SUT水下技术和深水工程国际会议论文集.2012：英文(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：段梦兰

出版社：石油工业出版社

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SUT水下技术和深水工程国际会议论文集.2012：英文试读：

Society for Underwater Technology

The Society for Underwater Technology（SUT）is an international learned society of marine technology with headquarters in London，England that was founded in 1966. There are branches in Aberdeen（UK），Houston（USA），Rio de Janeiro（Brazil），Newcastle（UK），Perth（Australia），Melbourne（Australia），Kuala Lumpur（Malaysia），Lagos（Nigeria），Bergen（Norway），and Beijing（China），and new branches in development in Egypt，India，Nova Scotia，and London.

Goals

SUT promotes the further understanding of the underwater environment and encourages：

●Cross-fertilisation and dissemination of ideas，experience and information between workers in academic research，applied research and technology，industry and government.

●Development of techniques and tools to explore，study and exploit the oceans.

●Proper economic and sociological usage of resources in and beneath the oceans.

●Further education of scientists and technologists to maintain high standards in marine science and technology.

SUT covers all aspects of technology applied to diving technology and physiology，submersible design and operation，naval architecture，underwater acoustics，subsea systems，geophysics，marine resource exploitation，oceanography，environmental studies，pollution and marine biology. Evening lectures are organised by most of the branches. Training courses are offered to industry，in particular“Subsea Awareness”courses.

Education about the marine world，in particular marine industry，is a strong focus for the society and it supports a number of studentships through awards and an“Educational Support Fund”.

Journal

SUT publishes a peer-reviewed scientific journal，Underwater Technology.

History

The Society for Underwater Technology was founded in 1966 following the demise of the Underwater Equipment Research Society the previous year. This precursor society had been set up to facilitate the“interchange of information between users and suppliers of undersea equipment”. Many of its members went on to become early members of the SUT. In 1966 a Steering Committee was put in place to form the society，leading directly to the first general meeting on 2 March 1967，hosted by Lord Wakefield of Kendall in the House of Lords. Lord Wakefield was elected as president，with Rear Admiral Sir Edmund Irving as the first chairman of council，Nic Flemming as honorary secretary，and V. Grimoldby as honorary treasurer. The original technical committees were“Biological Technology”，“Earth Science”，and“General Technology”.

The first annual meeting was held 7 December 1967 at the Institute of Mechanical Engineers，where the Society had also found a home through the institute’s“daughter society”scheme，paying￡500 a year for office space and administrative assistance. At this time the Society’s association with what was to become Oceanology International was initiated with plans to run a major international conference in 1969 alongside an existing exhibition series in Brighton.

In the early 1970s，branches were developed，mainly in the United Kingdom，while tie-ups with overseas organisations such as the Marine Technology Society in the US and the Engineering Committee for Ocean Engineering were also being sought. Branches were established in East Scotland，West Scotland，East Anglia，Southern England，and Southwest England，while overseas branch possibilities were looked at in Europe.

At the beginning of the 1980s，the branch structure was reduced to a group of regional organisers who tried to keep activities going across the United Kingdom in the Southwest，Southern England，the Midlands and Northwest，Scotland East，Scotland Northeast，and Scotland West. In the 1990s the Aberdeen Branch，Southern，and Northeastern Branches were formed.

In 1983 the Educational Support Fund was launched.

In 1990 SUT moved home to the Institute of Marine Engineers and in 2011 moved to new premises located in Fetter Lane.

Organizing Committee

Technical Committee

Editorial Committee

President Laibin Zhang’s Opening Ceremony Speech

Ladies and Gentlemen，

Good morning！Today is a date of milestone in China’s Deepwater Oil and Gas Developing History. Why we say so？Because the first international conference on subsea technology and deepwater engineering hosted by the Society for Underwater Technology is held in China，which will have a historic influence on the deepwater natural resource development especially the oil and gas in South China Sea. The Society for Underwater Technology is a first international institution in underwater engineering which has a history of around 50 years. Mr. Gallett will make an introduction to the SUT.

The SUT has over 10 branches all over the world，and the China branch was established 2 years ago in China University of Petroleum. Soon after，the China Branch，together with China Offshore Oil Engineering Corporation，organized a five days training course last year in Tanggu，Tianjin. More than 80 participants took that training. Today，as a first event of the SUT in China，this conference，the SUTTC 2012，registered participants of over 160 experts which is the double of the expected number.

As we know，the global increase of oil and gas production is from ocean in the recent decade，and the increase mainly from deepwaters. And，more and more other resources such as hydrates have been discovered in the ocean. The SUT plays an important and special role in the rapid development of techniques and technologies for such resources，by bringing together organizations and individuals with a common interest in underwater technology，ocean science and offshore engineering. As Dr. Zhou will mention in the opening presentation of this conference，China is making efforts in developing deepwater oil and gas in South China Sea. The SUTTC is at the right time to promote such efforts and makes it an exchange opportunity of latest technology advances between China and Western countries.

Shenzhen is the first city to open to the West in the 1970s，and witnesses the rapid development of China in the past 30 years. It is an innovative city of sciences and technologies，and is the CNOOC base for exploring and developing deepwater oil and gas in South China Sea. We are now getting together in such a beautiful city to have a dream that the SUTTC 2012 will make a milestone in promoting the advances of technologies in China’s deepwater oil and gas field，and it will also promote the closer collaboration between the SUT and the Chinese community of both academic and industrial fields.

We invite 14 keynote presentations and attract 60 technical papers，which will be published by Petroleum Industry Press in the proceedings of 2012 SUT International Conference on Subsea Technologies and Deepwater Engineering. Some papers with permanent interest will be recommended for publication to international SCI-indexed journals such as Ships and Offshore Structures，China Ocean Engineering，etc. The SUT journal of Underwater Technology and the International Journal of Energy Engineering will also select some of the papers for publication. After the confer-ence，the SUT China Branch will host a one day training course on subsea technologies by the SUT experts from United Kingdom，and the CNOOC Shenzhen will arrange a technical visit to its deepwater base. These two activities will greatly enrich the SUTTC 2012. The China University of Petroleum has made corresponding progresses in a wide range of subsea and deepwater engineering in the past years by strong supports from CNOOC and the government. As the President of the CUP，I will definitely support the SUT China Branch in its every effort in collaboration with the SUT and Chinese industries. I also suggest the SUT technical conference could be held in China every year or every two years，attracting more and more participants from all over the world. I do believe that the SUTTC will be one of the most influential events of its kind in the world.

Although it is only the first SUT event in China，the SUTTC 2012 receives strong support from industries and government. About 20 enterprises and institutions are involved in the organization，and over 10 companies make financial supports. On behalf of the Organizing and Technical Committees，I would like to thank them all for their important contributions to the success of this conference. Besides，I’m especially grateful to K. C. Wong Education Foundation，Hong Kong，which is the first support to the conference，and to the CNOOC Shenzhen for arranging the technical site visit. Ian，Jim，I would like to thank you two for taking so long a trip to Shenzhen for this conference and training，and for your insistent support to the China Branch.

Finally，I wish the conference a great success. And I hope you all enjoy your stay in Shenzhen.

Thank you！

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

The conference and its proceedings are financially supported by K. C. Wong Education Foundation，Hong Kong，the National Basic Research Program of China（973 Program Grant No. 2011CB013702），the National High-tech Development Program of China（863 Program，2012AA09A205），and the National Science and Technology Major Projects of Prototype Development of Subsea Connector for Manifolds（2011ZX05026 -003 -02），Research on Fabrication and Test Equipment for Subsea Production System（2011ZX05027 -004 -01）and Deepwater Equipment and Technology for Emergency Maintenance of Subsea Production System（2011ZX05027 -005）.

Financial support from companies below is also greatly appreciated.

ADVANCED OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY

A New Adding Slots Method forMarginal Field Development

INTRODUCTION

SZ36 -1 oil field was found in 1987，it is the first big oil field found in Bohai Gulf which has more than one billion tons of oil reserves. And lots of the jacket platforms were built in eighties last century in SZ36 -1 oil field. After over twenty years of production，these facilities have created enormous wealth. But，the production drop problem is severer with the increase in production years. As the oil prices keep rising，the China National Offshore Oil Corporation（CNOOC）decided to adjust the phase I of SZ36 - 1 oil field and add eight slots to the WHPJ platform，so as to digging the potential of these platforms. The function expanding and transforming of the active service platforms will revitalize old oil fields.Fig. 1　The methods of adding slots for jacket platform

There are two methods for offshore jacket platform to adding slots：“external adding slots”method and“internal adding slots”method（as shown in Fig. 1）. There are not strictly distinctions between the two methods，usually determined by the location relative to the legs of original platform structure. If new slots placed in the rectangular area surrounded by the legs of platform，it is called“internal adding slots”. On the other hand，if new slots placed outside the rectangular area surrounded by the legs of platform，it is called“external adding slots”. SZ36 - 1 WHPB platform and WC 13 - 2 platform used“internal adding slots”method，WZ 11 -4D - A platform used the“external adding slots”method.

The WHPJ is a four legs jacket platform with 16 well slots（as shown in Fig. 2）. It went to operation in 1997. The water depth is 31. 4 m. The platform has four decks（upper deck EL.＋19. 0m，sub-lower deck EL. ＋16. 0m，lower deck EL.＋13. 0m and bottom deck EL.＋10. 0m）and four bracing levels on jacket（EL.＋4. 3 m，EL. -3. 0m，EL. -15. 0m and EL. - 31. 4m）. New additional production wells must be added to the platform. But the new wells face the problem of inadequate space on the old platform.Fig. 2　Original situation of WHPJ platform

In this paper，a new adding slot method is proposed，based on the combination factors including the basic designing data，on-site conditions and construction technology for SZ36 -1 WHPJ platform. And the relevant structural mechanics analysis，transport and installation analysis were conducted. This method was first introduced in China，and will provide a new development mode for the redevelopment of large old oil fields.1　NEW ADDING SLOTS METHOD1. 1　The Consideration Factors for Adding Slots

WHPJ has serviced for more than a decade and experienced several transformations. Living quarter has been added to the main deck，and a number of equipments have been added to the wellhead areas. Eight slots will be added in this adjustment to meet the requirement of production. And necessary ancillary facilities will also be increased. To meet the requirement of adding eight slots to the WHPJ platform，following factors must be considered：（1）The effect of structural characteristics of the existing platform.

Because it is adding slots to the existing platform，the layout and form selection of new structure will be limited by the existing platform itself. Especially when the platform has serviced for a long time，after repeated transformation during service，the platform space is small and facilities are crowded. These create tremendous restrictions to the location of the new slots.（2）The number of new slots.

The number of new slots is an important consideration factor when selecting method of adding slots.“Internal adding slots”method is preferred when the number of new slots is small，while larger number of new slots should be given priority to the“external adding slots”method.（3）Meet the requirements of drilling and completion.

New adding well slots will use the drilling rig of jack-up platform for drilling if the jacket platform has no drilling rig. So the location of new slots must be placed within the space where can be easily reached by the cantilever of jack-up platform. The workover function is generally completed by the workover rig of jacket，so the adding slots also need to be kept in the space where the track of workover rig can be easily covered.（4）The difficulty of construction and installation.

The connection problem between new structure and original platform is a challenge，especially in the construction and installation. Underwater construction is inescapable when involving in the connecting between underwater parts of jacket. The operational difficulties and risks are great and the construction costs are high，whether using underwater welding or clamp connection.

Considering the crowded situation of WHPJ and the planning number of slots to be added，“internal adding slots”method can’t meet the requirement. And the traditional“external adding slots”method can hardly meet the requirement of adding eight slots. The paper proposes a new creative adding slots method （shown in Fig. 3）to solve the problem of great number of adding slots and the need of expanding platform space.Fig. 3　The new adding slots method1. 2　The Adding Slots Method of WHPJ

The new adding slots method of WHPJ consists of two parts，topsides structure and two piles jacket structure.

The new added topsides structure will be an integrated deck with equipment，electrical and instrument bulks，utility rooms. The new topsides will consist of three decks. These will be upper deck，lower deck and sub-lower deck. The upper deck elevation will be EL.＋19. 0 m. The plan area of the deck will be approximately 13. 0m×24. 0m. The lower deck elevation will be EL.＋13. 0 m. The plan area of the deck will be approximately 13. 0m×24. 0m. The sub-lower deck elevation will be EL.＋10. 0m. This deck will have a plan area of approximately 9. 5×16. 5m. The well bay area on the central of the topsides shall have a spacing of 4. 4m× 8. 0m at each of the three deck levels.Fig. 4　The new added jacket structure

The new added jacket structure（as shown in Fig. 4）will be a braced frame structure constructed of steel tubular mem-bers. The jacket will have 2 plies. The jacket legs are straight. The jacket leg spacing will consist of two rows of 1 leg（Row A and Row B）spaced at 11. 0m on the plan of the working point. The spacing between the new legs and old legs will be 10. 0m（Row 1，Row 3）.

The jacket will support 8 conductors，the outside diameter of which is 610mm. The conductors will be arranged in one grid of 2×4 conductors.1. 3　The Advantages of the New Method

The new adding slots method which has been used on WHPJ platform do not occupy the deck space of existing platform，and solve the crowdedness problem of WHPJ. Meet the requirements of better layout of the new facilities. And the connections between new and existing structures are all above the water surface，avoiding the difficulties of underwater cutting and welding，making it more convenient for quick installation. By application of precision docking GUID technology（as shown in Fig. 5）and the casing of driven piles used horn shape which expanded the area of contact，reducing the accuracy requirements of installation. The heights of two driven piles are different，further reducing installation difficulty. The mudmat of the new jacket structure is larger than the conventional design，prevents the new jacket having a greater settlement，guaranteeing the docking process of connection. The construction process has little effect on existing platform’s production and living facilities. The open-hole operation on the deck is unnecessary and the relocation of production equipment is avoided. The workover rig of the existing platform can be applied to new wells workover operations，by extending the original track（as shown in Fig. 6），so the workover rig can be slipped through the track to new slots area. And the drilling ship only needs to be in place once to drilling and completing all new eight wells.Fig. 5　The connection structure of new and existing platformFig. 6　The track of workover rig for WHPJ platform2　ANALYSIS SUMMARY

The WHPJ platform is an existing platform. In the new adding slots method，two legs jacket and deck are new added structure. To meeting the need of the service period of another 20 years，lots of analysis needs to be carrying out to guarantee the safety of the existing and new structure. In all these analysis，the existing and new structures are modeled as an integer.2. 1　Static Analysis

Static analysis includes the structural strength check and foundation design of platform under the actions of extreme storm，extreme ice and operating environmental events. Environmental events of 50-year return period are selected as the extreme storm condition. Extreme ice events of 50-year return period with environmental events（current and wind）of 10-year return period are selected as the extreme ice condition，while the environmental events of 1-year return period are selected as the operating conditions.

Eight load approaching directions，0°，42°，90°，138°，180°，222°，270°，and 336°are selected for static analysis. Different water level should be analyzed to determine the specific water level corresponding to the particular load condition that will be critical for platform. And both the heavy platform and light platform conditions are analyzed to get the most critical cases for foundation design. A one-third increase of allowable stresses is used for extreme storm and extreme ice condition. The ice condition check is done according to“Regulations for Offshore Ice Condition＆Application in China Sea”.2. 2　Seismic Analysis

The seismic analysis for the platform is based on API RP 2A section 2. 3. 6. A response spectrum analysis was done by using the spectrum which is specified by company. The structural damping ratio is 5%. Dynamic characteristics（frequencies and mode shapes）were calculated which will be used in response spectrum analysis（as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 7）. The ductility and strength requirements are considered respectively. The strength level ground acceleration is 0. 094g while ductility requirement analysis acceleration is 0. 188g.

The responses of the first twenty five natural modes are combined using the complete quadratic combination（CQC）method for the spectrum in three individual directions. The responses of the above three directions are then combined using the Square Root of the Sum of the Square（SRSS）method.Table 1　Natural frequencies of the WHPJ2. 3　Fatigue Analysis

The fatigue life is calculated by combination of wave fatigue analysis and ice fatigue analysis.

A detail wave dynamic spectrum fatigue analysis is performed by SACS. The wave climate information is provided by company. Short-term sea-state is defined by Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum，and the long-term sea-state is characterized by wave scatter diagram and wave directional frequencies. To be conservative，corrosion allowance on the wall thickness of tubular member is taken as much as in-place analysis.Fig. 7　First natural model of WHPJ after modification

The procedure of detail wave dynamic spectrum fatigue analysis is：（1）A SEASTATE program of SACS was done to account for the

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