作者：圣才电子书
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王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解试读：
第1单元 杰弗里•乔叟
1.1 复习笔记
Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里·乔叟） （1340-1400）
1．Life （生平）
Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.
Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.
He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.
杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。
乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。
他逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，由此“诗人角”开始出现。
2．Major Works （主要作品）
The Book of the Duchess (1336) 《公爵夫人之书》
The Parliament of Fowls (1380) 《百鸟议会》
The House of Fame (1374-1384) 《声誉之堂》
Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385) 《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》
The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400) 《坎特伯雷故事集》
3．Chaucer’s Literary Career （文学生平）
Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period consists of works translated from French literature; the second consists of works adapted from Italian literature, especially influenced by Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, such as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.
乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段，均与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是翻译法国文学，第二阶段则改编于意大利文学，深受但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘的影响，如《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。
4．Selected Work （选读作品）
◆The Canterbury Tales（1386-1400）《坎特伯雷故事集》
(1) Main plot（内容提要）
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. The tales (mostly in verse, although some are in prose) are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部诗体短篇小说集，叙述朝圣者一行人会聚在泰巴旅店，他们准备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。途中他们进行讲故事比赛，讲得最好的人，回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。
(2) Social Significances of The Canterbury Tales（社会影响）
a. It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time.
b. Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church.
c. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.
d. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.
a. 展示乔叟时代的真实生活画面。
b. 站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场，乔叟肯定了人的力量，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义。
c. 赞扬了人的力量，智慧和对生活的热爱。
d. 展现并批判了时代的罪恶，批判了贵族和教会的堕落。
(3) Chaucer’s Language（乔叟的语言）
a. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. His verse is among the smoothest in English.
b. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry.
c. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
d. Chaucer is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style. This is what other poets cannot reach.
a. 乔叟的语言属于中英语，非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。他的诗歌位列最顺畅的英语中。
b. 乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节（尤其是英雄双韵体）介绍到英国。
c. 乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。
d. 乔叟善于使用三行体，这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。这是其他诗人无法匹敌的。
1.2 课后习题详解
1．How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?
Key: (1) Chaucer sets the tales in the spring, describing both the natural world and people-the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth, and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter. Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively （欢快的） and fresh （清新的）, since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.
(2) According to such a setting, we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light, sprightly （活泼、愉快的） and humorous.
2．In your own words, summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.
Key: According to the excerpt, we can see that the Knight has a strong spirit of chivalry-truth, honor, freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people. He is a brave, wise, modest and “truly perfect gentle-knight”.
3．Without comparison with the translated version, are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?
Key: Yes, there are many words can be recognized. Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words. What’s more, sometimes, we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.
第2单元 威廉•莎士比亚
2.1 复习笔记
William Shakespeare （1564-1616） （威廉·莎士比亚）
1．Life （生平）
Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet. He was born on April 26, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 7, Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading, writing, Latin and Greek. He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances. At 18 he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him. After he moved to London around 1586, he once worked as an actor, a playwright, and a part owner of a theater company. In 1612, he went back home and bought a house called New Palace. He died on April 23, the anniversary of his birth, in 1616 and was buried in Stratford Church.
The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that “He is not for an age, but for all times!”, indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.
莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。他出生于1564年4月26日英格兰埃文河畔的斯特拉福德。7岁时上当地的文法学校，学习阅读、写作、拉丁语和希腊语。他成了当地的教师，并且渐渐熟知戏剧表演。莎士比亚18岁就和一位农夫的女儿结婚，她比莎士比亚年长8岁。1586年前后他搬到伦敦，之后做过演员、剧作家和剧院股东。1612年，他回到家乡，买了一幢名为新宫的房子。他逝于1616年4月23日他生日的那一天，安葬在斯特拉福德教堂。
莎士比亚同时代的另一著名作家本·琼森称赞“他不属于一个时代，而是属于永远”，表达了数百年来莎士比亚在世界文明和文学史上的重要地位。
2．A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays （莎士比亚戏剧目录）
Thirty seven of Shakespeare’s plays have come down to us. But it is often difficult to date a given play precisely. Scholars worked out the chronological order of his plays, based on three kinds of evidence: external evidence (records of performance and publication, or references in contemporary works); internal evidence (allusions in the plays to contemporary events, or quotations from contemporary works); stylistic evidence (changes and developments in Shakespeare’s use of blank verse, rhyme and prose).
莎士比亚的37部戏剧流传至今。但是戏剧时间难以确定，学者们根据三类证据将其编年：外部证据（表演和出版记录，或参考同时期作品）；内部证据（作品中引用的同时代事件，或者同时代作品引语）；文体证据（莎士比亚使用无韵体、韵律和散文技术的变化）。
1590 Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅱ 《亨利六世，第二部》
Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅲ 《亨利六世，第三部》
1591 Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅰ 《亨利六世，第一部》
1592 Richard Ⅲ 《理查德三世》
The Comedy of Errors 《错中错》
1593 Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》
The Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》
1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维洛那二绅士》
Love’s Labour’s Lost 《爱的徒劳》
Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
1595 Richard Ⅱ 《理查德二世》
A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》
1596 King John 《约翰王》
The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
1597 Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ 《亨利四世，第一部》
Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅱ 《亨利四世，第二部》
1598 Much Ado about Nothing 《无事生非》
Henry Ⅴ 《亨利五世》
The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》
1599 Julius Caesar 《朱利尤斯·凯撒》
As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》
1600 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》
1601 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》
1602 Troilus and Cressida 《特洛伊罗斯与克莱西达》
1603 All’s Well That Ends Well 《终成眷属》
1604 Measure for Measure 《一报还一报》
Othello 《奥赛罗》
1605 King Lear 《李尔王》
Macbeth 《麦克白》
1606 Antony and Cleopatra 《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》
1607 Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》
Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰门》
1608 Pericles 《佩力克尔斯》
1609 Cymbeline 《辛白林》
1610 The Winter’s Tale 《冬天的故事》
1611 The Tempest 《暴风雨》
1612 Henry Ⅷ 《亨利八世》
3．Periods of Shakespeare’s Plays （莎士比亚戏剧分期）
a. Histories and comedies before 1600, such as Henry VI, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Richard III, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor. (Romeo and Juliet of this period is exceptionally tragic). This period is a period of “great comedies”. The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment.
b. Tragedies from 1600 to 1608 including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth (even the comedies written in this period like All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure are touched with sadness). This is the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”.
c. Tragicomedies and romances from 1608 to 1612 such as The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest.
a. 1600年以前的历史剧和喜剧，如《亨利六世》，《爱的徒劳》，《理查德三世》，《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《温莎的风流娘们》（《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是这一时期的悲剧）。这一时期产生了“伟大喜剧”。这些喜剧主要是关于年轻人之间的爱情，充满浪漫气息。
b. 1600—1608年的悲剧，包括《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》和《麦克白》（这一时期的戏剧如《终成眷属》，《一报还一报》也渲染了悲伤气息）。这是“伟大悲剧”和“阴郁喜剧”的时期。
c. 1608-1612年的悲喜剧和传奇，如《冬天的童话》，《暴风雨》。
4．Selected Works （选读作品）
◆Hamlet《哈姆雷特》
(1) Main plot（主要情节）
The protagonist is the prince of Denmark, and a student at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, has recently died, and his mother, Queen Gertrude, has married the new king, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, cynical and full of hatred for his uncle and disgust at his mother for marrying him. When the ghost of Hamlet’s father appears and claims to have been murdered by Claudius, Hamlet becomes obsessed with avenging his father’s death. Mistakenly, he kills Polonius, father of Ophelia. Ophelia, lover of Hamlet, goes mad because of her father’s death and then is drowned in a stream. This leads to Ophelia’s brother—Laertes’ hatred for Hamlet. In the duel between Laertes and Hamlet, Laertes wounds Hamlet but is himself struck with the same poisoned weapon, which is made by Claudius. Before his death, Hamlet stabs Claudius while the queen has drunk a poisoned cup of wine intended for Hamlet.
该剧主人公哈姆雷特是丹麦王子，威登堡大学生。戏剧开端，哈姆雷特的父亲丹麦国王突然逝世，他的母亲格特鲁德皇后嫁给哈姆雷特的叔叔，新任国王克劳狄斯。哈姆雷特悲痛不已、愤世嫉俗，憎恨他的叔叔，厌恶他的母亲。当父亲的鬼魂出现，告诉他自己是被克劳狄斯害死时，哈姆雷特一直想着要为父报仇。在复仇过程中，他误杀波隆尼尔，欧菲莉亚的父亲。欧菲莉亚是哈姆雷特的情人，她因父亲的死精神失常，最后溺水身亡。这引起了欧菲莉亚的哥哥雷尔提对哈姆雷特的仇恨。在两人的对决中，雷尔提用有毒的武器刺伤哈姆雷特，雷尔提自己也被同样的武器所伤。武器上的毒是克劳狄斯作为。哈姆雷特临死之际用力刺向国王，王后也喝下了克劳狄斯准备给哈姆雷特的毒酒。
(2) The character of Hamlet（哈姆雷特人物分析）
Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.
Though a scholar, he is at the same time fearless and impetuous in action. He is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He loves good and hates evil. He cares for nothing but human worth and shows contempt for rank and wealth. He is a close observer of men and manners. He easily sees through people.
The keynote of Hamlet’s character is melancholy. Revenge is easy, but it is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks. What is more important is to expose the roots of the evil and to establish a reign of justice. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society. This is the cause of Hamlet’s profound melancholy and his delay in revenge.
哈姆雷特是一个拥有智慧和教养，观察力敏锐的英杰。虽然身为学者，但他行事冲动且毫无畏惧。他是位人文主义者，从中世纪的偏见和封建束缚中解放出来。他爱憎分明，关心人本身，不论贫穷贵贱。他对人事观察仔细，能够看透人心。
他最明显的性格特征是忧郁。当决心开始复仇后，他认识到重要的不只是复仇，怎样揭露现世的丑陋并建立公正的社会才是关键。因此他的责任上升到改造社会。这是他行动迟疑，表现忧郁的主要原因。
◆Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
Romeo and Juliet, the teenaged children of two feuding families (Montagues and Capulets, respectively), meet at a feast and fall in love. They are secretly married by Romeo’s confessor and father figure, Friar Laurence, with the assistance of Juliet’s nursemaid. Unfortunately, Romeo retaliates by fighting Tybalt and killing him, and is penalized with banishment. Unaware of Juliet’s secret marriage, her father has arranged for her to marry wealthy Count Paris. In order to escape this arranged marriage and remain faithful to Romeo, Juliet consumes a potion prepared by Friar Laurence, intended to make her appear dead for 42 hours. Friar Laurence plans to inform Romeo of the hoax so that he can meet Juliet after her burial and escape with her when she recovers from her swoon, but the news of Juliet’s death reaches Romeo before the friar’s letter. In despair, he goes to the tomb and there drinks a poison, killing himself. Awakening shortly after he expires, Juliet discovers a dead Romeo and proceeds to stab herself with his dagger. Later, the two families attend their joint funeral together, and the narrator’s voice states that “A glooming peace this morning with it brings”.
一对出生于两个势不两立的家族的男女青年——罗密欧与朱丽叶——热烈的相爱了，然而，家族之间的留学仇恨使他们无法将恋情公开。在朱丽叶乳母的帮助下，两人得以见面，倾诉衷肠；好心的神父又为他们举行了秘密婚礼。可是罗密欧因失手杀了对方家族中人而被驱逐出城，朱丽叶的父母又执意要将她嫁给另一贵族青年。在神父的帮助下，朱丽叶喝下药酒，佯装死去，以便被送进家族墓穴后与罗密欧见面。然而，这个消息未能及时报知罗密欧。他进入墓室，以为朱丽叶真已死去，便服毒自杀。朱丽叶醒来，明白罗密欧已死，悲痛中用匕首自杀身亡。年轻恋人的死亡使双方家庭悲痛欲绝，但也使两个家族的仇恨终于化解。
Comment作品赏析
Romeo and Juliet is one of the famous love-tragedies in the works of Shakespeare. Through the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare had connected the love theme with conflict in the renaissance period. In the thesis, he criticized feudal mores and expressed ideals of pursuing personal freedom and welfare. So the religious reform and humanism were main cause of tragedy in that period of time. And the personality of characters was also the reasons for the tragedy in this work.《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚著名的爱情悲剧之一。莎士比亚正是通过罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情悲剧，把爱情题材和文艺复兴时期的社会矛盾联系起来，批判了封建道德观念，表现了人文主义追求个人自由和个人幸福的理念。所以，这一时期的社会主义宗教改革和人文主义思想是悲剧产生的一个重点，而作品中的人物个性也是悲剧产生的一个重要因素。
◆Sonnet 18（十四行诗之18）
The collection contains 154 sonnets, commonly thought to be written between 1593 and 1599.
They may be roughly divided into three groups: numbers 1-17 are variations on one theme. A handsome young man is being persuaded to marry and beget offspring who will preserve his beauty in a new generation, though he himself will lose it as he grows old; 18-126 are on a variety of themes associated with a handsome young man (who is presumably the youth of 1-17). The poet enjoys his friendship and is full of admiration promising to bestow immortality on the young man by the poems he writes in his honour. The rest are about a married woman with dark hair and complexion, by whom the poet is attracted, though well aware of her faults.
In the sonnet, the speaker compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. He also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem. Sonnet 18 is written in the typical Shakespearean sonnet form, having 14 lines of iambic pentameter ending in a rhymed couplet.
诗集包括154首十四行诗，多被认为写于1593——1599年间。
这些诗按照主题可分为三类：前17首是规劝一位美少年尽早结婚产生后代，来延续他的美丽，因为随着年龄增长，他的美丽会日渐消退。第18——126首的写作对象很可能与前17首相同。诗人非常珍视两人之间的友情，并且承诺要用自己的诗歌来赋予少年永生。其余诗歌描写一位黑头发黑皮肤的已婚妇女，尽管了解她的不足，诗人还是被她吸引。
在这首诗中，诗人把他所爱的人比作是夏天，但比夏天更美。诗人还表达出希望爱人能与这篇诗作永存的情感。这首诗是用典型的莎士比亚体写的，用了典型的五音部抑扬格。
2.2 课后习题详解
Hamlet
1．Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” “the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?
Key: Death means the end of life. If he dies, he may go to an unknown world and can never come back. In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father, failing to realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind and Hamlet doesn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil.
2．Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?
Key: According to Hamlet, because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.
3．What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.
Key: It is the fear for the unknown world and the lake of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action. Just like Hamlet, he doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself, so he is hesitated. However, Hamlet’s hesitation should be concerned from a different point of view. Hamlet is a true man. He always considered for his country and the people, maybe his hesitation due to the meditation on death and the fear of unknown world after death, but the main reason lies in his all-round consideration for his nation. He wants to change the dark existing world but it is beyond his ability, he has no idea what he should do. He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society. So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark. His revenge is not everything for him. And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may arise some disorders in the country. Thus he confused about his action.
Romeo and Juliet
1．What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?
Key: Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.
2．What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?
Key: They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.
3．What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?
Key: It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.
Sonnet 18
1．How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?
Key: The poet thinks that he should not “compare thee to a summer’s day”, because “Thou art more lovely and more temperate”. And, in the following part, he gives his reasons.
2．What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful （fair） than summer and immortal?
Key: Because the poet thinks that summers will go away and everything in the summer will fade, but “thy eternal summer shall not fade”.
第3单元 弗朗西斯•培根
3.1 复习笔记
Francis Bacon （1561-1626） （弗朗西斯·培根）
1．Life （生平）
Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and the father of empiricism and modern science. Bacon was born in a noble family, son of Sir Nicholas Bacon. In 1573, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. After graduating at 16 he took up law. He completed his legal education and was called to the bar. At 23, he became a member of the House of Commons. During the reign of James I, Bacon was appointed Lord High Chancellor, the head of the legal system of England and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. But three years later, he was accused of bribery and was deprived of his office and banished from London. In his after years, he focused on philosophy and science.
培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家，被称为“经验主义和现代科学之父”。培根出生于一个贵族家庭,其父为尼古拉斯培根爵士。1573年，他进入剑桥大学三一学院读书。16岁毕业，然后从事法律事务。完成法律学习后，取得律师资格，23岁时成为众议院议员。詹姆士一世当政时，他当上了大法官（英格兰法律体系的头领），同时还被授予维勒拉姆男爵、圣·阿本斯子爵称号。但三年后他因受贿丢了职务，被赶出伦敦。培根晚年致力于哲学著述和科学研究。
2．Major Works （主要作品）
Advancement of Learning 《学术的演进》 （1605）
New Instrument 《新工具》 （1620）
Essays 《随笔》
3．Comment on Bacon （对培根的评价）
Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or simply the scientific method.
培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家和科学方法论的先驱。被称为“经验主义之父”。他的作品为科学研究建立了方法论。
4．Selected works （作品选读）
◆Of marriage and Single Life《论婚姻和单身》
Of marriage and Single Life is an argumentation which has a clear argument that man and women should get married. Bacon also argue that marriage is good for both themselves and the society.《论婚姻和单身》作为一篇论说文，观点明确，叙述条理清楚。培根认为：男大当婚，女大当嫁。他还认为婚姻无论是对个人还是社会都不是坏事。
◆Of Study《论读书》
Of Study discussed the purposes, functions and different views towards study. It used the device of parallelism to give the description.《论读书》详细讨论了读书的目的和功能，分析了诗人对读书的不同态度，介绍了读书的各种方法。文中用了排比的修辞手法来表述观点。
5．The style of Bacon’s essay （培根散文的风格）
The language is very neat, prêt and weighty. The sentences are very short and the author likes to use more loose and compound sentences, which are called loose and free style in Bacon’s time. Bacon also likes to use more co-ordinate conjunctions than the subordinated ones, such as “as, since, because”. What’s more important is that he likes to use parallelism, and his topics are very clear and exact, full of epigrams like a poem. So we can say his style is conciseness of expression and simplicity of diction.
语言简洁有力。文章句子通常很短，因为培根喜欢用松散的复合句。相对于从属连词，培根更喜欢用并列连词，比如“因为，因此”。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]