(14下)大学英语四级考试超详解真题+模拟(备战2014年12月)(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

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(14下)大学英语四级考试超详解真题+模拟(备战2014年12月)试读：

大学英语四级考试2010年12月真题

Writing keeps us in touch with other people. We write to communicate with relatives and friends. We write to（26）_____ our family histories so our children and grandchildren can learn and（27）_____ their heritage（传统）. With computers and Internet connections in so many households, colleges, and businesses, people are e-mailing friends and（28）_____ all the time—or talking to them in writing in online chat rooms. It is cheaper than calling long distance, and a lot more（29）_____ than waiting until Sunday for the telephone rates to drop. Students are e-mailing their professors to（30）_____ and discuss their classroom assignments and to submit them. They are e-mailing classmates to discuss and（31）_____ homework. They are also sharing information about concerts and sports events, as well as jokes and their（32）_____ of life.

Despite the growing importance of computers, however, there will always be a place and need for the personal letter. A（33）_____ note to a friend or a family member is the best way to communicate important thoughts. No matter what the content of the message, its real point is,“I want you to know that I（34）_____ you.”This writing practice brings rewards that can't be seen in（35）_____, but only in the success of human relationships.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)【答案链接】Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 　36　. The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 　37　 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 　38　 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.

Any research that suggests that 　39　 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 　40　 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 　41　 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 　42　 to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture（养育）, by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science 　43　 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 　44　 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 　45　 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.A）abilitiesI）extentB）achieveJ）indicatesC）appealK）proceedsD）L）psychologicalcomplaintsE）contributionM）raisedsF）N）smartdisplayedG）O）standardessentiallyH）eventuallySection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Media Selection for AdvertisementsA）After determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail.TelevisionB）Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it.C）Television's influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen by those interested in household improvement projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous（具有共同特点的）than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.NewspapersD）After television, the medium attracting the next largest annual ad revenue is newspapers. The New York Times, which reaches a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue annually. It has increased its national circulation（发行量）by 40% and is now available for home delivery in 168 cities. Locally, newspapers are the largest advertising medium. Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television. Given new production techniques, advertisements can be printed in newspapers in about 48 hours, meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the message out. Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local readers.RadioE）Advertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in conjunction with outdoor billboards（广告牌）and the Internet to reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television, which means advertisers can afford to repeat their ads often. Internet companies are also turning to radio advertising. Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening hours. Two major changes—satellite and Internet radio—will force radio advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.MagazinesF）Newsweeklies, women's titles, and business magazines have all seen increases in advertising because they attract the high-end market. Magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market that they deliver. A broadcast medium such as network television attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are more homogeneous. If you read Sports Illustrated, for example, you have much in common with the magazine's other readers. Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members. Advertisers using the print media—magazines and newspapers—will need to adapt to two main changes. First, the Internet will bring larger audiences to local newspapers. These audiences will be more diverse and geographically dispersed（分散）than in the past. Second, advertisers will have to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain narrower audiences.Out-of-home advertisingG）Out-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective. Technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making it a more effective medium than in the past. Using digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.InternetH）As consumers become more comfortable with online shopping, advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of television and radio to get the word out to consumers will decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember. Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in organizations' advertising in the near future. Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to adapt their persuasive strategies to the online medium as well.Direct mailI）A final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to consumers to communicate a client's message. Direct mail includes newsletters, postcards, and special promotions. Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with consumers. For many businesses, direct mail is the most effective form of advertising.46. In comparison with television, newspapers are an advertising medium which costs less money but helps advertisers convey a longer, more detailed message to their audience.47. Combined with outdoor billboards and Internet, radio can cover a lot more customers than television.48. Audiences are able to get better control of what commercials they watch thanks to digital recording devices.49. Out-of-home advertising has become effective as more consumers travel longer distances to commute.50. Unlike a broadcast medium that attracts all kinds of audiences, magazines appeal to those who have something in common.51. Television offers advertisers an ideal means to impress their consumers in the process of promoting a new brand and its image.52. The reason why television becomes an attractive medium for advertising is that television brings mass audiences for advertisers.53. Direct mail helps advertisers convey their messages to consumers by mailings.54. The ability that television and radio have to promote products through advertisements will decrease as consumers learn more news and information from the Internet.55. Listeners can receive stations that are more distant than the local ones through satellite and Internet radio.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia（学术界）outweigh any financial considerations.

Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee's is one of them.

The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical（制药的）company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.

Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition（转换）to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development.“Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”

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