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华南理工大学外国语学院870英语语言文学综合历年考研真题及详解试读：
2014年华南理工大学870语言学和英美文学基础知识考研真题及详解
Part OneFundamentals of Linguistics and Literature（外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学考生共答部分）Ⅰ. Define the following terms in your own words(每题必答，共20分)
1. argument【答案】An argument can be defined as a statement or a set of statements used in order to try to convince others that your opinion about an issue is correct. It is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion, and it is a reasoned and researched claim.
2. consonant【答案】Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.
3. sense【答案】Sense refers to the abstract properties of an entity. It is defined in terms of relationships which hold between the linguistic elements themselves. It is concerned with intra-linguistic relations.
4. minimal pair【答案】In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological unit and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones are two separated phonemes in the language.
5. foregrounding【答案】Foregrounding is defined as artistically motivated deviation. This deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, meaning, graphology, etc.
6. the gilded age【答案】It is coined by Mark Twain satirically describing the time period in order to address some of the problems in the United States, such as reconstruction, poverty in all areas of the US, political and corporate corruption and so on.
7. individualism【答案】Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance, and advocate their interests of the individual should achieve precedent over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one’s own interests by society or institutions such as the government.
8. cavalier poets【答案】The cavalier poets belong to a school of English poets in the th17 century, which came from the classes that supported King Charles Ⅰ during the English civil war (1642—1651). Charles, a connoisseur of fine arts, supported poets who created the arts he craved. These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service, thus becoming cavalier poets.
9. naturalism【答案】The term naturalism was coined by Emile Zola, who defines it as a literary movement which emphasizes observation and scientific method in the fictional portray of reality. Other characteristics of literary naturalism include: detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, the opposite of free will, in which a character’s fate has been decided, even predetermined, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life.
10. point of view【答案】Point of view is the perspective from which a story is communicated. It describes the position of the narrator, that is, the character of the story-teller, in relation to the story being told. It can be thought of as a camera mounted on the narrator’s shoulder that can also look back in the narrator’s mind.
Ⅱ. Answer the following questions(每题必答，共40分)
1. What is language aptitude? Please give three examples to illustrate this concept.【答案】People differ in the extent to which they possess a natural ability for learning an L2. This ability, known as language aptitude, is believed to be partially related to general intelligence but also to be in part distinct. Language aptitude is thought to be a combination of various abilities, such as the ability to identify sound patterns in a new language, the ability to recognize the different grammatical functions of words in sentences, and the ability to infer language rules, and so on. It has been generally accepted that learners who achieve high scores in language aptitude tests learn rapidly and achieve high proficiency in second language learning. Yet how the components work on the learner’s inter-language development still remains speculative.
2. What is the difference between a proficiency test and an achievement test?【答案】An achievement test is a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction. Achievement tests are often contrasted with tests that measure aptitude, a more general and stable cognitive trait. A proficiency test is usually commissioned by a nation for those who are a second language learner of the language of the nation. It is often divided into several levels from the basis one to the highest grade. And it is conducted according to different abilities, generally including reading, listening and writing.
3. There are many ways of word formation in English lexicology. Can you define back formation and give two examples?【答案】Back formation refers to an usually abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take “televise” for example. The word “television” appeared before “televise”. The first part of the word “television” was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. Instead of taking out part of a word as a root, back formation allows us to take out a word of a given category and form a new homophonous word of a different category, such as the noun form “white-wash” that becomes the verb form “whitewash”.
4. What does “The Lost Generation” refer to?【答案】It is a tern regularly used after the First World War in reference to the host of young men who were killed in it, and also to the young men who survived and who thereafter were adrift-morally and spiritually. The term is believed to have been invented by Gertrude Stein (1874—1946). The mood of the lost-generation, a mood of disenchantment and sometimes cynicism, was well represented by some American novelists; particularly Scott Fitzgerald. The group of men who later came to be known as the ‘war poets’ also belonged to the lost generation.
5. What does “The Beat Generation” refer to?【答案】The term ‘beat’, in this restricted sense, is generally believed to have been devised by Jack Kerouac (1922—1969). It bears connotations of down-beat, off-beat, drop-out and beatitude and denotes a group of American writers (especially poets) who became prominent in the 1950s. They are particularly associated with San Francisco, USA, and their generally accepted father-figures were Kenneth Rexroth, Henry Miller and William Burroughs. The Beat writers, highly influenced by jazz, Zen Buddhism and American Indian and Mexican cults, living a Bohemian life-style associated with drugs and ‘free’-sex, developed their own slang and a highly idiosyncratic style. Their convictions and attitudes were unconventional, provocative, anti-intellectual, anti-hierarchical and anti-middle-class (the ‘squares’).
6. Who is Jane Austen (1775—1817)?【答案】Jane Austen (1775—1817) was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique and thcomment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18 century. Austen’s plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of favorable social standing and economic security. Her thworks critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18 thcentury and are part of the transition to 19-century literary realism. Her use of biting irony, along with her realism and social commentary, has earned her acclaim among critics and scholars. She wrote Pride and Prejudice (1813), Sense and Sensibility (1811), Emma, Northanger Abbey (1803) and Mansfield Park (1814).Part TwoTest for Students of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics（外国语言学及应用语言学考生必答部分）
Ⅰ. Discuss and comment on the following topics(每题必答，共40分)
1. The innative view of language acquisition【答案】The innateness view says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this ability just as it is born with two arms, two legs, and a beating heart. It also claims that this built-in ability is linked in some manner to physiological maturation, that it is the strongest in the very small child, and that some degree of decay in its function begins around the time of puberty. Evidence for the innateness hypothesis is very strong. For example, there is no formal instruction in first language acquisition. Children become competent speakers of a language at a comparatively early age before they are ready for other cognitively complex tasks such as learning mathematics, physics or chemistry. It has also been observed that children all over the world go through the same stages in language acquisition regardless of their linguistic environment. Children do not choose their first language; they can learn any language equally well as long as they are in the right linguistic environment.
2. Criteria in determining a word’s category【答案】
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word’s category, three criteria are employed.
Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty girl, we are attributing the property “pretty” to that girl, and in the sentence “Jenny leaves quickly”, the adverb “quickly” indicates the manner in which Jenny leaves.
The second criterion to determine a word’s category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as “boy” and “desk” take the plural affix -s. Verbs like “work’ and “help” take the past tense affix -ed. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word’s category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like “fog” do not always take plural suffix -s.
The last more reliable criterion of determining a word’s category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like “the girl” and “the card”, verbs with an auxiliary such as “should stay” and “will go”.
A word’s distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.
3. Sentence meaning and utterance meaning【答案】A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studies as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, that of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
4. The relationship between language and society【答案】Language is regarded as a mirror of society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better. Functionally, society provides language with a suitable context of use, in which we can enjoy aspects of language vividly and truthfully. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances such as “Good morning”. Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background, and language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. For example while there is only one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo. As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. To a linguist, all linguistic forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.
5. The role of word stress in distinguishing meaning【答案】Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the latter, which means that stress is a relative notion. At the word level, it only applies to words with at least two syllables. At the sentence level, a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative to other words in the sentence. Stress may change over history and exhibit regional or dialectal differences, and sometimes it is placed on a different syllable for the different grammatical functions a word plays. For example, the form “produce” is pronounced different and functions differently when stress is put on the first and the second syllable respectively. Sentence stress is more interesting. In general situations, notional words are normally stressed while structural words are generally unstressed.
Ⅱ. Analyze the language data according to the requirements(每题必答，共50分)
1. Analyze the following speech event in terms of the related pragmatic theory (15 points)
Hamlet: Whose grave’s this, sirrah?
Clown (gravedigger): Mine, sir.
...
Hamlet: What man dost thou dig it for?
Clown: For no man, sir.
Hamlet: What woman then?
Clown: For none, neither.
Hamlet: Who is to be buried in’t?
Clown: One that was a woman, sir; but, rest her soul, she’s dead.(Shakespeare, Hamlet)【答案】
This speech event violates the cooperative principle. The content of cooperative principle is to make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged. And it contains the following maxims.
Quality
Try to make your contribution one that is true.
(1) Do not say what you believe to be false.
(2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evident.
Quantity
(1) Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange).
(2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Relation
Be relevant.
Manner
Be perspicuous.
(1) Avoid obscurity of expression.
(2) Avoid ambiguity.
(3) Be brief.
(4) Be orderly.
Apparently, in this speech event, the clown violates the maxim of quality as he answers that the grave is not for man or woman. As a result, there comes conversational implicature. Conversational implicature arises from either strictly and directly observing or deliberately and openly flouting the maxims. Conversational implicature is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this speech event, the clown wants to imply that soul is the essence of a person and her soul is dead so she digs the grave to bury herself.
2. Explain the rules and principles underlying the ungrammaticality or inappropriateness involved in the following sentences (20 points)
a.* At this very moment, I feel very exciting and want to extend my sincerest thanks to all of you here for your inspiration, encouragement and support during my stay at Cambridge University.
b.* The government has already adopted effective measures against the growing corruption appeared in the process of economic reform.【答案】
a. The word “exciting” is misused here. The suffix -ing is often added behind a verb to form an adjective in order to modify inanimate objects, while the suffix -ed is often added behind a verb to form an adjective in order to modify people. The word “exciting” means causing great interest or excitement. And the word “excited” means feeling or showing happiness or enthusiasm. Here the subject is “I”, a person, therefore, the adjective used here should be “excited”.
b. The word “appeared” is misused here. The verb “appear” here is used as a post-modifier of the noun “corruption”. As can be seen from the sentence, the verb “appear” is a non-predicate element. Since it cannot be used in passive voice, the past participle of “appear” cannot be used directly after the noun “corruption”. And considering the tense of this sentence, the growing corruption has appeared in the process of economic reform. Therefore, the correct form should be “against the growing corruption having appeared in the process of economic reform”.
3. Analyze the following passage in terms of the related stylistic theory (15 points)
You don’t know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain’t no matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth.(Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)【答案】Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language. The double negation in the first sentence is attractive and it seems a bit redundant. However, just because of this conventional use of structure, the importance of reading the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is foregrounded, and this is the intention of the speaker. Then in the second sentence, the speaker changes his point of view. The speaker chooses the third-person point of view rather than directly saying that he is the author of the book so that the statement is made objective and persuasive. And the final sentence is a supplement to the second one to make what he has said more accurate and rigorous. The repetition of the content again constructs foregrounding. This time the speaker tries to emphasize the word “truth”. Although there are things those are made up in the novel, the main part is true and is worth reading.Part ThreeTest for Students of English Language and Literature（英语语言文学考生必答部分）
Ⅰ. Discuss and comment on the following topics(请选答其中的4道题。请勿多答，若多答，只评前4题。共40分)
1. Do you know the Imagist Poetry? Explain and comment on it.【答案】
(1) Imagist poetry is a style of poetry that had been promoted by the Imagists, first led by Ezra Pound then Amy Lowell and H. Doolittle, during Imagism movement, that stresses “a. direct treatment of the ‘thing’, whether subjective or objective; b. to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. as regarding rhythm to compose in sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of the metronome.”
(2) The Imagism movement though has deeply influenced the course of modernist poetry in English, there shortcomings as Wallace Stevens suggests “not all objects are equal”, its demand for hardness, clarity and precision and its insistence on fidelity to appearance coupled with its rejection of irrelevant emotions.
2. How much do you know about T.S. Eliot’s “tradition”? Describe and comment on it.
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