作者：圣才电子书
出版社：圣才电子书
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河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译历年考研真题及详解试读：
2009年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解
Ⅰ. Match the following numbers with the corresponding letters according to the contents and write your answer on the Answer sheet （5 points）
1. Peter Newmark
2. Lawrence Venuti
3. Yan Fu
4. Eugene Nida
5. Fu Lei
A） faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance
B） resemblance in spirit
C） semantic translation and communicative translation
D） domestication and foreignization
E） functional equivalence【参考答案】
1.C 语义翻译和交际翻译（semantic translation and communicative translation）是英国翻译家纽马克（Newmark）翻译理论的两种基本策略。语义翻译法具有绝对意义，交际翻译法具有相对意义。交际翻译法集归化、意译和地道翻译的优势。
2.D 美国学者L. Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻译的归化与异化（domestication and foreignization），指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者即异化，另一种是让作者靠近读者即归化。
3.A “信达雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance）是由我国清末新兴启蒙思想家严复提出的，他在《天演论》中的“译例言”讲到：“译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉”。
4.E 功能对等理论（functional equivalence）是由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（Eugene Nida）提出，他认为最大的功能对等是指译文文本的读者应该基本上能以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式来理解和欣赏译文文本。
5.B 傅雷先生提出了神似（resemblance in spirit）的思想。“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”（spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit ）。
Ⅱ. Translate the following into Chinese （40 points）
What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential clement is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature. So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature; but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mind—to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent. The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare’s plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were （according to the strictest letter of that term） published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this scenic mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing【参考译文】
我们所说的“文学”是什么呢？人们，尤其是对此欠考虑者，普遍会认为：文学包括印在书本中的一切。可这种定义无需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人也很容易明白，“文学”这一概念中有个基本要素，即文学或多或少都与人类普遍而共同的兴趣有关；因此，那些仅适用于某一局部、某一行业或仅仅处于个人兴趣的作品，即便以书的形式面世，也不该属于“文学”。就此而论，文学之定义很容易变窄，而它同样也不难拓宽。因为不仅有许多跻身于书卷之列的文字并非文学作品，而且与之相反，不少真正的文学著作却未曾付梓成书。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道，这种篇什浩繁且对民众精神影响极广的讲坛文学，这种对世人起告戒、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示作用的布道文学，最终能进入经楼书馆的尚不及其万分之一。此外还有戏剧，如英国莎士比亚最优秀的剧作，以及雅典戏剧艺术鼎盛时期的全部主流剧作，都曾作为文学作品对公众产生过影响。这些作品在作为读物出版之前，已通过观看其演出的观众而“出版”了（这正是“出版”一词最严格的意义）。在抄写或印刷都非常昂贵的年代，通过舞台形式“出版”这些剧作远比将它们出版成书效果更佳。
Ⅲ. Translate the underlined into English. （45 points）
我同书箱，即将分离。我虽非英雄，颇有垓下之感，却无可奈何。
这些书，都是在全国解放以后，来到我家的。最初零零碎碎，中间成套成批。有的来自京沪，有的来自苏杭。最初，囊中潜涩，也曾交臂相失。中间也曾一掷否金，稍有豪气，总之，时历三十余年，我同它们，可称故旧。
十年浩劫，我自顾不暇，无心也无力顾及它们。但它们辗转多处，经受折磨、潮湿、践踏、撞破，终于还是回来了，失去了一些，我有些惋惜，但也不愿去寻觅它们，因为我失去的东西，比起它们，更多也更重要。
它们回到寒舍以后，我对它们的情感加故。书无分大小、贵贱、古今、新旧，只要是我想保存的，因之也同我共过患难的，一视同仁。洗尘，安置，抚慰，唏嘘，它们大概是已经体味到了。
近几年，又为它们添加了一些新伙伴。当这些新书，进入我的书架，我不再打印章，写名字，只是给它们包裹一层新装，记下到此的岁月。
这是因为，我意识到，我不久就会同它们告别了。我的命运是注定了。但它们各自的命运，我是不能预知，也不能担保的。【参考译文】
Soon I’ll part with my books; I’ll have to, the way the ancient hero Xiang Yu parted with his favorite lady Yu at Gaixia.
The books had arrived at my home since 1949, the year the country was liberated （from KMT rule）. At first they came piecemeal and, later, in set of bulk, some from Beijing and Shanghai, some from Suzhou and Hangzhou. During the first few years, as I was financially embarrassed, sometimes I had to turn from the books that I would have liked to give everything in exchange for. However, there were occasions on which I threw my money on books with quite a sense of lavish generosity. In short, having kept them company for over 30 years, I felt lifelong intimacy with them all.
During the ten years of the disastrous Cultural Revolution I was not in the mood to, nor was I fit enough to bother about my books, as I was not sure where I myself would end up. But, having been taken from place to place, getting moistened and damaged, tortured and trampled underfoot, they eventually had come back to me. Some of them had just got lost, for I had had more to lose in those years and what I had lost was far more important than the books.
After their return home I felt about them with the same affection as I did earlier. I treated them alike, whether they were big or small, old or new, expensive or inexpensive, classical or contemporary, since they had been in my collection, therefore, gone through thick and thin with me. I would sign with significance, when I dusted and caressed them and then found a place for them to go to. I guessed they must have sensed how I felt about their return.
During the past couple of years I had found them some new companions. I no longer stamped my seal or wrote my name on them. When I put them on the bookshelves, I only clothed them with a new cover and marked the date of their arrival.
Ⅳ. Writing
1. Applied Writing （20 points）
Instructions: Please choose ONE from the following topics and write within 150 words.
1） Suppose you were an undergraduate student that is about to graduate from the college, write a letter to the Ministry of Education complaining about the current situation of job-hunting and proposing your suggestions.
2） Suppose you were applying to study abroad, write a letter to the university administrator for the information you need to know.
3） One of your colleagues is going to have a job interview, you are asked to write a recommendation letter for him or her.【参考范文】【解析】
本文为一封询问信，主要询问出国留学的有关事宜。第一段首先表明来意，表示自己想询问一些事宜。第二段主要描写了询问的具体事情。第三段表示期待回信。此类信件要注意格式和礼貌用语。
2. Topical Writing （40 points）
Instructions: Please choose ONE from the following topics and write an essay within 500 words.
1） Globalization of the Chinese Language
2） E-learning: What does it mean?
3） What is wrong with our English teaching?【参考范文】
With the China’s entrance to WTO and the more and more cooperation in foreign trade, a good grasp of English communication is the key to win the cooperation. But we can find many disadvantages in English education, more and more people has complained they can’t use English very well. Then there comes a sharp contrast exists between “test-oriented education” and “competence-oriented education”. So what’s wrong with China’s English education?
To begin with, most of the language learners do not have a language environment in their study. They cannot speak and listen to English as much as they’re supposed to. So what we have is “dumb English” rather than communicative English. To a great extent, the English teaching in China is teacher-centered, turning a language class into an information class. It is still very common in the classroom that the teacher explains every language point in detail, while students take notes all the time. Students are taught how to memorize language point instead of how to use English. Students are very shy when they are asked to speak in English.
Secondly, culture is neglected in English teaching because of poor text design. Some redundant unrealistic materials and a great deal or grammar and structure exercises in the text lead to students memorizing a large vocabulary and a lot of English rules. Few students know how, when and where to use them. What’s more, many textbooks are outdated. Many of the English books we use now were published in 1990s. Though they have high quality, they cannot reflect the development of the English language. So these books are not ideal textbooks.
Finally, test-oriented education, in a sense, misleads and impedes college English teaching in China. For example, college English test band four or six is so overemphasized in some colleges that teachers teach to the test, sacrificing learning for the sake of test results, and students only learn to pass the examination. As a result, student’s actual language competence is weakened though the passing rate has increased.
In conclusion, Chinese English teaching is to be reformed. The language environment should be improved and English class should be students-centered. Culture knowledge should be introduced in language teaching, and examination should be dealt with appropriately.【解析】
本文围绕当今中国英语教育的弊端展开论述。文章第一段介绍了在当今时代背景下，学习英语十分重要，从而引出大多英语学习者并不能用英语进行交流并发问问题出在哪里。文章第二段说明语言环境匮乏，英语课主要是以老师为中心。文章第三段说明英语教学缺少文化因素，教材僵化。第四段说明了应试教育也是弊端之一。最后一段总结概括全文，简要说明了改善方法。
2010年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解
Ⅰ. Match file following numbers with the corresponding letters according to the contents, write the corresponding letter into the bracket （5 points）:
1. Lawrence Venuti
2. Eugene Nida
3. Andre Lefevere
4. Peter Newmark
5. Qian Zhongshu
A. Reaching the acme of perfection
B. Foreignization and domestication
C. Communicative and semantic translation
D. Rewriting theory
E. Functional equivalence【参考答案】
1.B 美国学者L. Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻译的归化与异化（domestication and foreignization），指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者即异化，另一种是让作者靠近读者即归化
2.E 功能对等理论（functional equivalence）是由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（Eugene Nida）提出，他认为最大的功能对等是指译文文本的读者应该基本上能以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式来理解和欣赏译文文本。
3.D 安德烈·勒菲弗尔（Andre Lefevere）基于前人研究基础提出“翻译即改写”的翻译理论观,并认为译作受意识形态、诗学和赞助人三因素的操控。
4.C 交际翻译和语义翻译（communicative translation and semantic translation）是英国翻译家纽马克（Newmark）翻译理论的两种基本策略。交际翻译法集归化、意译和地道翻译的优势。语义翻译法具有绝对意义，交际翻译法具有相对意义。
5.A 钱钟书提出了化境（reaching the acme of perfection）的思想。钱钟书指出：文学翻译的最高境界是“化”,把作品从一国文字转变为另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。
Ⅱ. Translate the following English into Chinese （40 points）
Section A （25 points）: Force Majeur（不可抗力）: The Sellers shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the goods owing to generally recognized “Force Majeure” causes. However, in such case, the Sellers shall immediately cable the Buyers the accident and airmail, to the Buyers within 15 days after the accident, a certificate of the accident issued by the competent government authorities or the chamber of commerce which is located at the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. With the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to “Force Majeure” causes, m case the Sellers fail to make delivery within the time as stipulated in the contract, the Sellers should indemnify the Buyers for all losses and expenses incurred to the latter directly attributable to late delivery or failure to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms of this contract. If the “Force Majeure” cause lasts over 60 days, the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the Contract or the undelivered part of the Contract.【参考译文】
由于不可抗力原因,卖方将不负责延迟交货或不交货。在这种情况下，卖家应当立即通知买家事故事件，并在事故后15天之内发送航空邮件给买家，提供由政府部门或当地所在商会在事故发生时出具的证书作为证明。除延迟交货和不交货归于不可抗力因素之外，如果卖家在规定的时间内未能成功交货，按照本合同的条款，应对买家赔偿其由于迟交或交货失败造成的直接一切损失和费用。如果不可抗力因素持续超过60天，买家将有权取消合合同以及未完成部分的合同内容。
Section B （15 points）: Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution there of shall be amicably settled through negotiation in case no settlement can be reached between the two Parties, the case under dispute shall be submitted to the Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade for arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in Beijing, China and shall be executed in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure of the said Commission and the decision made by the Arbitration Commission shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties. The fees for arbitration shall be borne by the losing Party unless otherwise awarded.【参考译文】
凡因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议，双方应通过友好协商解决；如果协商不能解决，应提交北京中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会的仲裁规则进行仲裁仲裁是终局的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用除仲裁庭另有规定外，均由败诉方承担。
Ⅲ. Translate the following into English. （45 points）
第五，必须坚持执政为民。政府的一切权力都是人民赋予的，执政为民是各级政府的崇高使命。我们要牢记全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，把实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益，作为政府工作的出发点和落脚点。更加注重保障和改莕民生，特别要关心和解决城乡低收入群众的生活闲难，使全体人民共享改革发展成果。只有坚持一切属于人民，一切为了人民，一切依靠人民，一切归功于人民，我们的各项亊业才能获得最广泛、最可靠的群众基础和力量源泉。
第六，必须坚持依法行政。遵守宪法和法律是政府一切工作的根本原则。我们要严格按照法定权限和程序行使权力、履行职责，加强政府立法，规范行政执法，完善行政监督，建设法治政府，不断提高依法行政能力。只有全面推行依法行政，努力做到有权必有责、用权受监督、侵权要赔偿、违法要追究，让权力在阳光下运行，才能保证人民赋予的权力始终用来为人民谋利益。【参考译文】
Fifth, we must continue to run the government for the people. All the power of the government comes from the people, and running the government for them is a lofty mission of governments at all levels. We must never forget that serving the people wholeheartedly is our purpose, and make sure that the aim and outcome of the work of the government is to fulfill, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people. We need to attach greater importance to ensuring the well-being of the people and improving their lives, in particular showing concern for urban and rural residents with low incomes and helping them make ends meet in their daily lives, in order to ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development. We must always keep in mind that everything belongs to the people, do everything for their benefit, rely on them in everything we do and attribute all our successes to their efforts. Only by doing so can we enjoy the broadest and most reliable support from the people and draw from them the strength for ensuring success in all our endeavors.
Sixth, we must continue to run the government in accordance with the law. Abiding by the Constitution and laws is a fundamental principle for all the work of the government. We need to exercise our power and perform our functions and responsibilities within the jurisdiction stipulated by law and in accordance with legal procedures, improve government legislative work, standardize administrative law enforcement, improve administrative oversight, develop law-based government and enhance our ability to carry out administrative functions in accordance with the law. We must ensure that government administration fully complies with the law, that power comes with responsibility, that there is proper oversight on the exercise of power, that reparation is paid for infringement of rights, that any violation of the law is prosecuted, and that power is exercised in a transparent manner. This is the only way to ensure that the power entrusted to us by the people is always exercised in their interests.
Ⅳ. Writing （60 points）
1. Applied writing （15 points）
Directions: Choose ONE of the following topics to write within 300 words.（1） a letter of application
Direction: Suppose you were to apply a job position at a university or a company, write a letter to the dean of the school or the manager of the company introducing yourself and your job expectation. Please DO NOT reveal your real name and affiliations.（2） a letter of inquiry
Direction: Suppose you were applying for M,A. study at a foreign diversity, write to the university office concerned asking for information about the M.A. program and ask questions you are interested in.（3） a letter of complaint
Direction: Write to the university authority complaining about the problems that need to be solved on the campus. Propose your own suggestion.【参考范文】【解析】
本文为一封求职信，作者表达感谢、表明来意后简要介绍自己的学历背景，学习经历及社会实践经验等。最后表明自己的一些素质能够胜任工作及其十分希望能到贵公司工作。要注意格式及不能涉及个人信息。
2. Topic writing （45 points）
Direction: Write on ONE of the following topics.（1） A research proposal for M.A. study（2） Learning with the Internet（3） University education and the job marketIs University Education Worth It?
As we all know, many parents send their children to university in order to make them take a good life, because they believe the truth that knowledge can change one’s life. But many fresh university graduates are finding that it becomes increasingly difficult to find jobs. So many people think that knowledge is no longer enough to change lives in today’s China. But in my opinion, temporary problems in the job market don’t mean knowledge is useless, on the contrary, it is still worth taking university education.
First, it is not knowledge which leads to the current problem of university graduates in today’s job market. One of the reasons for the problem is the over-expansion of higher education. In 1998, the universities began to enlarge the enrollment. In the same year, the number of students who entered into universities was 1.08 million. In 2012, it was 6.85 million, which has increased fivefold. But with the improvement of productivity and production method, the demand of normal workers is decreasing. The conflict of supply and demand results the temporary problem. Another reason is the low quality of many Chinese universities. The structure and the content of curricula are unreasonable. Some courses are separated from practice. They don’t contain much useful and advanced knowledge. Moreover, many students are not well prepared to find a job and are confused about their future. A survey from the Talent Market shows that only 13% of the graduates have a clear aim of jobs. In brief, all of these, but not the knowledge, make it difficult for graduates to find a job.
University education also has a significantly impact on the personal future life. On the one hand, quality of life isn’t just about making money and getting stable job. On the contrary, it means a good taste of life, a correct outlook of the world, the life and the values. On the other hand, a person equipped with well education is easy to be a popular man which means the road towards success will be more smoothly. In addition, to learn hard to gain more knowledge also helps people find other pleasures in life and peace of mind. All in all, in the long term, education and knowledge which obtained from the university education can greatly improve people’s quality of life.
We can’t deny the fact that education is power. It is useless only while being unable to use the learned knowledge flexibly in finding a job. Besides, university education can improve the quality of individual life. So it’s obvious that university education is worth it.【解析】
本文依据大学教育与就业市场这一主题，选取了大学教育是否值得这一角度。第一段由大学毕业生当今就业形势严峻的情况下，很多人质疑大学教育是否值得。作者提出了自己的观点：就业市场的暂时不景气不代表知识无用，故大学教育还是很必要的。文章第二段详细论述了就业形势严峻的具体原因。第三段描述了大学教育对人们的未来生活很重要。最后一段总结全文。
2011年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解
Ⅰ. Match the following numbers with the corresponding letters according to the contents （5 points） （Write your answers on the answer sheet.）
1. Peter Newmark
2. Lawrence Venuti
3. Eugene Nida
4. Fu Lei
5. Qian Zhongshu
A） resemblance in spirit
B） reaching the acme of perfection
C） domestication and foreignization
D） functional equivalence
E） semantic translation and communicative translation【参考答案】
1.E 语义翻译和交际翻译（semantic translation and communicative translation）是英国翻译家纽马克（Newmark）翻译理论的两种基本策略。语义翻译法具有绝对意义，交际翻译法具有相对意义。交际翻译法集归化、意译和地道翻译的优势。
2.C 美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻译的归化与异化（domestication and foreignization），指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者即异化，另一种是让作者靠近读者即归化。
3.D 功能对等理论（functional equivalence）是由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（Eugene Nida）提出，他认为最大的功能对等是指译文文本的读者应该基本上能以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式来理解和欣赏译文文本。
4.A 傅雷先生提出了神似（resemblance in spirit）的思想。“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。”（spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit ）
5.B 钱钟书提出了化境（reaching the acme of perfection）的思想。钱钟书指出：文学翻译的最高境界是“化”,把作品从一国文字转变为另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。
Ⅱ. Translate the following into Chinese （40 points: 20＋20）（1）
If you don’t take care of this small tooth, the permanent; one might not be so cute. Somehow, a lot of people figure it doesn’t really matter, if a “baby tooth” gets a cavity. After all, it’s just a little temporary tooth. But it really does matter. First, the tooth is so small; a cavity in it can a big problem, So, the tooth might have to be pulled. Then the space left by the pulled tooth can cause bad spacing of the permanent teeth which, cmi affect anything from your baby’s bite to his appearance. So it makes sense to take care of those first little teeth just like you would big teeth. With the right foods, regular checkups and brushing after every meal with a good tooth paste.（2）
More than 1000 sea jellies （水母） of all size, shapes and colors from all over the world have found a new home in this all-new jellyfish exhibit at Ocean Park! Designed with the latest technology in lighting, music and multimedia special effects to enhance your experience. Sea Jelly Spectacular offers a sensational “undersea” voyage for you to discover this most amazing and beautiful undersea creature. You can see them swim and, glow m their natural environment or play the interactive Shadow Game to “virtually” touch them. You can even play hide-and-seek with them in the Mirror Maze, Part of the thrill is finding your way out of this magical enclosure! Get ready for a journey of exploration, fun and thrill!
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