作者：耿小辉,昂秀外语教学研究组
出版社：中国对外翻译出版公司
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
零基础 图解英语语法入门 图表解构 一学就会试读：
CHAPTER 01 名词
1 名词的分类
名词是表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。1. 集合名词要点提示
fruit用作物质名词，泛指一般意义的水果，不可数；若表示水果的种类，则可数。如：
Fruit quickly goes rotten in hot weather.
天热水果很快会腐烂。
The mango is a tropical fruit.
芒果是种热带水果。2. 专有名词要点提示
1. 英美人的姓名与中国人的相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。如Mary Smith中，Mary是名，Smith是姓。
2. 姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。如：
I've invited the Smiths round for drinks next Friday.
我已邀请史密斯一家下周五来家中小酌。练一练
1. The team_____having a meeting.
A. is
B. are
C. am
D. be
2. In fact, _____one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is
B. cattle are
C. cattles are
D. the cattles are
3. I'll have to stay in Africa for two years, but it would be_____ for me.
A. a wonderful experience
B. wonderful experience
C. wonderful experiences
D. wonderfully experienced1.B 2.B 3.A
2 名词的数
名词根据其可数性，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。1. 可数名词一般有单、复数形式，包括个体名词和集合名词。可数名词的单复数变化分规则变化和不规则变化。巧记小助手名词单数变复数口诀：★ 名词单数变复数，直接加-s的占多数；词尾若是s, x, ch, sh，直接加-es；★ 词尾若是f或fe，加-s之前要变ve; “辅音字母+ y”，要把y变i；★ 词尾字母若是o，加-es的有tomato和potato。★ 还有一些不规则，下面咱来说一说：◆ oo常要变ee, foot→feet是一例；男人女人a变e, woman→women又一例；◆ 还有一个要记准，child的复数是children；◆ 鹿（deer）和绵羊（sheep）是一家，单数复数无变化。2. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。
1）要表示不可数名词具体的量，可借助单位词，如a cup of tea, four pieces of bread。
2）有些名词既可以作不可数名词，表示抽象概念；也可以作可数名词，表示具体的人或事物，可与不定冠词a/an连用。但是两者会有不同的意义。
3）有些不可数名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。3. 复合名词由名词、动词、副词、形容词以及介词组合而成。它们的复数形式因词而异，需分别识记。练一练
1. Your trousers_____ too dirty. You must have_____ washed.
A. is; it
B. are; it
C. are; them
D. is; them
2. —You may go to Paris for a free trip.
—It's a very kind _____, but I can't accept it.
A. advice
B. offer
C. promise
D. decision
3. —What's in the icebox?
—A few _____, but little_____ .
A. apple; milk
B. milk; banana
C. apples; bananas
D. apples; milk1.C 2.B 3.D
3 名词的格
名词的格有三种：主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同，即名词本身。名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系，有’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式，意为“……的……”。1. 's所有格
1）'s所有格主要用于有生命的东西：
children's bags 孩子们的书包
parents' love 父母的关爱
2）'s所有格有时也可用于无生命的东西，主要有以下几种情况：要点提示
1. 表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后常常省略它所修饰的名词。如：
at the tailor's (shop) 在裁缝店
at the barber's (shop) 在理发店
to my uncle's (house) 去我叔叔家
at Mr. Greens' (home) 在格林先生家
2. 用and连接的两个或多个名词的所有格分两种情况：如要表示“各自的”，则分别加-'s；如要表示“共有的”，则只在最后一个名词词尾加-'s。
Jim's and Jack's rooms are both on the third floor.
吉姆和杰克的房间都在三层。
Mary is Ann and Jenny's mother.
玛丽是安和珍妮的妈妈。2. of所有格
of所有格主要用于无生命的东西。要点提示
of所有格有时可以与’s所有格互换：
the boy's new bike=the new bike of the boy
那位男孩的新自行车
the twins' bedroom=the bedroom of the twins
双胞胎的卧室3. 双重所有格
双重所有格既含有“'s”结构，又含有“of”短语。要点提示
双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：
a photo of my mother's
我母亲的一幅照片（照片是我母亲的，照片上的人却不一定是我母亲）
a photo of my mother
我母亲的照片（照片上的人就是我母亲）练一练
1. _____fathers made them have piano lessons.
A. Peter and Ann's
B. Peter's and Ann's
C. Peter's and Ann
D. Peter and Ann
2. Do you notice the woman over there? She is_____ aunt.
A. Jim's and Tim's
B. Jim's and Tim
C. Jim and Tim
D. Jim and Tim's1.B 2.D
4 名词的语法功能
要点提示名词作定语一般表示被修饰名词所涉及的内容或方面；而形容词作定语多表示被修饰名词的性质、状态等。试比较：练一练
1. The _____is just around the corner and you won't miss it.
A. bicycle's shop
B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop
D. bicycles' shop
2. There are seven _____students and two_____ teachers playing football on the playground.
A. boy; man
B. boys; men
C. boy's; man's
D. boy; men1.B 2.D
名词习题
一、单项填空1. Can you give us some_____ about the writer?
A. informations
B. information
C. piece of informations
D. pieces information
2. Numerous materials are available to _____.
A. today of designers
B. today's of designers
C. today's designers
D. today designers
3. There are only twelve_____ in the hospital.
A. woman doctors
B. women doctors
C. women doctor
D. woman doctor
4. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _____in applying for a visa.
A. pattern
B. procedure
C. program
D. perspective
5. A_____ of money has been spent on the building.
A. great deal
B. good many
C. plenty
D. great number
6. The Harry Potter book series are quite popular;they are in great _____in this city.
A. quantity
B. progress
C. production
D. demand
7. The lady over there is_____ mother.
A. Julia and Mary
B. Julia and Mary's
C. Julia's and Mary's
D. Julia's and Mary
8. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional_____ .
A. consequence
B. independence
C. competence
D. intelligence
9. His house is within_____ from the small shop.
A. stone's throw
B. a throw of a stone
C. a stone's throw
D. the stone's throw
10. Mary went to the_____ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store
B. shoe's store
C. shoe store
D. shoes' store二、用名词的正确形式填空
1. There are black_____ in every flock（羊群）. (sheep)
2. All _____depends on courage and work. (happiness)
3. The infant（婴儿）needs_____ warmth, protection and affection. (parent)
4. The_____ is just around the corner and you won't miss it. (bicycle shop)
5. Some_____ visited our school last Wednesday. (German)
6. I have lots of_____ here. (tomato)
7. The dead_____ are blowing about. (leaf)
8. I cannot read well enough without my_____ on. (glass)
9. All_____ keeps secret and is only used for club service. (information)
10. She recognized her _____voice. (boss)答案解析一、单项填空
1. 【解析】选B。information为不可数名词，没有复数形式，故A、C错。D正确形式应为：pieces of information，故选B。
2. 【解析】选C。表示时间、距离的名词多用“'s”结构。
3. 【解析】选B。句意：这家医院只有十二位女医生。女医生应用复数。由man, woman构成的复合名词变复数时，应将前后两个词都变成复数，故选B。
4. 【解析】选B。句意：这位官员坚持认定Michael没有按照正确的程序申请签证。B项“程序”，符合句意；A项“模式”, C项“节目”, D项“远景”，都与句意不符。
5. 【解析】选A。money为不可数名词，a great deal of修饰不可数名词；a good many, a great number of修饰可数名词；plenty of既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词，故选A。
6. 【解析】选D。句意：《哈利波特》丛书很受欢迎；在这个城市有很大的需求量。quantity数量；progress进步；production生产；demand要求。be in great demand意为：需求量很大，畅销。
7. 【解析】选B。由句意可知，妈妈只有一位，应该是两人“共有的”妈妈。所以，只在最后一个名词词尾加-'s。
8. 【解析】选C。句意：教师们必须不断地更新他们的知识以便保持他们的专业技能。consequence后果，结果；independence独立；competence能力，胜任，称职；intelligence智力，智慧；理解力。故选C。
9. 【解析】选C。a stone's throw是固定搭配，意为“一箭之遥”。
10. 【解析】选C。由句意可知，选项应为鞋店，store不属于shoe，故shoe不用名词所有格形式，排除B, D；而“名词单数+ store”表示卖某产品的商店，此处为名词单数形式作定语的用法，故选C。二、用名词的正确形式填空
1. 【解析】sheep。由are知应使用sheep的复数形式，而sheep单复数同形，故填写sheep。
2. 【解析】happiness。happiness为抽象名词，是不可数名词，无复数形式。
3. 【解析】parents'。根据句意，空处应填“父母的”，故先将parent变为复数形式，再变为所有格形式。
4. 【解析】bicycle shop。bicycle shop自行车商店，bicycle单数名词作定语修饰shop，说明shop的类型。
5. 【解析】Germans。German的复数形式是在词尾直接加-s。
6. 【解析】tomatoes。由lots of知应该用tomato的复数形式，故填写tomatoes。
7. 【解析】leaves。由后面的be动词are知应该用leaf的复数形式，故填写leaves。
8. 【解析】glasses。根据句意，空处应填“眼镜”，故填写glasses。
9. 【解析】information。information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
10. 【解析】boss's。根据句意，空处应填“老板的”，故将boss变为所有格形式。
CHAPTER 02 冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）、定冠词（the）和零冠词。
1 不定冠词
1. 发音2. 不定冠词的用法一些短语中常用不定冠词：
all of a sudden 突然
as a rule 通常
as a whole 总体上
have a go 尝试
in a flash 转瞬间
in a sense 从某种意义上说
make a living 谋生
put an end to 结束，停止
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result 结果
at a loss 不知所措
in a word 总之
in a hurry 匆忙
make a fool of 愚弄……
once in a while 偶尔地
to a degree 在某种程度上3. 不定冠词的位置
不定冠词通常位于可数名词单数或名词修饰语前，但有时也有例外。
1）单数名词前有such, what, many, half等词时，不定冠词放在这类词的后面，名词的前面。如：
He's such a kind man.
他十分和蔼可亲。
What a lovely dog!
多可爱的一只狗啊！
Many a woman has great influence on her husband.
许多女人对丈夫有很大影响。
He arrived half an hour ago.
他是半小时前到达的。
2）名词前的形容词被as, so, too, how, enough等副词修饰时，不定冠词要放在形容词之后。如：
It's so fine a day.
今天天气真好！/这是如此美好的一天！
It's too long a journey to make in one day.
路程太远，一天之内到不了。
3）与表示“相当”的单词fairly, quite, rather连用时，不定冠词的位置：
4）在as, though引导的让步状语从句的倒装结构中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，形容词通常要置于句首，而不定冠词要放在形容词之后。如：
Successful a man as he is (=As he is a successful man), he is not proud.
他虽然是个成功人士，但并不骄傲。
Brave a man though he is (=Though he is a brave man), he trembles at the sight of snakes.
他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。要点提示
有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于它的第一个读音不是元音音素，其前仍用a，如a European country（一个欧洲国家）；而有些单词虽然以辅音字母开头，由于它的第一个读音为元音音素，其前用an，如an honest man（一个诚实的人）。练一练
1. He was caught in _____heavy rain on his way to the lonely island, which was quite_____ experience.
A. a; /
B. /; an
C. a; an
D. a; a
2. How strange! These years my birthday always falls_____ .
A. on the Friday
B. on a Friday
C. on Friday
D. at a Friday
3. —What about your job?
—It's _____job for me.
A. a too difficult
B. too difficult a
C. too difficult
D. too a difficult1.C 2.C 3.B
2 定冠词
1. 定冠词的用法要点提示1. 定冠词the修饰以元音音素开头的名词时读[ði]，修饰以辅音音素开头的名词时读[ðə]。如：
2. 定冠词、不定冠词和名词复数都可以表示类属。如：
A horse is a useful animal.
=The horse is a useful animal.
=Horses are useful animals.
马是有用的动物。2. 定冠词的位置
定冠词the通常位于名词或名词修饰语之前，但名词前有all, both, half和表倍数的double, twice, three times等词修饰时，定冠词需放在这些词后面、名词的前面。如：
May all the beautiful things in life will come to you!
愿你拥有生活中的一切美丽！
Everything was almost double the normal price.
样样东西几乎都是平时价格的两倍。
My watch is twice the price of yours.
我手表的价钱是你手表的两倍。3. 定冠词的重要意义
在某些短语中，名词前有无定冠词意义截然不同。如：
She was sitting at the table by the window.
她坐在窗前的桌子旁。
She never talks at table.
她在吃饭时从不说话。
They rent cars by the day.
他们按天数计费出租汽车。
He sleeps by day and works by night.
他白天睡觉，夜间工作。
I'll give the lesson in place of Mr. Lin.
我将代林老师上这节课。
The traffic accident happened in the place of Lorraine.
交通事故发生在洛林这个地方。
I prefer to sit in the front of the car.（内部）
我愿意坐在汽车的前面。
An old man is standing in front of the car.（外部）
一位老人正站在汽车前面。
It's out of the question to rebuild the tower.
重建那座塔是不可能的。
It is out of question to arrive there on time.
准时到达那里毫无问题。
The woman is in possession of a large fortune.（以人作主语）
这个女人拥有一大笔财产。
Those buildings are now in the possession of our university.（以物作主语）
现在那些楼房归我们大学所有。要点提示
一些短语中常用定冠词。如：
all the time 一直
in the air 在传播中
by the way 顺便提一下
in the east of 在……的东部
in the dark 在黑暗中
make the most of 充分利用
on the contrary 恰恰相反
to the point 简明恰当
take the place of 代替，替换
in the morning 在早上
in the evening 在晚上
go to the theatre 去看戏
all the same 完全一样；仍然
by the hour 按小时计算
in the end 最后
in the distance 在远处
in the sun 在阳光下
on the way 在路上
on the whole 大体上
to tell the truth 老实说
the other day 几天前；那天
in the afternoon在下午
go to the cinema 去看电影
all the year round 一年到头练一练
1. I like_____ color of your skirt. It is _____good match for your blouse.
A. a; the
B. a; a
C. the; a
D. the; the
2. A subway is an effective way to solve traffic problems in _____big city. It has evident advantages, such as_____ speed and convenience.
A. the; the
B. a; the
C. a; /
D. the; a
3. —How on _____earth did you know it?
—Sorry that I can't tell you.
A. the
B. an
C. /
D. a1.C 2.C 3.C
3 零冠词
零冠词是指有些名词前不需要加冠词的情况。要点提示
一些短语中常用零冠词。如：
at dawn 拂晓
at full speed 全速
catch fire 着火
face to face 面对面
in debt 负债
on board 在船（车或飞机）上
take action 采取行动
at hand （在时间或距离上）接近
by accident 偶然
catch sight of 看见……
hand in hand 手拉手
lose face 丢脸
out of date 过时的
year after year 年年巧记小助手零冠词的用法口诀：下列情况不用冠，名词之前代词限。复数名词表泛指，球类、学科和三餐。专有名词、不可数，星期、月份、季节前。交通、手段和节日，习语、称谓和头衔。练一练
1. I was told that _____10:15 flight would take us to Shanghai in time to reach_____ Fudan University.
A. the; /
B. the; a
C. a; the
D. /; the
2. I knew _____John Lennon, but not _____famous one.
A. /; a
B. a; the
C. /; the
D. the; a
3. My brother has turned _____writer. I am proud of him.
A. a
B. the
C. /
D. an1.A 2.B 3.C
冠词习题
一、单项填空1. The “Chinese Dream” is_____ dream to improve people's well-being and _____dream of harmony, peace and development.
A. the; a
B. a; a
C. a; the
D. the; the
2. Marco Polo is said to have sailed on _____Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in_____ thirteenth century.
A. the; a
B. a; /
C. /; the
D. the; the
3. Four and_____ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and_____ break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.
A. a; a
B. the; the
C. 不填；the
D. a；不填
4. It was_____ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across_____ night sky.
A. 不填；a
B. a; the
C. the; a
D. the；不填
5. Animals are obviously_____ lower form of life than_____ man.
A. a; /
B. the; the
C. a; the
D. /; /
6. The parents were shocked by_____ news that their son needed_____ operation on his knee.
A. a; /
B. the; /
C. the; an
D. a; an
7. He missed _____gold in the high jump, but will get_____ second chance in the long jump.
A. the; the
B. /; a
C. the; a
D. a; /
8. We are said to be living in_____ Information Age,_____ time of new discoveries and great changes.
A. an; the
B. 不填；the
C. 不填；a
D. the; a
9. Carl is studying_____ food science at college and hopes to open up_____ meat processing factory of his own one day.
A. /; a
B. /; the
C. the; a
D. the; the
10. The development of industry has been _____gradual process throughout_____ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology.
A. 不填；the
B. the; a
C. a；不填
D. a; a二、用适当的冠词填空
1. After watching_____ TV, she played_____ violin for an hour.
2. Many people agree that_____ knowledge of English is a must in _____international trade today.
3. The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have_____ third one because _____second one is rather too small.
4. Many people have come to realize that they should go on_____ balanced diet and make _____room in their day for exercise.
5. He is a professor of _____university and he is_____ honest man.
6. What does this_____ word mean, _____Mother?
7. Tomorrow is _____Mother's Day and I want to choose _____present for Mom.
8. He joined the army in_____ spring of_____ 1995.
9. He enjoyed _____film Avatar very much and wanted to see it _____second time.
10. As he reached _____front door, Jack saw _____strange sight.答案解析一、单项填空
1. 【解析】选B。根据句意“中国梦是_____的梦和_____的梦”可知，两空都用不定冠词a，故选B。
2. 【解析】选D。句意：据说马可·波罗在十三世纪时经太平洋去爪哇岛。第一空指独一无二的事物用the；第二空序数词前用the。故选D。
3. 【解析】选A。句意：我们讨论了四个半小时，一直到半夜，然后歇息一会儿，吃了点奶酪、巧克力，喝了加糖的茶。第一空a表示一个，相当于one，而且four and a half hours四个半小时，固定搭配；第二空break作“间歇；休息”时是可数名词，泛指时用不定冠词。故选A。
4. 【解析】选B。句意：那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月光照亮了整个夜空。第一空“一个寒冷的冬夜”，应用不定冠词a；第二空“夜空”，指独一无二的事物用定冠词the。故答案为B。
5. 【解析】选A。句意：显然，动物是一种比人类更低等的生命形式。第一空“一种生命形式”，表泛指；第二空man表“人类”，不用冠词。故选A。
6. 【解析】选C。句意：儿子的膝盖需要做一个手术的消息令他的父母很震惊。第一空news后带有that引导的同位语从句，表特指，用定冠词；第二空“一个手术”，表泛指，用不定冠词。故选C。
7. 【解析】选C。句意：他跳高没摘得金牌，但在跳远中还有一次机会。第一空特指“跳高金牌”，用定冠词；第二空序数词前用不定冠词，表示“又一，再一”。故选C。
8. 【解析】选D。句意：据说我们正生活在信息时代，一个充满新发现和巨大变化的时代。第一空特指“信息时代”，用定冠词；第二空“一个……时代”，表泛指，用不定冠词。故选D。
9. 【解析】选A。第一空food science指一门学科，用零冠词；第二空factory可数名词，用不定冠词表示泛指，a meat processing factory泛指“一个肉类加工厂”。故选A。
10. 【解析】选C。第一空“一个渐进的过程”，表泛指，用不定冠词；第二空human existence指“人类存在”，抽象名词，前用零冠词。故选C。二、用适当的冠词填空
1. 【解析】不填；the。第一空watch TV是习惯搭配，TV前不用冠词。第二空表示乐器的名词前应用定冠词。
2. 【解析】a；不填。第一空knowledge原为抽象名词，若knowledge指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，a knowledge of English“英语知识”。第二空trade是不可数名词，泛指类别时不加任何冠词。
3. 【解析】a; the。当序数词表示顺序时前面要用定冠词修饰；当表示“又一；再一”时，前面用不定冠词修饰。
4. 【解析】a；不填。a balanced diet泛指“一种平衡的饮食”; make room为固定搭配，意为“腾出空间”。
5. 【解析】a; an。句意：他是一所大学的教授，是一个诚实的人。第一空泛指“一所大学”, university以辅音音素开头，前用不定冠词a；第二空泛指“一个诚实的人”, honest以元音音素开头，前用不定冠词an。
6. 【解析】不填；不填。名词前有this等限制时不需要加冠词；表家庭成员的名词前不需要加冠词。
7. 【解析】不填；a。节假日前不需要加冠词，所以第一空不填；第二空泛指“一份礼物”, present是以辅音因素开头，前用不定冠词a。
8. 【解析】the；不填。这里的spring是特指1995年的春天，应加定冠词；第二空不填，年份前不加冠词。
9. 【解析】the; a。第一空用the特指《阿凡达》这部电影；第二空的序数词前用a表示“又一；再一”。
10. 【解析】the; a。第一空the front door表示“前门”，是特指；第二空是泛指，表示“一种奇异的景象”，填a。
CHAPTER 03 代词
代词是在句中用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句或句子的词。代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等。代词共有九种，分类如下：
1 人称代词
1. 人称代词的形式表示人称的代词叫做人称代词。人称代词不仅可以指人，还可以指物，有人称、数和格的变化。2. 人称代词的语法功能3. it的用法要点提示
he, she不仅可以指男士、女士，还可以指宠物、爱车等被赋予感情色彩的东西。不带有感情色彩时用it。女士一般用she/her指代自己喜爱的东西；男士则用he/his指代这些东西。she还可以用来指代国家、大地、船只、月亮、太阳等。如：
Would you please take care of my little parrot? She needs good care.
你能不能照顾一下我的小鹦鹉？她需要好好照顾。
China is a great country. She has a long history.
中国是一个伟大的国家，历史悠久。
She's a fine ship．这艘船很不错。
My car still runs perfectly. He has been working a dozen years.
我的车依然运行良好，他已为我工作12年了。4. 多个人称代词并列使用时的顺序练一练
填入正确的人称代词。
1. _____is my aunt. We often visit .
2. They want a football. Give _____the green one, please.
3. The fishermen caught a lot of fish, didn't _____?1.She; her 2.them 3.they
2 物主代词
1. 物主代词的形式物主代词同人称代词一样，有人称和数的变化，可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。2. 物主代词的语法功能要点提示
1. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词的作用，它后面一定要接名
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