作者：宋先道
出版社：湖北科学技术出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
中国市场与文化试读：
前言
从2002年开始，武汉理工大学整班招收了外国MBA学生，并开设了“中国企业与文化”的课程，作者承担了该课程的教学并编写了这本“中国市场与文化”，经过10多次教学使用、修改和完善，完成了这本书稿。
本书编写的目的，是向进入中国学习的外国留学生，来中国进行商务活动的商人，来华的金融投资者和一切希望了解中国的外国友人，提供一本全面了解中国的比较方便和适用的工具书。
在本书中，简要地介绍了中国市场和文化的基本因素和特征。包括：中国的政治、经济与社会，中国的行政区划和中国历史的一般概述，中国的人口和民族，中国人的生活及国际化的影响，中国的商务宴会，中国人的面子文化及数字文化，中国人的身体语言及交际技巧，中国外资企业的发展状况及外商投资政策，在中国的商务谈判过程及技巧，中国人的宗教信仰及宗教对当今中国人生活的影响，中国的武术，中国的经典文化与艺术等，特别研究了中外文化的差异性，及中国人在生活习惯方面的禁忌。了解和掌握了这些信息，这将对于那些到中国进行学习，从事商务活动和旅游的外国朋友提供非常有用的帮助。
遵照尊重历史、源于生活、兼容并蓄和发展创新的原则编写本书。本书的资料部分来源于作者的科研成果，如中国的数字文化和中国外资企业的发展状况等；另外部分借鉴和参考了一些网站的资料。
这本书能够出版发行，除了作者的科研团队和作者团队成员的精心合作的共同努力外，要特别感谢武汉理工大学副校长严新平博士，校国际合作处处长曾庆年处长，校研究生处张开鹏处长等，由于他们的帮助，这本书才能问世。还要感谢我的英国导师 Phil Harris 博士，他自1996年以来亲自指导作者进行中国市场和文化方面的研究工作，并且花费了近半年的时间审阅书稿。英国的 Mark J Crowley博士提供了较大的帮助，湖北科学技术出版社的高诚毅博士，对本书的编审做了大量的工作，为本书付出了辛勤的劳动。
中国市场十分广阔，中国历史源远流长，中国文化博大精深，她的丰富地精华不是这本小书完全可以容载的，并且，作者的水平所限，不当与错误之处在所难免，还请读者、专家指正，以便日后再次出版时更正。对此，作者诚挚地感谢。作者2011年1月10日Chapter 1The General Situation in ChinaThe Origins and Characteristics of Chinese CultureThe Roots of Chinese CultureCharacteristics of Chinese CultureThe General Political SituationFormal NameNational FlagNational EmblemNational AnthemAdministrative DivisionsMilitaryPolitical PartiesPopulation of ChinaPopulation DensityPopulation EthnicityPopulation DistributionTown' s Population and Rural Population of ChinaWorld Population and China PopulationThe General Situation of GeographyGeographyLand SizeLocationBorder CountriesThe Holiday in ChinaThe National Holiday in ChinaOther National HolidaysRivers and LakesRiversLakesOther Information about ChinaNational AnimalNational FlowerNational BirdNational TreeReligionsLanguagesEconomyFamous Chinese SayingsLearning ObjectivesAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to：1.Describe the information about China' s politics.2.Explain the information about China' s geography.3.Know the information about China' s population.4.Identify the main rivers and lakes in China.5.Know the religions in China.6.Discuss other information about China.1.1The Root and Characteristics of Chinese Culture· The Root of Chinese Culture
Chinese culture originated along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and it has a long history that more than 5000 years.Over the past several centuries, Chinese culture experienced various trails caused by alien invasions and civil wars, but it has never once been suspended in development.
Today, so many scholars in the world have reached a consensus about the basic features of Chinese culture that are extensive and profound, tracing back its origin to very ancient times, and having a puissant vitality.The mainstream opinions about the development of history are based on philosophy of China.The classical philosophy of China in Chinese culture was born in these times that people cannot write.
Chinese Philosophy has a history of several thousand years.The whole society pays great attention to the root of Chinese culture, and people in it used the philosophy in their professions and scholarly research.The process of Chinese culture is the process of development of Chinese classical philosophy, the classical philosophy of China affects the development of politics, economics, military, education, law and other aspects.Chinese classical philosophy especially influences the Chinese medical theories.So the Chinese classical philosophy is the root of Chinese culture.· Characteristics of Chinese Culture
Throughout human history, the different regions and countries in the world have created their own national culture.There are four culture systems:the Chinese cultural system, the India cultural system, the Arab cultural system, and the Western cultural system.The characteristics of Chinese culture includes the following points：
(1)Take the moral self-cultivation as the foundation of our country
The purpose of establishing traditional morality is to adapt to the National integration needs in Chinese culture.Its remarkable performance includes:the ancient rulers take morality as an important means of political rule, that is the rule of virtue.The formation of traditional morality has a long and complex process of accumulation, which has a profound impact on the national spirit.
(2)Take the doctrine as the attitude of life
Zhong means moderate, Yong means use.The doctrine means that the understanding for the standard of things has to be moderate.It focuses on the internal harmony and balance in the process of development.The doctrine of the mean includes three main principles:first, Self-cultivation; Second, tolerance;Third, sincerity.
(3)Take farming and reading as core of our country
It can be said that the Yellow River, Yangtze River is our“mother”, she has the favorable conditions that the birth and development of agriculture and civilization.Chinese culture is rooted in farming economy solid soil.In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has formed the consensus that the“countries dependent on agriculture, and so dying can sfieebea developev CiunFry”.
(4)Take Jing school as the root of study
Chinese culture set up its own theoretical system that take mankind as the core of the system.Emphasis on people-based, Heaven, Earth, Mankind are Equal, and Mankind is the center of the universe.
(5)Take justice and benefit as the values of the community
Confucius said that“Leith see justice”which requires us to see Leith justice when we want to get benefits from others.Gentlemen love money, but they can get it in an honorable way.
(6)Take openness as the way of thinking
Different cultural background and practices can create different thinking.The Chinese culture takes the overall thinking as features.The processes of Chinese people thinking include:observation, experience, feelings, and an attempt to figure out the answer.1.2The General Situation of Politics·Formal Name
The People' s Republic of China(PRC/PR of China), conventional short form：China, abbreviation:PRC.Capital:Beijing.China, one of the countries that can boast of an ancient civilization, has a long and mysterious history-almost 5,000 years! The People' s Republic of China was founded on October 1,1949.Since 1978, China is implementing reform and opening-up policies, and has established socialist market economy, thereby charting the course for socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.· National Flag
Red flag with five stars, the stars take on the yellow color.The five-star red flag-The national flag of The People' s Republic of China (Beijing:Morning Glory Publishers, 1997), gives this interpretation of its symbolism:The national flag of the People' s Republic of China is the five-star red flag.The red color of the flag is the symbol of the revolution, signifying that the political power of the People' s Republic of China is achieved through bloodshed and lives laid down by countless revolutionary martyrs who marched forward wave upon wave in the heroic struggles for the revolution.In the upper-left corner of the flag there are five-pointed yellow stars, of which the big one represents the Communist Party of China and the four small ones the people of all ethnic groups of the country.One point of the big star points right up the flag and of the four small ones each has a point pointing towards the centre of the big star.This shows that the Chinese Communist Party is the force at the core of the leadership of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups who unite closely as one round the Party.With the color of the stars in yellow this means the great cause of socialism has a bright future.With the flag-staff painted white, that is to suggest flawless purity and loftiness.National Flag of PR of China· National Emblem
The national emblem of the People' s Republic of China is Tiananmen in the centre illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.The ears of grain, stars, Tiananmen and cogwheel are painted golden, and the inner part of the circle and hanging ribbons are painted red because these two colors are traditional Chinese colors representing auspiciousness and happiness.National Emblem of PR of China
Tiananmen symbolizes the unyielding national spirit of the Chinese people in their fight against imperialism and feudalism; the ears of grain and cogwheel represent the working class and the peasantry; and the five stars stand for the great unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC.· National Anthem
March of the Volunteers, written in 1935, with lyrics by the poet Tian Han and music by the composer Nie Er, honoring those who went to the front to fight the Japanese invaders in northeast China in the 1930s.Decided upon as the provisional national anthem of the new China on September 27,1949, at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People' s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC), the song was officially adopted as the national anthem of the PRC on December 4,1982, by the National People' s Congress(NPC).· Administrative Divisions
The People' s Republic of China has 23 provinces;5 autonomous regions containing concentrations of several ethnic minorities;4 centrally-administered municipalities that are Chinese largest cities; and 2 special administrative regions (SAR).
23 provinces:Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, He' nan, Hubei, Hu' nan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang；
Five autonomous regions are Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Tibet；
Four municipalities directly under the Central Government, are Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai and Tianjin；
And two special administrative regions are Hong Kong and Macao.
(1)Municipalities are directly under the administration of central government.A municipality has the same political, economical and jurisdictional rights as a province；
(2)Special Administrative Regions(SAR)was established specially designed for solving Hong Kong and Macao issues and based on the concept of“one country, two systems”, SAR is in a pattern within which two completely different social systems(socialist system and capitalist system)and ideologies can coexist, SAR has more autonomous power regulated clearly by laws, including executive, legislative and independent judicial power.· Military
The People' s Liberation Army(PLA)includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Second Artillery Force.
People' s Liberation Army Flag:PLA(pinyin:Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàng Jūn) is the unified military organization of all land, sea, and air forces of the People' s Republic of China.The PLA was established on August 1,1927—celebrated annually as“PLA Day”—as the military arm of the Communist Party of China. The People' s Liberation Army' s insignia consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the Chinese characters for“Eight One”referring to August 1(Chinese：八一；pinyin:bāyī), the date of the 1927 Nanchang Uprising.· Political Parties
The Communist Party of China(CPC)is the country' s sole political party in power.
Founded in July 1921, the CPC today has more than 70 million members and over 3.5 million basic organizations.
In accordance with the Constitution of the People' s Republic of China, its people have freedom to organize parties, associations, societies and organizations. But in China, the term“democratic parties”refers only to the eight other parties apart from the Communist Party.
Besides the CPC, there are eight(you have mentioned 9 here)political parties.
Chinese Communist Party; China Democratic League; China Democratic National Construction Association; China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang; China Zhi Gong Dang; China Association for Promoting Democracy;Jiu San Society; Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League; China Peasants‘and Workers' Democratic Party.
Based on official explanation, China' s democratic parties are neither parties out of office, nor opposition parties.Rather, with CPC they share a policy of“longterm coexistence, mutual supervision, reciprocal sincerity in all dealings and sharing weal and woe”.
The non-Communist parties responded to the call put forward by the CPC to hold the Chinese People' s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and participated in the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC in September 1949 with the CPC and other democratic personages, at which the Common Program was adopted as the provisional constitution, and the Central People' s Government was elected and founded, hence the founding of the People' s Republic of China.Since then, all the non-Communist parties have earnestly participated in the consultations and decisions concerning important issues in the state' s political life;and many representatives of the non-Communist parties have been elected deputies to the people' s congresses and members of the committees of the CPPCC at various levels.Many members of the non-Communist parties hold leading posts on the standing committees of the people' s congresses, the committees of the CPPCC, government organs, and the economic, cultural, educational, scientific and technological departments at various levels.
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