作者：圣才电子书
出版社：圣才电子书
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
2019年GMAT高分范文100篇【命题分析＋答题攻略＋强化训练】试读：
第1章 GMAT考试写作指南
2012年6月GMAT考试进行了重大改革，考试整体结构变化不大，主要体现在写作部分的调整和综合推理部分（Integrated Reasoning）的加入，写作部分的变动具体表现在取消了Issue写作，保留了Argument写作。
1.1 GMAT考试简介
GMAT，全称Graduate Management Admission Test（研究生管理科学入学考试），是由Graduate Management Admission Council（管理专业研究生入学考试委员会）主办，主要用来评估申请入学者是否适合在商业、经济、管理等专业的研究生阶段学习的标准化考试。由于其有效性和较高的可信度，GMAT成绩获得全球各大商学院的普遍认可，目前被广泛作为工商管理硕士的入学考试，该考试在中国的举办单位为中国国外考试协调处（CIECB）。
1.2 GMAT试卷结构
1997年最后一次笔试之后，GMAT在1998年改成了计算机化测试（Computer-Adaptive Test）。2012年6月改革后的GMAT考试包括四个部分：分析性写作（Analytical Writing Assessment）、综合推理（Integrated Reasoning）、定量推理（Quantitative）和文本逻辑推理（Verbal）。GMAT详细试卷结构如下：
GMAT考试试卷结构中文对照表：
1.3 GMAT写作试题分析和应试技巧
GMAT分析性写作部分题目类型为论证分析写作，即要求考生对一段推理或论证进行评估，指出该推理或论证过程中所存在的漏洞，时间限制为30分钟。该部分主要是对考生评估他人论述和表达个人观点的能力进行考查，因此题目虽有关商业及其他领域普遍关注的问题，但并不要求对与某论题相关专业知识的掌握。
论证分析写作由两部分构成，第一部分包括一句提供背景的介绍性的话和一段完整的论述，该论述过程包含不同的逻辑错误，为考生写作时攻击的重点。第二部分为题目要求，每个论述分析写作的该部分均相同，具体为：
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
由于论证分析写作要求找出题目论证中存在的漏洞，并用具有代表性的例子和论证来发表评论，因此找出题目论证中的漏洞是重点。论述分析写作常见的逻辑错误大致包括十类：非因果关系逻辑错误、比较与类比逻辑错误、调查与样本逻辑错误（数据相关逻辑错误）、充分条件与必要条件逻辑错误、整体与部分逻辑错误、假定情况一成不变逻辑错误、非此即彼的逻辑错误、无理由假设逻辑错误、考虑问题不全面逻辑错误和其他类逻辑错误。本书第2章将对不同逻辑错误进行介绍。
对于GMAT论证分析写作可采取让步式攻击，即第一步首先对原文第一个错误进行攻击；然后假定原文中第一个假设是正确的，对第二个错误进行攻击，指出即使第一个假设是正确的，也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断；第三步假定第二个问题也是成立的（没有错误），攻击第三个错误，最后得出假设第二个问题正确也无法导出第三个论断。采用该种让步式的体系，最后彻底驳斥原文整个逻辑体系，题目最后的结论自然就不成立了。
GMAT论证分析写作比较好的写作结构如下：
第一段：介绍部分
①简洁地对题目中的主张/假设及论据进行归纳
②指出题目中论据所存在的问题
第二段：漏洞一及论证理由
第三段：漏洞二及论证理由
第四段：漏洞三及论证理由
第五段：结尾部分
进行总结，提出改进措施或希望
1.4 GMAT写作备考策略
写好GRE写作首先应熟悉论证分析写作的思路及写作方式。GRE写作其实并没有必要大量使用专业性的逻辑用语，可多用First, the author assumes that...，Second, the only reason offered by the author is the claim that...，In conclusion,...recommendation is not well supported等之类的句型来使批驳显得更为有力和结构更加清晰。
在论证分析写作的备考过程，有几点需要注意：
1．关于论证
对于argument写作只背错误分类是不够的，主要还得找出论述者的论据和事实是否对论点做了充分且必要的证明。因此掌握逻辑的因果关系，才能写出更有说服力的文章。
其次需要注意论据与论点之间的承接和递进，有必要在论点与论据间加入适当的分析性语言，来使文章前后更加顺畅。再者，文章中要有足够的例子来充分证明论点，关键是灵活应用，服务论点。
2．关于练习
首先，GMAT写作需提早开始限时练习，限时可更好地把握时间，形成自己的思维模式和写作模式。
其次，练习写作之后要立即修改，可以请别人改，从而可以发现自己所写文章存在的不足和漏洞，不断取得进步。
3．注意对论证分析写作常用句型和结构的积累
平时要特别注意积累针对论证分析写作题目中常见逻辑错误的经典句型，该部分在本书附录和第2章每篇范文后均有体现。另外对于模板，考生应注重参考别人的写作套路和结构，而非直接拿来用，以免出现雷同。
第2章 GMAT考试高分范文100篇
GAMT写作的重点在于找出题目中argument所存在的逻辑错误，通过对GMAT写作官方题库中题目的分析，本书总结出argument写作题目中常出现的十种典型逻辑错误，分别为：非因果关系逻辑错误、比较与类比逻辑错误、调查与样本逻辑错误、充分必要条件逻辑错误、整体与部分逻辑错误、假定情况一成不变逻辑错误、非此即彼的逻辑错误、无理由假设逻辑错误、考虑问题不全面逻辑错误、其他类逻辑错误。
1．非因果关系类逻辑错误
非因果关系类逻辑错误通常体现在四个方面：1）把事情发展在时间上的先后顺序当作因果关系；2）因果关系简单化，即把某个事情的发生仅归结于唯一的因素；3）两件事情并不存在因果关系；4）把原因和结果进行了混淆。
2．比较与类比逻辑错误
比较与类比逻辑错误指：1）比较不全面或进行选择性比较以有利于自己的观点；2）错误类比，即两者之间并无可比性。
3．调查与样本逻辑错误
调查与样本逻辑错误主要包括：1）样本采集不充分；2）样本不具代表性；3）调查结果不可靠。
4．充分必要条件逻辑错误
充分必要条件逻辑错误指作者提供的信息并不足以证实某个条件对结论的成立是充分的或是必要的，为了支撑该结论还需要额外的信息。
5．整体与部分逻辑错误
整体与部分逻辑错误包括三个方面：1）急于概括，即在证据不足时作出普遍概括，作者通常仅依据一两个相关事实，就急于得出结论；2）整体代替部分，即认为适合整体的原则也适合部分；3）部分代替整体，即以某个部分的原则来代表整体情况。
6．假定情况一成不变逻辑错误
该种逻辑错误认为事情是一成不变的，通常会根据过去的数据来得出有关现在或将来的结论，或者利用现在的数据来对将来的情况进行预测。
7．非此即彼逻辑错误
非此即彼逻辑错误被称作“the either-or thinking”或“the black-white fallacy”，该种逻辑错误把解决某复杂问题的办法归结于两种方案之间的选择，而忽略了其他可能性策略。
8．无理由假设逻辑错误
无理由假设逻辑错误指作者给出假设，却未在文中给出支持该假设的证据。
9．考虑问题不全面逻辑错误
考虑问题不全面逻辑错误主要指作者为了支持自己的论点，仅对有利于其论证的一面进行了分析，却未提及对其观点不利的一面。
10．其他类逻辑错误
本书将出现频率不高的逻辑错误归结于其他类逻辑错误，其中包括：1）对重要词汇的限定存在疑问；2）进行无理呼吁；3）给出的证据较为含糊；等等。
需要注意的是，argument题目中通常会包含多个逻辑错误，故此处不同类别下的作文题目中也会包含其他逻辑错误，范文点评会对题目中所有逻辑错误进行详细的分析说明。
◆非因果关系逻辑错误
Argument 1 把某公司业务集中在一个地方以提高盈利水平的提议
The following appeared in a memorandum from the business department of the Apogee Company.
“When the Apogee Company had all its operations in one location, it was more profitable than it is today. Therefore, the Apogee Company should close down its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. Such centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and helping the company maintain better supervision of all employees.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.【参考范文】
In this argument the author concludes that the Apogee Company should close down field offices and conduct all its operations from a single, centralized location because the company had been more profitable in the past when all its operations were in one location. For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.
First, the author assumes that centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and streamlining supervision of employees. This assumption is never supported with any data or projections. Moreover, the assumption fails to take into account cost increases and inefficiency that could result from centralization. For instance, company representatives would have to travel to do business in areas formerly served by a field office, creating travel costs and loss of critical time. In short, this assumption must be supported with a thorough cost-benefit analysis of centralization versus other possible cost-cutting and/or profit-enhancing strategies.
Second, the only reason offered by the author is the claim that Apogee was more profitable when it had operated from a single, centralized location. But is centralization the only difference relevant to greater past profitability? It is entirely possible that management has become lax regarding any number of factors that can affect the bottom line such as inferior products, careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor employee expense account monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying policies and other wasteful spending. Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to diminishing profits, this argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one event (decreasing profits) follows another (decentralization), the second event has been caused by the first.
In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that Apogee should close field offices and centralize, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than decentralization that might be affecting current profits negatively.【范文点评】
范文中着重从两个方面攻击了题目中论述存在的逻辑问题：首先，题目中备忘录的作者假设集权能提高盈利能力却没有提供数据支持，并且忽视了集权的不好方面，犯了无理由假设和考虑问题不全面的错误；其次，该作者认为以前集权时公司能力高，现在分权效率低就想当然地以为集权就可提高盈利能力，却忽略了其他可能性原因。【重点词汇】
·streamline v.把…做成流线型；使现代化；组织
·versus prep.对；与...相对；对抗
·lax adj. adj.松的；松懈的；腹泻的
·sloppy adj.懒散的；草率的；泥泞的
·fallacyn.谬论，谬误
·alternativen.二中择一；供替代的选择
·decentralizationn.分散；非集权化；（人口、工业等的）疏散【经典句型】
·In this argument the author concludes that...
·For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.
·First, the author assumes that...
·This assumption is never supported with any data or projections.
·Moreover, the assumption fails to take into account...
·In short, this assumption must be supported with...
·Second, the only reason offered by the author is the claim that...
·Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to...this argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one event...follows another..., the second event has been caused by the first.
·In conclusion, this is a weak argument.
·To strengthen the conclusion that...this author must provide...
Argument 2 让员工佩戴贴有照片的工作证以防止工偷窃的建议
The following appeared in a memorandum from the directors of a security and safety consulting service.
“Our research indicates that over the past six years no incidents of employee theft have been reported within ten of the companies that have been our clients. In analyzing the security practices of these ten companies, we have further learned that each of them requires its employees to wear photo identification badges while at work. In the future, therefore, we should recommend the use of such identification badges to all of our clients.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.【参考范文】
In this argument the directors of a security and safety consulting service conclude that the use of photo identification badges should be recommended to all of their clients as a means to prevent employee theft. Their conclusion is based on a study revealing that ten of their previous clients who use photo identification badges have had no incidents of employee theft over the past six-year period. The directors’ recommendation is problematic in several respects.
In the first place, the directors’ argument is based on the assumption that the reason for the lack of employee theft in the ten companies is the fact that their employees wear photo identification badges. However, the evidence revealed in their research establishes only a positive correlation between the lack of theft and the requirement to wear badges; it does not establish a causal connection between them. Other factors, such as the use of surveillance cameras or spot checks of employees’ briefcases and purses could be responsible for lack of employee theft within the ten companies analyzed.
In the second place, the directors assume that employee theft is a problem that is common among their clients and about which their clients are equally concerned. However, for some of their clients this might not be a problem at all. For example, companies that sell services are much less likely to be concerned about employee theft than those who sell products. Moreover, those that sell small products would be more concerned about theft than those that sell large products. Consequently, even if wearing badges reduces employee theft, it might not be necessary for all of the finnes clients to follow this practice.
In conclusion, the director’s recommendation is not well supported. To strengthen the conclusion they must establish a causal relation between the wearing of identification badges and the absence of employee theft. They also must establish that the firm’s clients are sufficiently similar to all profit from this practice.【范文点评】
对于题目中要求员工佩戴佩戴贴有照片的工作证以防止偷窃的建议，本文从两个方面进行了反驳：首先，研究中提到盗窃行为不存在与要求佩戴工作证之间为正相关的联系，而并因果关系，其他因素也可能在防止盗窃行为方面起到一定作用；其次，员工盗窃行为在该公司客户那里或许并构不成问题。【重点词汇】
·problematicadj.成问题的；有疑问的；不确定的
·positive correlation正相关
·causal connection因果联系
·surveillance camera监控摄像机
·spot check抽查【经典句型】
·Their conclusion is based on a study revealing that...
·recommendation is problematic in several respects
·In the first place...argument is based on the assumption that...
·However, the evidence revealed in their research establishes only a positive correlation between...and...; it does not establish a causal connection between them.
·In conclusion,...recommendation is not well supported.
·To strengthen the conclusion they must establish a causal relation between...and...
Argument 3 广场的滑板运动者与中央广场经济状况之间的关系
The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a CentralPlaza store owner.
“Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in CentralPlaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many CentralPlaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in CentralPlaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in CentralPlaza will return to its previously high levels.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.【参考范文】
In this argument, the struggling businessman blames youthful skateboarders for the ongoing demise of his business. He sits unhappily in his empty shop; they whiz and cavort merrily outside his display window. It is quite another thing to substantiate that blame to the extent needed to justify banning CentralPlaza skateboarders. No fewer than half a dozen separate questions need to be answered before one can talk seriously of enacting the proposed prohibition.
To begin with, it is facile to think that mere numbers of young skateboarders drive otherwise happy shoppers away. It is equally likely that skateboarders are attracted by expanses of unused pavement. To avoid an irresoluble “chicken and egg” argument, it needs at the very least to be shown that the increase in skateboarding preceded the downturn in business. Shopkeepers’ impressions cannot be relied upon to establish this. Recourse needs to be had to business records correlated with police complaints of skateboarding in the area. If an upsurge in complaints preceded the business decline, the case for a ban is strengthened.
Useful in this connection would be interviewing a representative sample of skateboarders themselves. Why do they say they began skateboarding in this area? Was it or was it not already effectively deserted by shoppers? Skateboarders, after all, value freedom of movement. Common sense suggests they seek out unfrequented areas. A survey is needed to help establish or discount this impression.
Naturally, the next question and one crucial would be to query shoppers. They, after all, are the closest thing to a disinterested party in this affair. Did they give up shopping downtown because of skateboarders? Or were there other factors at play in their abandoning the Plaza? If so, what do they identify as these factors? If other factors exist, a simple ban on skateboarding is unlikely to have the desired effect.
One factor, hinted at in the shopkeepers’ plaint, is that vandalism and graffiti render CentralPlaza less desirable for shoppers. If banning skateboarders is to improve business, a link between skateboarders and these problems needs to be shown. Graffiti-traditionally the province of “gangstas” and frustrated urban artists—has no clear link to the athleticism of skateboarder culture. Such a link needs to be fleshed out. Otherwise, a ban on boards may be an ineffective expedient.
An absolutely crucial issue concerns changes in the local economy. One of the most common scenarios throughout the U.S. involves “superstores” like Wal-Mart or Target moving into the fringes of a city and destroying the central business district singlehanded. Has anything of this sort befallen the city where CentralPlaza is located? One can buy skateboards at Wal-Mart, but it is the mega-store itself, not the boards, that cripple local business. If CentralPlaza’s city has recently come to boast a Wal-Mart, the exodus of shoppers probably has a great deal more to do with that chain’s “everyday low prices” than with local young people’s choice of sport.
The final bit of evidence needed is some demonstration as to how banning skateboarders will, of itself, improve business. Even granting that skateboarders initially drove away customers, it is a leap to assume that their absence will necessarily cause trade to return. Presumably, unhappy customers have taken to shopping elsewhere, in some skateboard-sanitized shopper’s paradise. Will the simple absence of skateboarder in the shoppers’ old haunts be sufficient inducement to guarantee their return and ongoing custom? Again a survey of shoppers’ views and perceived needs is paramount.
As can be seen, a wide array of evidence, ranging from the involved parties’ motives to possible changes in the local economy, needs to be marshalled before the shopkeepers’ proposal can be seriously entertained. Otherwise, the ban might turn out to be a solution that fixes nothing.【范文点评】
对于题目中信件所提到的中央广场的购物人数减少是由于滑板运动者所引起的，本文提出几方面的疑问：一，有必要弄清中央广场购物人数直线下降与滑板运动者出现的先后关系；二，是否有证据表明乱丢垃圾、破坏公物的现象是由滑板运动者所带来的；三，中央广场购物人数骤降或许是其它原因所造成的。【重点词汇】
·demisen.死亡，终止；转让
·whizv.飕飕作声
·cavortv.腾跃；欢跃
·substantiatev.证实；使实体化
·facileadj.（主张、建议）肤浅的，粗浅的，轻率的
·irresolubleadj.不能解决的；无法解决的
·plaintn.感叹；诉苦；悲叹
·vandalismn.故意破坏，捣毁
·graffiti n.墙上乱写乱画的东西（graffito的复数形式）
·flesh out充实，具体化
·scenarion.方案；情节；剧本
·exodusn.大批的离去
·marshalv.整理；引领；编列【经典句型】
·No fewer than half a dozen separate questions need to be answered before one can talk seriously of enacting the proposed prohibition.
·Naturally, the next question and one crucial would be...
·If...a link between...and...needs to be shown.
·Such a link needs to be fleshed out.
·The final bit of evidence needed is...
·As can be seen, a wide array of evidence, ranging from...to...needs to be marshalled before...
Argument 4 选举某人为市长，环境问题就可得到解决的论断
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.
“In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, dunng the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.【参考范文】
This editorial recommends that Clearview residents vote to replace city-council member Frank Braun with Ann Green, a member of the Good Earth Coalition. To support this recormnendation the editorial cites a significant increase during the last year in the number of Clearview factories and in the number of Clearview hospital patients treated for respiratory illnesses. On the basis of this evidence the author infers that the current council members are not protecting the city’s environment and that electing Green will solve the city’s environmental problems. This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects.
To begin with, the argument unfairly assumes that last year’s increase in the number of factories was due to the city council’s decisions—rather than to some other phenomenon—and that this increase poses environmental problems for Clearview. The editorial provides no evidence to substantiate these assumptions. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that the council actually opposed the increase but lacked adequate authority to prevent it, or that the new factories do not in fact harm Clearview’s environment.
The argument also assumes unfairly that last year’s increase in the number of patients reporting respiratory problems indicates worsening environmental problems in Clearview. Perhaps the actual incidence of such health problems has not increased, and the reported
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