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大学英语（2）试读：
内容提要
这里讲述的内容，主要是大学英语四六级的相关知识，例如大学英语六级考试-改错题解析；大学英语六级写作技巧；英语四六级考试阅读写作经验谈；英语四六级考试新题型分值分布等各种四六级英语题型的相关问题。这里的知识，为学习大学英语的人们提供了好的学习方法，也为人们为迎接奥运做好了充分的准备。
大学英语四六级阅读指导
阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外，还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等，这就要求考生具备相应的阅读理解微技能，与四级考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。
词汇的理解
对于阅读中碰到的生僻词，我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解；其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度，即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义，尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义，而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中，在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后，我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义：（1）构词知识
即利用单词的构词要素词根，前后缀来识记单词。
词根是一个单词的根本部分，代表词的基本意义；前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分，通常也有一定含义；后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分，通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种，现简单归纳如下：
①前缀+词根：inter（中间）+vene→intervene（介入）
②词根+后缀：circl（圆）+let（小）→circlet（小环）
③词根+词根：tele（远）+scope（镜）→telescope（望远镜）
④前缀+词根+后缀：in（不）+aud（听）+ible（可）→inaudible（听不见）
⑤双前缀+词根：re（再）+dis（取下）+cover（盖）→rediscover（再发现）
⑥词根+双后缀：care（用心）+less（不）+ly（地）→carelessly（不小心地）
⑦前缀+双词根：tri（三）+gono（角）+metry（测量）→trigonometry（三角几何）
⑧双词根+后缀：biblio（书）+phil（爱）+ist（人）→bibliophilist（书籍爱好者）
⑨双前缀+词根+后缀：ir（不）+re（反对）+sist（站）+ible→irresistible（不可抵抗的）
前缀+词根+双后缀：se（离）+greg（群）+ation+ist→segregationist（种族隔离主义者）
双前缀+词根+双后缀：un（不）+pre（先）+ced（走）+ent+ed→unprecedented（史无前例的）（2）上下文线索
利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多，但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索，这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种：
①同义定义为了便于读者理解作者本义，作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时，作者常使用一些信号词，如：is/are（called），means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.
或标点符号，如——，（）等，例：
Multiplexing-transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel-increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates,“hollowgutted”organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain-the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.
②近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用，我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例：
Mr.and Mrs.Firth had a long courtship.They dated for nine years before they got married.
Although he often had the opportunity，Mr.Tritt never stole money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
例：Chimpanzees（猩猩）in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.
④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例：
People gathered to look.Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket（套，壳）of the radiator.
A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by.As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.
⑤比较举例上下文中的比较和举例，能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性，我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例：
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.
⑥因果时间因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系，在利用上下文推测词义时，这些关系也至关重要。例：
Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring,insignificant topics.
⑦常识包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识，在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时，我们都会感到相对容易，这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例：
An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.
An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.
预测
在对付难文的阅读时，一定要善于在理解已知信息的基础上对随之可能出现的信息进行积极预测。预测时，应学会借助主题句、关联词语等篇章信息来提高预测的准确性。如，有一篇短文以这样一句开头：
Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness.Yet……这里根据表示转折的关联词Yet，预测到下面可能出现的是主题句，又必然要否定本句中许多人的观点，即snowblindness（雪盲）可能由glare from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文紧接着的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，and even snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of“snow light”。
据此主题，我们可以比较有把握地预测到下文将着墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：
The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country.Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain.So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at.Finding nothing hour after hour，the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache.Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and more fluid which covers the eyeball.The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，and the result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.
但预测不一定总是正确，它需要在继续阅读中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的内容与预测相近，表示理解过程正确。如预测与下文不一致，则可能：①对前面内容的理解有偏差；②据以预测的那部分语言信息可能有多种不同理解，因而可据以作出多种不同的预测。
预测有顺向预测和逆向预测两种，上面提到的为顺向预测。所谓逆向预测，实为预测的一种特殊形式，应用于已知下文要推知上文的场合。阅读中积极运用顺向和逆向预测，除了上面谈到的能提高对文章的理解深度外，还可帮助我们读懂本来难以读懂的章节。
判断
在阅读中，我们有时需要对文章内容的正误作出判断，有时需要借助上下文对个别词语的大意作出判断，有时需要根据关联，对上下文进行预测性判断，有时需要在综合分析的基础上，通过判断得出结论，有时还需要对作者语气态度、思想倾向等等作出判断。判断贯穿于阅读的全过程，也渗透在各种阅读微技能中。例：（1）判断推测句中omnivorous一词的大意
She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader.
根据句中她“兴趣广”这一上文和被修饰的reader一词，可大概判断omnivorous具有“兴趣广、什么书都喜欢读”等含义。（2）根据前文，判断下文
Laziness is a sin,everyone knows that.Nevertheless……
A）laziness can actually be helpful
B）laziness is a sign of mental illness
C）laziness is immoral and wasteful
D）you must be careful when you see someone lazy
根据第一分句的语义倾向和Nevertheless一词，我们可得出这样的判断，即下文要谈的内容必然与之相反，即谈论Laziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。（3）判断作者观点
Which of the following statements was written by someone who prefers small cars to large ones？
A）Their excellent gas mileage and even their improved interior design notwithstanding，today’s compact cars simply fail to provide the feel a traditional motorist yearns for.
B）They lack some of the size and even the character of the full-sized autos we were accustomed to;but today’s compacts more than make up for this with their excellent gas mileage.
本题要求我们对A、B中哪种观点赞成小汽车作出判断。A句中主句对小汽车予以否定，句首对小汽车的肯定性陈述又被notwithstanding一词否定。答案是B，第一分句讲到小汽车的缺陷：缺乏大汽车的空间和气派；第二分句则认为小汽车的紧凑及其优秀的低耗油特征能远远弥补上述不足，前面以转折连词将作者观点转向第二分句。
归纳
归纳是一种由特殊（个别）到一般的概括，从阅读理解角度说，所谓个别即具体细节，所谓一般即章节段落的大意或主题，归纳是由特殊细节推向一般主题的概括过程。我们可以借助词的上下义关系来领会掌握并运用归纳这一方法。（1）句子的归纳
A）Microwave ovens have eliminated many of the inconveniences previously associated with the preparation of meals.
B）Many foods can go directly from the freezer to the microwave oven without being defrosted.
C）Many microwave ovens can be pre-set to cook food while you are away from the kitchen.
D）The microwave oven has greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to cook a meal.
题中四句话都提到微波炉的好处，其中B、C、D 分别从方便、解冻、定时三个不同的方面具体讲述微波炉不同于传统炊具的优势，而A则从整体上覆盖了上述三句的内容，故A是对B、C、D的概括，上述分析、寻找最具概括意义之选项的过程即为归纳过程。推而广之，我们可用之于段落和短文主题的归纳。（2）段落大意的归纳
Although most universities in the United States are run on a semester system,which offers classes in the fall and spring,some schools observe a quarter system comprised of fall,winter,spring,and summer quarters.The academic year,September to June,is divided into three quarters of eleven weeks each beginning in September,January,and March,the summer quarter,June to August is composed of shorter sessions of varying length.Students may take advantage of the opportunity to study year around by enrolling in all four quarters,Most students begin their programs in the fall quarter,but they may enter at the beginning of any of the other quarters.
A）Universities in the United States
B）The Academic Year
C）The Quarter System
D）The Semester System
本段由四个句子组成，各句大意分别为：1）有些学校实行四学期制；2）学年从9月至下年7月，前三个学期各长11周，夏季学期最短；3）学生可于任何学期注册入学；4）但大多数学生秋季入学。通过上述四句大意的归纳，可知本段落主要讲述美国大学的一种学期制，即Quarter System，答案为C。（3）短文主题的归纳
①Proponents of father-attended childbirth assert that the father’s experience encourages him to develop a closer bond with his child……
②As a father of three teenagers from a previous marriage,one man compared his past experience as a new father to being in the delivery room during the birth of his newborn daughter……
③Women report that they are much less anxious and more aware of what is going on when their husbands are with them when they give birth……
A）The Father-Daughter Relationship
B）Baby’s First View of Life
C）Dad in the Delivery Room
文章共三段，分别给出了各段的主题句。第一段谈赞成女子分娩时丈夫陪在其身边的观点并认为这一经历有利于将来父子关系的发展；第二段从男子的角度谈妻子分娩时陪在其身边的感受；第三段则从女子自身的角度提到分娩时有丈夫在身边会感到踏实、放心。通过对三段主题句的综合概括，全文共同讨论的是：女子分娩时要不要未来的父亲候在产房，因此答案为C。
推理
阅读除了需要理解文章的字面语义外，更需要透过字里行间领悟言外之意及作者的语气、态度，这就要求读者具有一定的推理能力。推理的前提就是阅读到的有关文字——可能是短语或句子或整个段落甚至整篇短文。读者必须由表及里、由此及彼，从字里行间悟出合乎作者本意的言外之意。推理的结果应是既来自于字里行间、又高于字里行间；既符合原文实际内涵，又超越实际内涵；既基于已知事实，又不仅仅是已知事实。
正确的推理要求：
1.忠于原文，切忌用自己的观点取代作者原意；
2.注意作者遣词造句的特点和倾向，客观推测作者立场、观点和写作意图；
3.由同一已知事实可推出不止一个正确的结论。
例：Apart from the obvious fact that rioters tend to come from the less well-off section of the community,there is no evidence that economic circumstances have any causal relationship with street violence.
A）There is some evidence for relating economic circumstances to street violence.
B）Not all the people in the community referred to are poor.
C）There is no evidence that economic circumstances result from street viloence.
D）All rioters come from the poorer section of the community.
本例中，只有A可由原文推知，其中Apart from所引述的正是经济环境与暴力的一种相关性；C否定了这一相关性，故与原文相悖；D与原句中“rioters tend to come from……”的原意不符：“往往”不等于“总是”；B则是原文第一部分的重述，不属推论。
英语四级考试试题（2005年1月A卷下）
Passage Four Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight.Unfortunately,that message has not gotten through to the average American,who would rather try switching to“light”beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion.The Centers for Disease Control,for example,found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.
In rejecting exercise,some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts;for example,one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry（小甜饼）.Even exercise professionals concede half a point here.“Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight.”says York Onnen,program director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
Still,exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital.A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight,while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.
If you have been sedentary（极少活动的）and decide to start walking one mile a day,the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily.In a year's time,assuming no increase in food intake,you could lose ten pounds.By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments,you may lose even more weight.
26.What is said about the average American in the passage？
A）They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of“light”beer.
B）They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.
C）They prefer“light”beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food.
D）They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight.
27.Some people dislike exercise because
A）they think it is physically exhausting
B）they find it hard to exercise while on a diet
C）they don't think it possible to walk 3 miles every day
D）they find consulting caloric-expenditure charts troublesome
28.“Even exercise professionals concede half a point here”（Line 3，Para.2）means"They
A）agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by exercise
B）partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction
C）are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one's new weight
D）are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight
29.What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center's study？
A）Controlling one's calorie intake is more important than doing exercise.
B）Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight.
C）Weight reduction is impossible without exercise.
D）One could lose ten pounds in a year's time if there's no increase in food intake.
30.What is the author's purpose in writing this article？
A）To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center.
B）To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight.
C）To support the statement made by York Onnen.
D）To show the most effective way to lose weight.
Part III Vocabulary（20 minutes）
Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A），B），C）and D）.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
31.The machine looked like a large,old-fashioned typewriter.
A）forceful
B）clumsy
C）intense
D）tricky
32.Though she began her by singing in a local pop group,she is now a famous Hollywood movie star.
A）employment
B）career
C）occupation
D）profession
33.Within two weeks of arrival,all foreigners had to with the local police
A）inquire
B）consult
C）register
D）profession
34.Considering your salary,you should be able to at least twenty dollars a week.
A）put forward
B）put up
C）put out
D）put aside
35.As he has our pratience,we’ll not wait for him any longer.
A）torn
B）wasted
C）exhausted
D）consumed
36.These teachers try to be objective when they the integrated ability of their students
A）justify
B）evaluate
C）indicate
D）reckon
37.Mrs.Morris's daughter is pretty and,and many girls envy her.
A）slender
B）light
C）faint
D）minor
38.Tomorrow the mayor is to a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city.
A）coordinate
B）cooperate
C）accompany
D）associate
39.I'm enough to know it is going to be a very difficult situation to compete against three strong teams.
A）realistic
B）conscious
C）register
D）resolve
40.Can you give me even the clue as to where her son might be？
A）simplest
B）slightest
C）least
D）utmost
41.Norman Davis will be remembered by many with not only as a great scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.
A）kindness
B）friendliness
C）warmth
D）affection
42.Salaries for positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.
A）legal
B）optional
C）voluntary
D）temporary
43.Most people agree that the present role of women has already affected U.S.society.
it has affected the traditional role of men.
A）Above all
B）In all
C）At most
D）At last
44.Science and technology have in important ways to the improvement of agricultural production.
A）attached
B）assisted
C）contributed
D）witnessed
45.As an actor he could communicate a whole of emotions.
A）frame
B）range
C）number
D）scale
46.This is what you should bear in mind:Don't a salary increase before you actually get it.
A）hang on
B）draw on
C）wait on
D）count on
47.The ship's generator broke down,and the pumps had to be operated instead of mechanically.
A）artificially
B）automatically
C）manually
D）synthetically
48.The little girl was so frightened that she just wouldn't her grip on my arm.
A）loosen
B）remove
C）relieve
D）dismiss
49.He never arrives on time and my is that he feels the meetings are useless.
A）preference
B）conference
C）inference
D）reference
50.Mrs.gmithwas so about everything that no servants could please her.
A）speeific
B）speeial
C）precise
D）particular
51.Last night he saw two dark enter the building,and then there was the explosion.
A）features
B）figures
C）sketches
D）images
52.It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without
A）exception
B）exclusion
C）modification
D）substitution
53.His temper and personalky show that he can become a soldier of the top
A）circle
B）rank
C）category
D）grade
54.During the lecture,the speaker occasionally his point by relating his own experiences.
A）illustrated
B）hinted
C）cited
D）displayed
55.Only those who can to lose their money should make high-risk investments.
A）maintain
B）sustairt
C）endure
D）afford
56，He found the media attention intolerable and decided to go abroad.
A）sufficient
B）constant
C）steady
D）plenty
57.There has been a collision a number of cars on the main road to town.
A）composing
B）consisting
C）involving
D）engaging
58.elephants are difthrent from wild elephants in many aspects,including their tempers.
A）Cultivated
B）Regulated
C）Civil
D）Tame
59.Ten days ago the young man info～ed his boss of his intention to
A）resign
B）reject
C）retreat
D）replace
60.As one of the world's highest paid models,she had her face.for five million dollars
A）deposiled
B）assured
C）measured
D）insured
Part IV Cloze（15 minutes）
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A），B），C）and D）on the right side of the paper You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further.The 61 go about purchasing an article or a service can actually 62 you money or can add 63 the cost.
Take the 64 example of a hairdryer.If you are buying a hairdryer,you might 65 you are making the 66 buy if you choose one 67 look you like and which is also the cheapest 68 price.But when you get it home you may find that it 69 twice as long as a more expensive 70 to dry your hair.The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well 71 your hairdryer the most expensive one of all.
So what principles should you 72 when you go out shopping？
If you_73 your home,your car or any valuable 74 in excellent condition,you'll be saving money in the long 75 Before you buy a new 76，talk to someone who owns one.If you can,use it or borrow it to check it suits your particular 77.
Before you buy an expensive 78，or a service,do check the price and 79 is on offer.If possible,choose 80 three items or three estimates.
61.A）form
B）fashion
C）way
D）method
62.A）save
B）preserve
C）in
D）similar
63.A）up
B）to
C）in
D）on
64.A）easy
B）single
C）simple
D）similar
65.A）convince
B）accept
C）examine
D）think
66.A）proper
B）best
C）reasonable
D）most
67.A）its
B）which
C）whose
D）what
68.A）for
B）with
C）in
D）on
69.A）spends
B）takes
C）lasts
D）consumes
70.A）mode
B）copy
C）sample
D）model
71.A）cause
B）make
C）leave
D）prove
72.A）adopt
B）lay
C）stick
D）adapt
73.A）reserve
B）decorate
C）store
D）keep
74.A）products
B）possession
C）material
D）ownership
75.A）run
B）interval
C）period
D）time
76.A）appliance
B）equipment
C）utility
D）facility
77.A）function
B）purpose
C）goal
D）task
78.A）component
B）element
C）item
D）particle
79.A）what
B）which
C）that
D）this
80.A）of
B）in
C）by
D）from
Part V Writing（30 minutes）
Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.
A Campaign Speech
1 你认为自己具备是什么条件（能力，性格，爱好）可以胜任学生会主席工作，
2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？
大学英语六级考试试题？（2005年1月B卷下）
Passage THREE
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
“I've never met a human worth cloning.”says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from his lab at Texas A＆M University.“It's a stupid endeavor.”That's an interesting choice of adjective,coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.So far,he and his team have not succeeded,though they have cloned two cows and expect to clone a cat soon.They just might succeed in cloning Missy this spring-or perhaps not for another 5 years.It seems the reproductive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him upset by all this talk of human cloning.In three years of work on the Missy project,using hundreds upon hundreds of dog's eggs,the A＆M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos（胚胎）carrying Missy's DNA.None have survived the transfer to a surrogate（代孕的）mother.The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses（胎）may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls,he argues,but not with humans.“Cloning is incredibly inefficient,and also dangerous.”he says.
Even so,dog cloning is a commercial opportunity,with a nice research payoff.Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997，Westhusin's phone has been ringing with people calling in hopes of duplicating their cats and dogs,cattle and horses.“A lot of people want to clone pets,especially if the price is right.”says Westhusin.Cost is no obstacle for Missy's mysterious billionaire owner;he's put up$3.7 million so far to fund A＆M's research.
Contrary to some media reports,Missy is not dead.The owner wants a twin to carry on Missy's fine qualities after she does die.The prototype is,by all accounts,athletic,good-natured and supersmart.Missy's master does not expect an exact copy of her.He knows her clone may not have her temperament.In a statement of purpose,Missy's owner and the A＆M team say they are“both looking forward to studying the ways that her clones differ from Missy.”
Besides cloning a great dog,the project may contribute insight into the old question of nature vs.nurture.It could also lead to the cloning of special rescue dogs and many endangered animals.
However,Westhusin is cautious about his work.He knows that even if he gets a dog pregnant,the offspring,should they survive,will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals:abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems～“Why would you ever want to clone humans.”Westhusin asks,“when we're not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet？”
31.By“stupid endeavor”（Line 2，Para.1），Westhusin means to say that________.
A）human cloning is a foolish undertaking
B）animal cloning is absolutely impractical
C）human cloning should be done selectively
D）animal cloning is not worth the effort at all
32.What does the first paragraph tell us about Westhusin's dog cloning project？
A）Its success is already in sight.
B）It is doomed to utter failure.
C）It is progressing smoothly.
D）Its outcome remains uncertain.
33.By cloning Missy,Mark Westhusin hopes to________.
A）examine the reproductive system of the dog species
B）find out the differences between Missy and its clones
C）search for ways to modify.its temperament
D）study the possibility of cloning humans
34.We learn from the passage that animal clones are likely to have________.
A）an abnormal shape
B）a bad temper
C）defective organs
D）immune deficiency
35.It can be seen that present cloning techniques________.
A）provide insight into the question of nature vs.nurture
B）have been widely used in saving endangered species
C）have proved quite adequate for the cloning of humans
D）still have a long way to go before reaching maturity
Passage FOUR
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Frustrated with delays in Sacramento,Bay Area officials said Thursday they planned to take matters into their own hands to regulate the region's growing pile of electronic trash.
A San Jose councilwoman and a San Francisco supervisor said they would propose local initiatives aimed at controlling electronic waste if the California law-making body fails to act on two bills stalled in the Assembly～They are among a growing number of California cities and counties that have expressed the same intention.
Environmentalists and local governments are increasingly concerned about the toxic hazard posed by old electronic devices and the cost of safely recycling those products.An estimated 6 million televisions and computers are stocked in California homes,and an additional 6，000 to 7，000 computers become outdated every day.The machines contain high levels of lead and other hazardous substances,and are already banned from California landfills（垃圾填埋场）。
Legislation by Senator Byron Sher would require consumers to pay a recycling fee of up to$30 on every new machine containing a cathode（阴极）ray tube.Used in almost all video monitors and televisions,those devices contain four to eight pounds of lead each.The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs,providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling.
A separate bill by Los Angeles-area Senator Gloria Romero would require high-tech manufacturers to develop programs to recycle so-called e-waste.
If passed,the measures would put California at the forefront of national efforts to manage the refuse of the electronic age.
But high-tech groups,including the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group and the American Electronics Association,oppose the measures,arguing that fees of up to$30 will drive consumers to online,out-of-state retailers.
“What really needs to occur is consumer education.Most consumers are unaware they're not supposed to throw computers in the trash.”said Roxanne Gould,vice president of government relations for the electronics association.
Computer recycling should be a local effort and part of residential waste collection programs,she added.
Recycling electronic waste is a dangerous and specialized matter,and environmentalists maintain the state must support recycling efforts and ensure that the job isn't contracted to unscrupulous（毫无顾忌的）junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas.
“The graveyard of the high-tech revolution is ending up in rural China.”said Ted Smith,director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition.His group is pushing for an amendment to Sher's bill that would prevent the export of e-waste.
36.What step were Bay Area officials going to take regarding e-waste disposal.
A）Rally support to pass the stalled bills.
B）Lobby the lawmakers of the California Assembly.
C）Lay down relevant local regulations themselves.
D）Exert pressure on manufacturers of electronic devices.
37.The two bills stalled in the California Assembly both concern________.
A）the reprocessing of the huge amounts of electronic waste in the state
B）regulations on dumping hazardous substances into landfills
C）the funding of local initiatives to reuse electronic trash
D）the sale of used electronic devices to foreign countries
38.Consumers are not supposed to throw used computers in the trash because__.
A）this is banned by the California government
B）some parts may be recycled for use elsewhere
C）unscrupulous dealers will retrieve them for profit
D）they contain large amounts of harmful substances
39.High-tech groups believe that if an extra$30 is charged on every TV or computer purchased in California,consumers will_______.
A）hesitate to upgrade their computers
B）abandon online shopping
C）buy them from other states
D）strongly protest against such a charge
40.We learn from the passage that much of California's electronic waste has been_
A）dumped into local landfills
B）exported to foreign countries
C）collected by non-profit agencies
D）recycled by computer manufacturers
Part III Vocabulary（20 minutes）
Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A），B），C）and D）.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
41.She gave________directions about the way the rug should be cleaned.
A）brisk B）opaque
C）explicit D）transient
42.He had an almost irresistible________to talk to the crowd when he entered Hyde Park.
A）surge
B）impulse
C）stimulation
D）instinct
43.She expressed her strong determination that nothing could________her to give up her career as a teacher.
A）reduce
B）deduce
C）attract
D）induce
44.By turning this knob to the right you can________the sound from the radio.
A）enlarge
B）amplify
C）reinforce
D）intensify
45.A________official is one who is irresponsible in his work.
A）slack
B）tedious
C）timid
D）suspicious
46.One witness________that he'd seen the suspect run out of the bank after it had been robbed.
A）convicted B）retorted
C）testified D）conformed
47.Many ecologists believe that lots of major species in the world are on the________of extinction.
A）fringe
B）margin
C）border
D）verge
48.A number of students________in flats,and others live in the nearby holiday resorts,where there is a reasonable supply of competitively priced accommodation.
A）reside
B）revive
C）gather
D）inhabit
49.The doctors________the newly approved drug into the patient when he was critically ill.
A）projected
B）injected
C）ejected
D）subjected
50.My grandfather,a retired worker,often________the past with a feeling of longing and respect.
A）contrives
B）considers
C）contacts
D）contemplates
51.This is a long________-roughly 13 miles down a beautiful valley to the little church below.
A）terrain
B）tumble
C）descent
D）degeneration
52.The microscope and telescope,with their capacity to enlarge,isolate and probe,demonstrate how details can be________and separated from the whole.
A）magnified
B）radiated
C）prolonged
D）extended
53.They couldn't see a________of hope that they would be saved by a passing ship.
A）slice
B）span
C）gleam
D）grain
54.Any salesperson who sells more than the weekly________will receive a bonus.
A）portion
B）quota
C）ratio
D）allocation
55.________efforts are needed in order to finish important but unpleasant tasks.
A）Perpetual
B）Persistent
C）Consecutive
D）Condensed
56.Some scientists are dubious of the claim that organisms________with age as an inevitable outcome of living.
A）degrade
B）default
C）depress
D）deteriorate
57.It took a lot of imagination to come up with such a（n）________plan.
A）ingenious
B）vigorous
C）inherent
D）exotic
58.Many manufacturers were accused of concentrating too heavily on cost reduction,often at the________of the quality of their products.
A）expansion
B）expectation
C）expense
D）exposure
59.He could not________ignorance as his excuse;he should have known what was happening in
his department.
A）plead
B）resort
C）petition
D）reproach
60.Nothing Helen says is ever________.She always thinks carefully before she speaks.
A）simultaneous
B）spontaneous
C）rigorous
D）homogenous
61.Medical students are advised that the wearing of a white coat________the acceptance of a professional code of conduct expected of the medical profession.
A）simulates
B）supplements
C）swears
D）signifies
62.He bought his house on the________plan,paying a certain amount of money each month.
A）premium
B）installment
C）division
D）fluctuation
63.She was deeply________by the amount of criticism her play received.
A）frustrated
B）deported
C）involved
D）deprived
64.Most mathematicians trust their________in solving problems and readily admit they would not be able to function without it.
A）conception C）cognition
B）perception D）intuition
65.He still________the memory of his carefree childhood spent in that small wooden house of his grandparents'.
A）scans
B）fancies
C）cherishes
D）nourishes
66.One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been________with the theoretical aspects of the subject.
A）integrated
B）embedded
C）embraced
D）synthesized
67.Lighting can be used not only to create an atmosphere,but also to________features of the house,such as ornaments or pictures.
a）activate b）highlight
c）upgraded）underline
61.Apart from philosophical and legal reasons for respecting patients'wishes,there are several practical reasons why doctors should________to involve patients in their own medical care decisions.
A）enforce C）endeavor
b）enhance d）endow
69.Encouraged by their culture to voice their opinions freely,the Canadians are not afraid to go against the group________，and will argue their viewpoints enthusiastically,though rarely aggressively.
a）conscience
b）consensus
c）consent
D）consciousness
70.The traditional markets retain their________for the many Chinese who still prefer fresh food like live fish,ducks,chickens over packaged or frozen goods.
A）image B）pledge
C）survivalD）appeal
Part IV Error Correction（15 minutes）
Directions:This part consists of a short passage.In this passage,there are altogether 10 mistakes,one in each numbered line.You may have to change a word,add a word or delete a word.Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you change a word,cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank,lf you add a word,put an insertion mark in the right place and write the missing word in the blank.If you delete a word,cross it out and put a slash in the blank.
The World Health Organization（WHO）says its ten-year campaign to remove leprosy（麻风病）as a world health problem has been successful.Doctor Brundtland,head of the WHO,says a number of leprosy cases around the world has S1.
been cut of ninety percent during the past ten years.She says S2.
efforts are continuing to complete end the disease.S3.
Leprosy is caused by bacteria spread through liquid from
the nose and mouth.The disease mainly effects the skin and S4.
nerves.However,if leprosy is not treated it can cause permanent
damage for the skin,nerves,eyes,arms or legs.S5.
In 1999，an international campaign began to end leprosy.
The WHO,governments of countries most affected by the
disease,and several other groups are part of the campaign.
This alliance guarantees that all leprosy patients,even they S6.
are poor,have a right to the most modern treatment.
Doctor Brundtland says leprosy is no longer a disease
that requires life-long treatments by medical experts.Instead,
patients can take that is called a multi-drug therapy.This S7.
modern treatment will cure leprosy in 6 to 12 months,
depend on the form of the disease.The treatment combines S8.
several drugs taken daily or once a month.The WHO has
given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five S9.
years.The members of the alliance against leprosy plan to
target the countries which still threatened by leprosy.Among S10
the estimated 600，000 victims around the world,the WHO
believes about 70%are in India.The disease also remains a
problem in Africa and South America.
Part V Writing（30 minutes）
Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an open letter on behalf of the student union asking people to give help to a student who is seriously ill.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1，对病人的简单介绍：目前的病情和家庭情况
2，目前的困难：无法继续承担医疗费用，需要护理
3，希望捐助，联系方式
大学英语四级考试作文指导
2005年12月分四级改卷工作已彻底结束。和往年评分标准一样，对作文分为以下几个等级进行打分：0分，2分，5分，8分，11分，14分。老师评分主要是进行GLOBAL READING，也就是进行整体给分，不是仔细推敲给分。鉴于此情况，本人就此次考试的一些作文应试注意事项告知大家，希望对大家2006年考试的作文部分有所帮助。
1.大家拿到作文题目之后，先要仔细阅读题目明确作文的类型。这一点是非常关键的因为四级相对很强调作文的结构。如果没有一个很清楚的结构，一定会失去一定的分数。四级作文一般有下面三种结构：说明文，议论文和应用文写作。说明文主要可以分为阐述主题类型的，利弊类型的，原因结果类型的，解决问题类型的以及谚语说明类型。议论文主要是就观点进行反驳类型的。应用文写作主要包括演讲词，求职求学信，邀请信，感谢信和投诉信等。所以大家必须在平时复习的过程明确各种类型的写作结构，这样在考试时候就可以在结构上不会出现任何问题，也不会因为写跑题而失分。
2.开始写作文时一定要段落清楚，有明显的开头，主体和结论部分。也就是大家要学会分段落，不要象记流水帐一样，一段到底，这样就会给老师留下很坏的印象。同时在文章写作过程中，一定要学会使用一些句子之间以及引起和结束文章时候的连接词，这样的话可以使文章很自然，流畅。比如在写文章主体的时候可以用首先，其次，再次这样的连接词，或者一方面，另一方面，等这样的词。这些都是很容易引起老师的注意，可以得分的地方。
3.写文章时候尽量多用一些四级词汇，这样也可以提高老师的印象。但不是说你用的词很多，而写出的句子结构，语法错误太多。这样也会很糟糕的。因此大家一定要注意，如果自己词汇不怎么多的时候，你不要用自己不明确和不会拼写的词，还有一定要确保句子的正确性，尽量避免语法结构的错误。即使你使用的简单句，但是写的很清楚，没任何错误，也可以得到不错的分数。
4.注意文章的长度安排，短的作文一定是不可以的，也就是字数要达到要求。但是长的作文如果几乎每句话都有错误也不能得到好的分数。所以大家一定要注意，写的时候要长度适中，确保写出的句子错误很少，即使观点只是很一般，没什么新的地方。也能得到相对好的分数。
5.卷面一定要整洁，字一定要写的漂亮，这可以在很大程度上影响你们分数的升降。印象分数几乎全部是这个决定的，所以大家也要主要平时HANDWRITING的练习。
大学英语四六级考试经验
我现在已经毕业2年了，大学是学艺术设计，在大学同学中，很少外语比较好的。学校只要求三级，所以我大学毕业以后，四级没过，英语水平已经退步到初中的水平，估计就明白good morning一类的句子了。很偶然的原因，说白了就是和自己喜欢的女生赌气，在去年7月份的时候，我走上了考四六级的道路。今年6月这次考试，已经考过了六级，虽然分数在牛人面前真的是不值得一提，但是想想自己的起步的基础，是蛮高兴的-四级：68，六级：67.5。
在网络上，很多文章教大家怎么一个月过六级，半个月过四级，个人认为：可能！但那绝对是针对英语基础比较好的朋友。如果你开始英语基础就不好，那就只能和我一样，脚踏实地的一步一步走。其实最重要的一点，就是学习没有捷径可以走。我希望把我的一些经验同大家分享，特别是那些学英语没有基础，又很想学好英语的朋友。
听力：
听力部分是四六级考试里面最容易拿分数的部分。总分20分里面，如果听力水平较好，拿16-18分不成问题。所谓的水平好，我觉得只要能听懂voa stand english，应付六级就足够了。作为我个人，我没系统听过历年四六级考试的题目，但是考试估分，听力都是16-18分。
最开始的时候，我连听voa special english都很困难。我的方法是：一个sp要听4-5次，把里面不懂的英语单词的发音，含义全部搞清楚，然后每天坚持2个小时的听力训练，狂攻sp。如果没事，就拿一个MP3吊耳朵，让自己慢慢习惯英语语境。2个月后，我听了一盘四级英语考试磁带，发现自己原来根本听不明白的东西变的简单了。
现在，你已经具备了一定的听力基础。接下来，可以进行一些special的听写，尝试听stand English。这个阶段真是打击你信心的时候：听写出现很多拼写错误，stand听起来象天书，然后就想：我的水平还是不行啊，5555～不过没关系，其实你已经在进步，只是你没察觉到而已。坚持下去，慢慢就发现自己的听写正确率提高了，而且stand也变得越来越熟悉。当听写special觉得简单的时候，就可以开始尝试听写比较短的stand。如果能坚持进行训练，半年左右，你就已经达到了六级外语听力的要求。因为六级对听力的要求不是特别高，能听懂stand的话，你真是会觉得六级的语音真的挺慢的。
这里说一点，其实考试前听一些历年四六级考试的听力真题，可以帮助你了解题型，熟悉考试模式，所以还是绝对值得的。本人对听力比较自负，所以没怎么听过，结果听力总是拿不到满分。
单词
这是一个老生常谈的话题，大家知道，单词是英语的基础，没有单词，就好象建大厦没有砖头，只能幻想空中楼阁。但是被单词又被大家认为是最难，最枯燥的事情。基础好的朋友可以通过阅读学单词，但是对基础不好的，这点根本行不通。整篇文章都看不太明白，还谈什么学单词呢？既然咱们现在水平不行，就要拿出比别人更多的努力。我考完六级，背单词的草稿纸已经放满了一个大箱子。
大家肯定有这种经验，前不久背了的单词，很快就忘记了，那么该怎么办呢？我当时是每天固定背30-40个左右的单词，第二天复习前一天的单词，然后每个礼拜天，花1小时把一个礼拜的单词复习一下，每一个月又花几个小时把一个月的单词复习一次。
这样下去，半年就能积累比较大的词汇量。在考试前，把单词再温习一次。因为是针对考试，可以找到关于四六级考试的高频词语，重点背诵一下（网络上有很多相关资料）。
对于考试中间的vocabulary，就需要靠做题目了。我考六级的时候，是做的北外出的一本六级考试词汇突破。花一个礼拜把里面的题目全部弄清楚，不懂的单词全部记下来。因为六级往年的经验就是：很多题目是重复的。
阅读
阅读在我看来，就是通过增加阅读量，提高阅读速度，掌握一定的阅读技巧。
最开始的时候，因为基础比较差，太难的文章肯定不适合基础差的朋友。先可以看一些“书虫”（高中水平）一类的改编小说，练练感觉。当单词量积累到一定程度以后，就可以正式开始提高阅读水平了。第一是做真题，从四级到六级，力争把真题里的句子、单词都弄明白，并且对其中的难句做一定的分析，特别是语法结构。这里有一个问题：最开始你做题目的时候准确率会很低，千万别灰心，坚持下去，从每一篇阅读里面吸取精华，很快就会发现：阅读真的没那么可怕。第二，对于六级，平时可以看看China daily一类的新闻杂志，即可以提高自己的兴趣，又增强了阅读水平。现在我每天晚上都喜欢看1-2版英文报纸，已经成习惯了。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]