortal diseases about which there has probably never been any snobbery. I cannot imagine, for example, there are any leprosy-snobs. More picturesque diseases, even when they are dangerous, particularly when they are adolescent consumption-snobs, who thought it would be romantic to fade away in the flower of youth, like John Keats or Marie Bashkirtseff. Alas, the final stage of consumptive fading are generally a good deal less romantic than these ingenuous young tubercle-snobs seem to imagine. To anyone who has actually witnessed these final stages, the complacent poeticizings of these adolescents must seem as exasperating as they are profoundly pathetic. In the case of those commoner disease-snobs, whose claim to distinction is that they suffer from one of the maladies of the rich, exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy. People who possess sufficient leisure, sufficient wealth, not to mention sufficient health, to go travelling from spa to spa, from doctor to fashionable doctor, in search of cures from problematical diseases (which, in so far as they exist at all, probably have their source in overeating) cannot expect us to be very lavish in our solicitude and pity.
Disease-snobbery is only one out of a great multitude of snobberies, of which now some, now others take pride of place in general esteem. For snobs ebb and flow; their empire rises, declines, and falls in the most approved historical manner. What good snobberies a hundred years ago are now out of fashion. Thus the snobberies of family is everywhere on the decline. The snobbery of culture, still strong, has now to wrestle with an organized and active low-browism, with a snobbery of ignorance and stupidity unique, so far as I know, in the whole of history.
Modernity-snobbery, though not exclusive to our age, has come to assume an invaluable importance. The reasons for this are simple and of a strictly economic character. Thanks to modem machinery, production is outrunning consumption. Organized waste among consumers is the first condition: our industrial prosperity. The sooner the customer throws away the object he has brought and buys another, the better for the producer. At the same time, the producer must do his bit by producing nothing but the most perishable articles. “The man who builds a skyscraper to last more than forty' years is a traitor to the building trade.” The words are those of a great American contractor. Substitute motor-car, boot, suit of clothes, etc., for skyscraper, and one year, three months, six months, and so on for forty years, and you have the gospel of any leader of any modem industry. The modernity-snob, it is obvious, is this industrialist’s best friend. For modernity-snobs naturally tend to throw away their old possessions and buy-new ones at a great rate than those who are not modernity-snobs. Therefore it is in the producer’s interest to encourage modernity-snobbery. “Which in fact he does do—on an enormous scale and to the tune of millions and millions a year—by means of advertising. The newspapers do their best to help those who help them; and to the flood of advertisement is added a flood of less directly paid-for propaganda in favor of modernity-modernity. The public is taught that up-to-dateness is one of the first duties of man. Docile, it accepts the reiterated suggestion. We are all modernity-snobs now.
Questions 1-10:
1. In paragraph 1, which of the following is untrue?
A. The author believes that man can be snobbish about everything.
B. Some young tuberculosis-snobs consider it attractive to die in the flower of age.
C. Both John Keats and Marie Bashkirtseff died young.
D. Disease-snobs are very much fond of the diseases of the rich.
2. Matter-of-factly, at the final stages of tuberculosis, the patient is _____.
A. happy and gay
B. feeling romantic
C. weakening and dying
D. none of the above
3. People are generally _____ these commoner disease-snobs.
A. sympathetic for
B. touched by
C. interested in
D. annoyed by
4. In paragraph 1, the “problemical diseases” refer to those that _____.
A. are just imaginary
B. really exist
C. should be questioned
D. have problems
5. In paragraph 2 according to the author, snobberies _____.
A. change with the time
B. flourish now and decline then
C. come and go
D. all of the above
6. When the author talks about “low-browism”, which of the following is true?
A. He admires it.
B. He suggests a note of contempt.
C. He finds it funny.
D. All of the above.
7. Which of the following is untrue according paragraph 3?
A. Modernity-snobbery is more popular today than ever before.
B. The producers are pursuing high quality of their products today.
C. Modernity-snobs chase the up-to-dateness rather the quality of products.
D. Advertisements promote modernity-snobbery.
8. Who welcome the modernity-snobs most?
A. The producers.
B. The industrialists.
C. The advertisers.
D. All of the above.
9. According to the author, we are all modernity-snobs as a result of _____.
A. the influence of the advertisements
B. the public education
C. the development of economy
D. the quality of modem products
10. Li this passage the general tone of the author’s is _____.
A. friendly
B. praising
C. sarcastic
D. sympathetic【答案与解析】
1. A 根据第一段第二、三句“One is most tempted to add: There is nothing about which no men can feel snobbish. But this would doubtlessly be an exaggeration.”可知，作者认为世界上一切都能成为被势力的对象的观点是夸张的，因此A选项错误。根据第一段第六句“…it would be romantic to fade away in the flower of youth, like John Keats or Marie Bashkirtseff.”可知，一些人认为像济慈和玛丽巴什基尔采夫都在盛年去世是件很浪漫的事，因此B、C正确。根据第一段第九句“In the case of those commoner disease-snobs, whose claim to distinction is that they suffer from one of the maladies of the rich, exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy.”可知，得上“富贵病”也能成为骄傲的资本，因此D正确。综上，因此答案选A。
2. C 根据第一段第七、八句“Alas, the final stage of consumptive fading are generally a good deal less romantic than these ingenuous young tubercle-snobs seem to imagine. To anyone who has actually witnessed these final stages, the complacent poeticizings of these adolescents must seem as exasperating as they are profoundly pathetic.”可知，结核病晚期并不是像一些青年人想象的那么浪漫。因此答案选C。
3. D 根据第一段倒数第二句“In the case of those commoner disease-snobs, whose claim to distinction is that they suffer from one of the maladies of the rich, exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy.”可知，面对这种疾病势力的人，愤怒比同情要多。因此答案选D。
4. A 根据第一段最后一句“…in search of cures from problematical diseases (which, in so far as they exist at all, probably have their source in overeating) cannot expect us to be very lavish in our solicitude and pity.”可知，一些人想象自己有疾病，采用各种方式治病，这种病就算是有也可能知识因为吃太多。因此答案选A。
5. D 根据第二段第二句“For snobs ebb and flow; their empire rises, declines, and falls in the most approved historical manner.”可知，疾病势利是众多势利中的一种。在这众多的势利中，此时是这种疾病，而过了一些时间却又是另一种疾病赢得人们的仰慕。由于各种势利的消长，他们各自的帝国也以最为公认的历史性方式兴起、衰落、消亡。因此答案选D。
6. B 根据第二段最后一句“The snobbery of culture, still strong, has now to wrestle with an organized and active low-browism, with a snobbery of ignorance and stupidity unique, so far as I know, in the whole of history.”可知，在整个历史上，文化的势力仍然很强，现在已经组织起来，积极地进行低层次和愚蠢的独特斗争。作者对此是持蔑视态度的。因此答案选B。
7. B 根据第三段第七句“The man who builds a skyscraper to last more than forty' years is a traitor to the building trade.”可知，建造一座寿命超过40年的大楼的人，就是建筑业的叛徒，消费者弃旧购新的速度越快，对商人们越有利，商人们为了加快这一进程，故意生产质量低下的产品。因此答案选B。
8. D 根据第三段第十句“The modernity-snob, it is obvious, is this industrialist’s best friend.”第十二句“Therefore it is in the producer’s interest to encourage modernity-snobbery.”第十四句“The newspapers do their best to help those who help them; and to the flood of advertisement is added a flood of less directly paid-for propaganda in favor of modernity-modernity.”可知，弃旧购新对生厂商、广告商、经销商都有利。因此答案选D。
9. A 根据第三段最后两句“The public is taught that up-to-dateness is one of the first duties of man. Docile, it accepts the reiterated suggestion. We are all modernity-snobs now.”可知，在广告的影响下，我们都被教导要跟上时代步伐，因此都成为了势力者。因此答案选A。
10. C 全文分析题。作者在文中表达了对“疾病势力者”的蔑视，以及描述现在所有人沦为“势力者”的现状可以分析出，作者对这一现象是讽刺的。因此答案选C。Passage 2
Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North American were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages. During the first half of the eighteen century, however, houses began to show a new elegance. As wealth increased, more and more colonist built fine houses.
Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who were engaged in translating architectural handbooks imported from England. Inventories of libraries shows an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses built during the eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless, most household architecture of the first-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.
Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and areas nearby was stone widely used in buildings. An increased use of brick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, even in closely packed Charleston, wooden houses were much common than brick houses.
Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors. Windows were made larger and shutters removed. Large, clear panes replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood. White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens, and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.
Questions 11-17:
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.
B. A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modem houses.
C. The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses.
D. The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.
12. What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century North America?
A. More architects arrived in the colonies.
B. The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.
C. Bricks were more readily available.
D. The colonists had more money to spend on housing.
13. According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century North America?
A. Professional architects.
B. Customers.
C. Interior decorators.
D. Carpenters.
14. The word “divergence” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “_____”.
A. description
B. development
C. difference
D. display
15. Where was stone commonly used to build houses?
A. Virginia.
B. Pennsylvania.
C. Boston.
D. Charleston.
16. The word “predecessors” in Paragraph 4 refers to _____.
A. colonists who arrived in North America in the seventeenth century
B. houses constructed before the eighteenth century
C. interior improvements
D. wooden houses in Charleston
17. The author mentions elaborately paneled walls in Paragraph 4 as an example of _____.
A. how the interior design of colonial houses was improved
B. why walls were made of wood or plaster
C. how walls were made stronger in the eighteenth century
D. what kind of wood was used for walls after 1730【答案与解析】
11. A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述的是18世纪殖民地房屋建设的变化情况。因此答案选A。
12. D 根据第一段最后一句“As wealth increased, more and more colonist built fine houses.”可知，殖民者的财富越来越多，建的房子就越来越好。因此答案选D。
13. D 根据第二段第一句“Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who were engaged in translating architectural handbooks imported from England.”可知，业余设计师和木匠都可以对建筑风格产生影响。因此答案选D。
14. C 根据第二段最后一句“Nevertheless, most household architecture of the first-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.”可知，十八世纪第一季度的大多数家庭建筑都显示出广泛的差异。因此答案选C。
15. B 根据第三段第三句“A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and areas nearby was stone widely used in buildings.”可知，宾夕法尼亚州大量用石头建房。因此答案选B。
16. B 根据第四段第一句“Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors.”可知，十八世纪的房子比之前的房子有了很大的内部改善。因此答案选B。
17. A 根据第四段第一句“Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors.”可知，段首为中心句“十八世纪的房子比之前的房子有了很大的内部改善”。下文对墙的举例也是为了说明房子内部的改善情况，因此答案选A。Passage 3
In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) argues that it was not their combined 900kg (2,000IbS) bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever.
This is the “fatlash” movement that causes America’s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies, Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Michael Fumento, author of The Fat of the Land, an anti-fatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser’s logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI: “Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and.., the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket.”
Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pressure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30%-50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim.
The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people bum off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calories―or a spoonful of mayonnaise―a day.
An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush’s Eat More, Weight Less and Date Atrens’s Don’t Diet, is that
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