英汉对照分子生物学导论 第二版(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-06-21 02:16:49

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作者:(美)西尔维恩·W.勒潘(Sylvain W. Lapan)、王勇 编著

出版社:化学工业出版社

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英汉对照分子生物学导论 第二版

英汉对照分子生物学导论 第二版试读:

前言

Edition关于分子生物学的美好事物之一就是这一领域的发One of the wonderful things about 展依赖于不断的交流。重molecular biology is that the field 大问题只能通过全世界研depends on constant 究人员的合作才能找到答communication.Important questions 案,每个研究小组为解答can only be answered through the 难题贡献出他们的研究成collaboration of researchers from all 果,并在他人研究成果的over the world, who each contribute 基础上开展更深入的研their piece of the puzzle and build on 究。但是要开展这种密切each other’s work.But this lively 合作也面临着许多挑战,interaction also poses challenges, 特别是语言问题。如果科particularly the problem of 学家们说着不同的语言、language.How can scientists 用不同的语言发表文章,collaborate if they speak and publish 那他们之间怎么去开展合in different languages?作呢?As it happens, the language of 算是一种机缘巧合吧,现molecular biology is now English.The 在分子生物学所用的语言vast majority of published research is 是英语。绝大多数研究结in English, as are most international 果都用英语发表,大多数conferences.The language has 国际会议也用英语发言。become so central because a large 由于对分子生物学做出过number of scientists and research 重大贡献的许多科学家和centers that have made important 研究中心都在英国和美contributions to molecular biology 国,现在也仍然是这些国were, and still are, based in England 家在发挥着主导作用,因and the United States.The 此英语已经成为首要的语predominance of one language is not 言。一种语言起主导作用necessarily fair, but it is a reality that 不一定是公平的,但这是most professionals working in the 大多数在这一领域工作的field must face.专业人员必须面对的现实。For Chinese students, learning 对中国学生来说,用英语biology in English can be very 学习生物学会是很令人兴exciting, but also quite 奋的,但也会是颇具挑战challenging.Chinese and English are 性的。汉语和英语是很不very different languages, with 一样的语言,具有完全不completely different phonetics and 同的语音和语法体系。此writing systems.On top of this, 外,生物学的英语教材和biology textbooks and articles in 文章特别难以理解,即使English are especially difficult to 对母语为英语的读者来说understand, even for native English 也是如此。书中有许多特speakers.There is a lot of unique 殊的词汇,还会有一些特vocabularies, and there may be 殊的科技写作方面的惯用sentence structures particular to 句子结构。scientific writing.In many cases, Chinese students are 许多时候,中国学生拿到presented with a giant textbook only 手的是一本厚厚的英文教in English and instructors hope for 材,教师希望学生从中获the best.Our experience as teachers 得最大的收益。我们在中of molecular biology in China is that 国讲授分子生物学的体会this approach is unrealistic.Most 是:这样的做法是不切合实students in China at this time, 际的。这一阶段的大多数especially those who are on a course 中国学生,特别是那些还of scientific study, do not have 处于科学研究课程学习阶enough training in English to 段的学生,并不具备足够understand textbooks written for 的英语能力去理解为母语native English speakers.Struggling 是英语的读者编写的教with the language often comes at the 材。在语言上的些许进步expense of actually learning the 实际上是以牺牲理解分子concepts and principles of molecular 生物学概念与原理为代价biology.的。We have put together this book with 我们编写此书的目的是想the hope of creating a more realistic, 为用英语学习分子生物学more sympathetic, and more 提供一种更实际、更让人specialized approach to learn 喜欢和更专业的方法。程molecular biology in 度好的学生可以阅读本书English.Advanced students can learn 的英文部分,并参考中文by reading the English portion of the 译文以检查他们的理解情book, and refer to the Chinese 况,或参考个别单词的中translation to check their 文含义。英语程度差一点understanding, or for reference on 的学生可以从本书的中文individual words.Beginners in English 部分学习,并参考英文而can learn from the Chinese portion, 开始掌握专业词汇。使用and refer to the English for an 这样的英汉对照教材,在introduction to vocabularies.With 如何学习上学生和教师都both languages present, students 可以有更多的选择!and instructors have more options for how to learn!An added feature of this book is that 本书的另一个特点是:所有all the English texts have been 的英语课文都有配套的音accompanied by audio files.They are 频文件。它们对那些希望especially helpful for those who 提高自身专业英语听力水intend to improve their listening 平的人特别有帮助。同时,comprehension of academic 精心设计的插图能使读者English.Meanwhile,the elaborately 更容易地从分子水平上理designed figures will enable readers 解相关的概念与原理。to understand concepts and principles in molecular terms much more easily.The book covers the material that we 本书包括的内容是我们认feel an advanced, undergraduate 为一个分子生物学高年级student of molecular biology should 本科生应该掌握的。与许know.Unlike many textbooks used for 多分子生物学教材不同,molecular biology, this is not meant 它不是一本参考书,不是as a reference book,a large volume 一本让人查阅关于细胞各where one can look up any facts 方面内容的大部头著作。about the cell.Those kinds of 那些大部头著作自然有它volumes have their use, but we feel 们的用武之地,而我们觉that it is unproductive to present 得向学生提供这么一大堆students with such piles of 信息并不是很有成效的做information.If students can master all 法。如果学生能掌握这本of the information present even in 相对来说比较简单的书中this relatively brief book, they will 的所有内容,他们就已经already be more informed than most 是这一领域学生中出类拔students of the field, and even some 萃的了,他们甚至可能比professionals!一些专业人员还要强!It is with great excitement that we 能邀请你与我们一道用英invite you to learn molecular biology 语来学习分子生物学让我with us in English.This is an 们觉得很兴奋。中国和世important age for China and the rest 界的其他国家正处于一个of the world!As China becomes every 重要的时代!随着中国的日day more prosperous, its research 益进步与繁荣,中国的研centers and companies are 究中心和公司正在取得更improving and have much to offer 大的进展,它们正在为世scientific communities around the 界科学共同体提供更多的world.At the same time, the 研究成果。同时,中国的continued development of China 持续发展需要了解西方已depends on the knowledge and skills 经拥有的和即将涌现的知that have been developed in the 识和技能。在分子生物学West and continue to flourish there.In 领域,如果我们能够共享molecular biology, there is much to 知识与技能并互相交流,gain if we can share and 我们就都可以取得更大的communicate with each other!成就!Sincerely, The Authors作者 谨识October 20072007年10月绪论Introduction我们说一个细胞是活的。但是往细胞里面看,所有We say a cell is alive.But look inside 你看到的都是分子和各种a cell and all you will see are 各样的原子,它们就像本molecules,collections of atoms that 书的纸张一样没有生命。are as inanimate as the paper of this 这样一些物体怎么会产生book.How does a set of objects 动态的生命呢?这是分子make a dynamic living organism?生物学领域所要研究的基This question is the basis of the field 本问题。of molecular biology.The most fundamental features 所有已知生命形态都具有shared by all known life forms are the 的最基本特征是它们能够ability to reproduce and the ability to 繁殖和生长。如果生物不grow.If organisms were not able to 能繁殖,生命就不可能存reproduce,life would be 在。也许在十亿年里从一impossible.Perhaps once in a billion 些化学物质中会自发出现years a precursor to life could arise 生命的原始形式;但如果spontaneously from a pool of 这一形式不能繁殖的话,chemicals;but if this form could not 它很快就会消失。生长的make more of itself,it would soon 必要性是繁殖必要性的直vanish.The necessity to grow is a 接结果。例如,当一个细direct result of the necessity to 胞产生两个、两个细胞产reproduce.As one cell makes two 生四个的时候,原始细胞and two cells make four,for 的物质一次又一次地被分example,the mass of the original 开。如果子代细胞不能生cell becomes more and more 长的话,那么要不了几代divided.If the offspring do not grow,细胞就会小到不可思议。after several generations they will be impossibly small.So how can a set of molecules 那么,这样一些分子是怎reproduce and grow?These 样繁殖和生长的呢?答案functions are largely the work of 是:这些功能主要是由蛋large molecules called proteins,白质这样的大分子来完成nature’s tiny machines.For 的,它们是自然界的微型reproduction,proteins copy some 生产机器。对繁殖来说,parts of the cell,and pull one cell 是蛋白质对细胞的某些部apart to make two cells.For growth,分进行了复制,并使一个they can take in nutrients from the 细胞分裂产生两个细胞。environment and put these nutrients 对生长来说,是蛋白质把together to make the structures of 营养物质从环境中带进the cell.They also break down 来,并用它们建造出细胞nutrients to provide the energy and 的各个组成部分。它们也molecular building blocks.Proteins 分解营养物质产生能量和are able to undertake so many tasks 分子结构组件。蛋白质能because of their large size,intricate 够承担各种各样的任务,three-dimensional structures,and 其原因就是它们具有较大complex chemical properties.的体积、精巧的三维结构和复杂的化学性质。But proteins are not the end of the 但是蛋白质并不是故事的story.Proteins cannot directly 结尾。蛋白质不能直接繁reproduce themselves;therefore,殖它们自身;因此,光有they cannot be solely responsible for 蛋白质还不足以实现所有life.The formation of proteins 的生命机能。蛋白质的形depends on another kind of molecule 成依赖于另一种称为核酸called nucleic acids.Nucleic acids,的分子。核酸当中的一种mainly DNA,are especially well-即DNA特别适合携带生产suited for carrying the information to 蛋白质的信息。DNA也从make proteins.DNA is also passed 每个世代传递到下一世代down with each new generation,中,使子代能够生产所有allowing offspring to completely 在亲本中出现的蛋白。如reproduce the set of proteins present 果蛋白质是细胞的机器,in the parent.If proteins are the cell’s 那么细胞中的DNA就是总machines,DNA is the cell’s head 工程师——它们知道应该engineer—knowledgeable about how 怎样生产机器,还能将这to make the machines,and able to 种知识一代一代地传递下pass this knowledge from generation 去。to generation.In order to make proteins,DNA is 为了生产蛋白质,需要用copied using another nucleic acid,到另外一种核酸即RNA来called RNA.This process is called 拷贝DNA。这一过程称为transcription.RNA is then used as a 转录。之后,RNA用来作guide to put together the small 为引导者将小分子放在一molecules that make a protein,a 起来产生蛋白质,这是一process called translation.This 个称为翻译的过程。这种general progression,DNA→RNA→一般的进程,即DNA→Protein,is used in all life RNA→蛋白质,被所有生forms.Because it is so central to 命形式所采用。由于它对molecular biology,it has been 分子生物学是如此重要,termed the central dogma.以至于称它为中心法则。The general scheme of the central 中心法则的一般过程看上dogma is very basic,and many 去很简单,但我们应该知details need to be filled-in.The work 道其中的许多细节。探询of adding these details is spread 这些细节的工作分散在生between different fields of biology,物学的不同领域中,分子of which molecular biology is just 生物学是其中之一。分子one.Molecular biology is most 生物学主要关注核酸和蛋focused on the question of how 白质如何用来生产更多的nucleic acids and proteins are used 蛋白质。其他领域则各有to make more proteins.Other fields 其侧重点。例如,遗传学have different emphases.For 特别注重基因的结构、功example,genetics is focused 能和遗传。细胞生物学家particularly on the structure,们可能会研究蛋白质和其function and inheritance of 他分子怎样形成细胞的结genes.Cell biologists may study how 构、细胞怎样分裂、它如proteins and other molecules form 何与环境进行相互作用。the structures of the cell,how the 生物化学则对细胞中的代cell divides,and how it interacts 谢途径和蛋白质的酶学作with the environment.Biochemistry 用更为关注。一般情况下,has a classic focus on metabolic 这些领域之间在很大程度pathways in the cell and the 上会有重叠,说不清某个enzymatic roles of proteins.领域的研究范围从哪儿开Generally,these and other fields 始、在哪儿结束。overlap to a great extent,and there Although the topic of molecular 虽然这里所说的分子生物biology as stated here may seem 学主题看起来有些简单,somewhat simple,many details 但若要真正理解这一领域must be mastered to truly understand 深层次的东西,还是必须the depth of the field.It is easy to get 掌握许多细节内容。而一lost in these details,and so before 旦深入到细节中又很容易we discover them,we lay out some 迷失方向,因此在开始学guiding principles that can give a 习之前,我们列出几条指sense of order to many of these 导原则来帮助梳理许多这intricacies.Most important are the 样的细节。这当中最重要forces that shape life,including 的是那些塑造了生命的力evolution,physics,and the 量,包括进化、物理学和availability of resources.可利用资源。All life forms are the product of 所有生命形式都是进化的evolution.Life today is far too 产物。今日的生命太复杂complicated to have arisen 以至于不可能从简单的分spontaneously from simple 子自发地出现在我们面molecules.Its present complexity can 前。它现在所具有的复杂be understood by the accumulation 性可以被理解成是在漫长of small advantageous changes over 的时光里一点一滴地积累long periods of time.Because 了小的有利变化的结果。evolution is based on chance,new 由于进化是有机会性的,improvements in an organism 一种生物中的新改进一般generally arise as relatively modest 只是相对于先前的状态来changes to a previous state.Always 说稍有变化而已。请总是remember,the mechanisms in a cell 记住一点:细胞中的某种are not necessarily the best possible.机理不一定是所有可能性中最好的。All life on Earth appears to have 地球上所有的生命看起来evolved from a common 都是从一个共同的祖先进ancestor.One of the descendants of 化来的。那一祖先的后代that ancestor had a life strategy so 之一具有一种生命策略,successful that it remained mostly 它是如此成功以至于在几unchanged in the evolution of 十亿年的进化史中进化出millions of species over billions of 来的几百万种生物中基本years.That strategy has,at its 保持不变。作为它的核心,core,the production of proteins from 这一策略就是使用RNA作DNA using an RNA intermediate.The 为从DNA生产蛋白质的中changes evolved by the millions of 介物。从外观上看,来自species that descended from that 于共同祖先的几百万种生ancestor were,from a 物在进化上是如此不同morphological perspective,——它们大的像恐龙那样enormous—leading to dinosaurs on 大,小的又像细菌那么the one hand,and bacteria on the 小。而从分子生物学的角other.From the perspective of 度看,进化所产生的许多molecular biology,however,many 改变从某种意义上来说只evolutionary changes have been,in 是蛋糕上的装饰而已;所a sense, icing on the cake;all 有细胞生命形式都遵循中cellular life forms retained the central 心法则。因此,在分子生dogma.As a consequence,in 物学中我们能够对亲缘关molecular biology we are able to 系很远的生命形式做出相make very relevant comparisons 关比较,例如我们可以比In addition to sharing a common 除了拥有共同的祖先之ancestor,all life on earth is subject 外,地球上的所有生命都to the same set of physical laws;服从相同的物理学定律;like all matter,the molecules that 像所有物质一样,组成生make life are subject to the laws of 命的分子也服从物理学定physics.Motion and attraction of 律。例如,它们的分子运these molecules,for example,are 动与相互吸引受到物理学guided and limited by strict rules.In 定律的严格指导和限制。the universe,all things tend to 在宇宙中,所有事物都倾become more disordered,a 向于变得更无序,这是一property called entropy.Cells are 种称为熵的性质。细胞是highly ordered structures that must 高度有序的结构,必须利overcome the disorder of entropy by 用能量去克服熵的无序。using energy.However,energy is 然而,能量在宇宙中总是always conserved in the universe.In 守恒的。细胞为了能够有order for a cell to obtain more 更多的能量可供使用,它energy,it must take energy from 必须从别的地方获得能someplace else.The acquisition of 量。生物必须具备获得能energy and its efficient usage are 量并加以有效使用的能necessities that fundamentally shape 力,这是生命现象的最基living things.本体现。Available energy is only one example 可利用的能源只是环境中of a resource that is limited in the 限制性资源的一个例子。environment.Molecular building 细胞成分的分子部件是另blocks of cellular components are 一种限制性资源。资源的another.The limited availability of 限制性意味着:许多细胞certain resources means that many 机理是为了有效地使用资cellular mechanisms are shaped by a 源而塑造出来的。细胞并need to be efficient.Cells cannot 不能随心所欲地使用任何perform whatever task with whatever 材料来执行任何任务。有material.In some cases,better 的时候,细胞倒是想用更molecules are imaginable for the 好的分子去完成手头的任cellular tasks at hand,but these 务,但这些分子往往得不molecules are unattainable.到。Within these guidelines,and many 在诸如此类指导原则的框others,life on Earth has been able 架内,地球上的生命找到to find many solutions.Evolution,了许多解决方案。进化虽though slow and blind,has been a 然发生得极为缓慢而且盲very powerful source of change over 目,但在地球存在的几十the course of billions of years of 亿年历史过程中,它却是Earth’s history.Within the laws of 非常有效地获得解决方案physics,life has been able to create 的源泉。在物理学定律的order from a disordered mixture of 限制下,生命从无序的化chemicals—largely thanks to energy 学物质混合物中创造出了provided by the sun.Chemical 有序的结构——这还应感building blocks,such as carbon,谢太阳提供的能量。一些that are the basis for complex,像碳原子这样的化学元素functional structures are widely 在地球上很容易获得,它available on Earth.Also,the 们是组成具有复杂功能结presence of liquid water on the 构的基础。此外,地球上planet has provided an ideal medium 液态水的存在为生命赖以for chemical processes on which life 生存的化学过程提供了理is based.想的介质。In the following chapters of this 在本书的后续章节中,我book,we invite you to learn how 们邀请你来学习这些无生inanimate molecules have come 命的分子是如何组合在一together to create life,steering 起创造出生命的,它们又between the limitations and the 是如何在地球以及宇宙所advantages provided by our planet 提供的不利条件与有利条and our universe.件之间曲折前行的。Chapter 1 Amino 第1章 从氨基酸到蛋白质Acids to Proteins生命几乎就是蛋白质的杰作。蛋白质让生物得以生Life is most directly the work of 长和繁殖,生长和繁殖是proteins.Proteins allow organisms to 生命最基本的特征。蛋白grow and reproduce,the most 质赋予了生物外形和力fundamental properties of life.They 量,以及在许多情形中的provide shape and strength,and in 运动功能。蛋白质还是细many cases movement.They 胞通讯的基础,也是细胞underlie cellular communication,but 膜的组成部分(正是细胞are also a key part of the boundaries 膜将细胞和细胞器与它们that separate cells and organelles 的环境分隔开)。在细胞from their environment.In the cell,中,蛋白质无处不在,行proteins are everywhere and do 使着几乎所有功能。本章almost everything.In this chapter we 我们将学习蛋白质的分子examine the molecular composition 组成,了解简单小分子是of proteins,showing how the joining 如何连接在一起产生具有of small,simple molecules can 复杂形状和超乎寻常功能produce large molecules with 的大分子的。1.1 Protein Composition1.1 蛋白质的组成蛋白质是由称为氨基酸的小分子组成的聚合物(图1.1)。可以很方便地把氨Proteins are polymers of small 基酸看成是由四个不同的molecules called amino 化学基团连接到一个碳原acids(Figure 1.1).It is convenient 子上而形成的结构。其中to think of an amino acid as a carbon 三个基团总是相同,即氨atom attached to four different 基、羧基和氢原子。第四chemical groups.Three of these are 个基团通常被称为侧链,all always the same:an amino 或R基团,它随氨基酸的group,a carboxyl group,and a 不同而有变化。通常有20hydrogen atom.The fourth group is 种不同的氨基酸被用来生generally termed the side chain,or 产蛋白质,它们均具有不R group,and varies between 同的R基团。R基团大小不different amino acids.There are 20 一,其化学性质也不同different amino acids commonly used (图1.2和图1.3)。to make proteins,and all 20 have different R groups.R groups have various sizes and chemical properties(Figures 1.2 and Figures 1.3).Figure 1.1 General amino acid structure图1.1 氨基酸的一般结构图1.2 20种氨基酸以及它们的缩写表示法Figure 1.2 The twenty amino acids and their abbreviationsFigure 1.3 Structures of the 20 图1.3 20种常见氨基酸的common amino acids结构Amino acids are joined to each other 氨基酸可以通过一个氨基by combining the amino end of one 酸上的氨基与另一个氨基with the carboxyl end of 酸上的羧基结合而互相连another(Figure 1.4).Because all 接起来(图1.4)。由于所amino acids have these two ends,有氨基酸都具有这两个基any amino acid can join to any other 团,因此任何氨基酸都可amino acid.The polymer that results 以与任何其他氨基酸相连from these combinations is linear,接。这种结合形成的聚合meaning that there are no 物是线性的,意味着它们branchpoints.Proteins can be 没有分支。蛋白质可以由composed of any combination of the 20种氨基酸以任何组合、twenty amino acids,in any 任何数目和任何顺序组number,attached in any order.In 成。事实上,这种在组成fact,this flexibility in composition is 上的灵活性对于产生在自necessary to produce the wide 然界中用到的种类繁多的variety of proteins that are used in 蛋白质是必需的。nature.Figure 1.4 The formation of a peptide 图1.4 肽键的形成bond

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