作者：关云霞,缑庆伟
出版社：电子工业出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
汽车专业英语(第2版)试读：
第2版前言
本书为高等院校车辆工程及汽车相关专业学生学习专业英语课程而编写，也可供从事汽车工程及相关专业的管理人员和技术人员使用。
本书正文和阅读材料均选自国外有关汽车的英文原版书刊，课文内容以汽车构造及汽车贸易相关知识为主。在内容的编排上，本书以汽车发动机构造和汽车底盘构造为主线，尽可能使汽车专业知识具有系统性和完整性，取材时注意对英语语言的训练，同时考虑到对专业领域最新知识的传递，加入了一些汽车新技术在汽车上的应用。
本课程旨在使学生通过一定学时的专业英语学习，巩固已经掌握的基本词汇和语法知识，扩大汽车专业词汇，掌握科技文章的语法结构及写法，提高英语应用能力，使学生能够以英语为工具，获得专业所需要的信息。
本书在内容上分为六大部分，第一部分为整车概述，第二部分为发动机各部件结构及原理；第三部分介绍底盘结构及原理；第四部分为汽车电器结构及原理；第五部分为汽车检测及维修相关知识；第六部分为汽车贸易英语，阅读材料主要介绍汽车文化、历史以及维修方面的内容。这样编排的内容针对性强，实用性好。同时，在课文的编排上还尽量照顾到汽车专业知识学习的系统性，基本上按汽车结构进行编排。每个单元包括课文、词汇、注释、练习和阅读材料，在课文和阅读材料中配有相关的插图，长句和难点句加注了注释和翻译。书后附有专业单词表及汽车专业常用英文缩写，供阅读时参考。
本书由北京吉利大学的关云霞（Unit 3和Unit 7）和北京交通运输职业学院的缑庆伟（Unit 9）担任主编，由北京吉利大学的王云蕾（Unit 13～Unit 18）担任副主编。参编人员为上海大学的袁文燕（Unit 2）、南京三江学院的秦洪艳（Unit 5）、湖北汽车工业学院的原涛（Unit 1和Unit 4）、河南科技大学的王玉霄（Unit 6和Unit 8）、山东建筑大学的周华程（Unit 10）、兰州理工大学的胡慧斌（Unit 11）和西安科技大学的高延琦（Unit 12）。
由于编者水平有限，疏漏、不当之处在所难免，欢迎广大读者提出宝贵意见，以便今后修订改进。编者2015年10月
第1版前言
汽车专业英语是汽车专业大学英语课程教学的一个重要组成部分，是促进学生完成从英语学习过渡到实际应用的有效途径。本书的编写思路是以学生为中心，以自主学习为主，让学生结合课内与课外、结合学习与应用，把基础阶段学到的语言知识在所学专业领域中得到应用、巩固、扩展和提高，进一步掌握良好的英语学习方法，打下扎实的专业英语知识基础，具备较强的专业英语应用能力，并能用英语进行专业知识的交流、理解，更好地适应未来工作需要和进一步提高自己的高级英语应用能力。
本书的教学目标是通过学习，使学生熟悉和掌握汽车专业常用的600～800个英语单词、词组及其用法，巩固已经掌握的基本语汇和语法知识，牢固掌握专业词汇，掌握专业文章的语法结构和本专业方面的知识，提高英语应用能力，达到以英语为工具获得专业所需知识、翻译和阅读相关专业文章的要求。
本书分为四部分：汽车总体构造（Unit 1）、汽车主要系统的基本结构与原理（Unit 2～Unit 8）、汽车的维护与修理（Unit 9和Unit 10）、汽车商务英语（Unit 11～Unit 18）。内容涵盖汽车结构、汽车原理、汽车维修、汽车商务等领域，可根据需要对教材内容进行选择性的教学。另外，本书针对每个单元添加了大量的习题训练，供读者更好地理解课文的内容。
本书是大学汽车专业英语必修课教材，可供汽车工程、汽车运用技术、汽车商务等相近专业本科、高职学生使用，也可作为汽车专业人员英语进修班培训教材，还可作为汽车维修技术人员的参考用书。
本书由北京吉利大学的关云霞（Unit 3和Unit 7）和北京交通运输职业学院的缑庆伟（Unit 9）担任主编，由山东交通学院的吴芷红（Unit 1）和北京吉利大学的王云蕾（Unit 11～Unit 18）担任副主编。参编人员为上海大学的袁文燕（Unit 2）、南京三江学院的秦洪艳（Unit 5）、北京交通运输职业学院的悦中原（Unit 10）、姚建玲（Unit 6）、杨文华（Unit 4和Unit 8）。
由于编者水平有限，疏漏、不当之处在所难免，欢迎广大读者提出宝贵意见，以便今后修订改进。编者2012年4月
Overview Automobile Overview
Since the moment of its birth，automobile has had a strong influence on the history，economy，and social life of much of the world.Nowadays，modern automobile industry stands for the advance level of a nation's manufacturing industry development.Mass-production techniques，for instance，first developed for the automobile，have been adapted for use in nearly every industry.Meanwhile，dozens of industries depend，directly or indirectly，on the automobile.These industries include producers of steel and other metals，plastics，rubber，glass，fabrics，petroleum products，and electronic components.
◇Types of automobile
According to functionality，automobiles can be divided into several types，which are shown as Fig.1.Fig.1 Types of Automobiles
◇Main system of automobile
Thousands of individual parts make up the essential components of the modern automobile.Much like the human body，these parts are arranged into several systems，each with a different function.Every system is necessary for driving the automobile，keeping it safe，and reducing noise and pollution.
Overall，these parts are arranged into four semi-independent categories：engine，body，chassis and electrical equipment，each with a different function.For example，the engine—the“heart”of the automobile—is comprised of pistons，cylinders，tubes which is used to deliver fuel to the cylinders，and other components.The overall structure of modern automobile is shown as Fig.2.Fig.2 Over structure of the automobile
☆Engine
The engine operates on internal combustion，meaning the fuel used for its power is burned inside of the engine.Now that engine is a collection of advanced parts and systems that provide the driving force to get people down the road.Modern electronics and materials may have made engines more complicated，but the basic engine layout has not really changed over the years.Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle and drive the wheels through a power train made up of gears，shafts，and other mechanical and hydraulic components.The four-stroke engine is the most common type of automobile engine.
☆Body
The body of the car is the outer shell that surrounds the mechanical parts and the passengers inside.Most bodies are made of steel，although some parts are made of strong plastic or carbon fiber.While the body forms the passenger compartment，offers storage space，and houses the automobile's systems，it has other important functions as well.In most instances，the solid structure of body protects passengers from the force of an accident.Other parts of the car，such as the front and hood，are designed to crumple easily，thereby absorbing much of the impact of a crash.A firewall between the engine and the interior of the car protects passengers in case of a fire.Lastly，the body's design helps to reduce the level of wind resistance as the car moves，allowing the driver better handling ability and improving the efficiency of the engine.
☆Chassis
The chassis is the framework to which the various parts of the automobile are mounted.The chassis must be strong enough to bear the weight of the car，yet somewhat flexible in order to sustain the shocks and tension caused by turning and road conditions.Attached to the chassis are the wheels and steering assembly，the brakes，the suspension and the body.
From the construction of itself，the chassis includes four following systems.
● Power train
A power train is a system of mechanical parts in a vehicle which transfer the energy created in the engine to the transmission.The transmission then takes the power，or output，through specific gear ratios，slows it and transmits it as torque.Through the driveshaft，the engine’s torque is transmitted to the wheels to move the car when applied to road.
● Steering system
The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into a swiveling movement of the wheels in such a way that the steering-wheel rim turns a long way to move the road wheels a short way.
● Brake system
A brake is a device that uses a controlled force to reduce the speed or to stop a moving vehicle，or to hold the vehicle stationary.And modern automobiles have brakes（disc type or drum type）on all four wheels，operated by a hydraulic system.
● Running gear
The running gear of a modern vehicle comprises，in most instances，suspension，wheels and axle.As the most important part of running gear，the suspension system enables the automobile to absorb the bumps and variations in the road surface，keeping the automobile stable.And most cars feature independent front suspension（the two wheels in front are supported separately）.
☆Electrical Equipment
Electricity is used for many parts of the car，from the headlights to the radio，but the main function of it is to provide the electrical spark needed to ignite the fuel in the cylinders.The electrical equipment of automobiles is composed of power supply and some electronic devices，such as engine starting system and ignition system，etc.
NEW WORDS AND PHRASES
automobile[ˌɔtəmə'bil]
n.汽车
manufacturing[ˌmænju'fæktʃərɪŋ]
adj.制造的；制造业的
Mass-production[ˌmæsprə'dʌkʃən]
n.大批量生产
producer[prə'dʊsɚ]
n.生产者
fabric['fæbrɪk]
n.纤维织物
petroleum[pə'trolɪəm]
n.石油
rubber['rʌbɚ]
n.橡胶；橡皮；合成橡胶；
component[kəm'ponənt]
n.成分；组件；
functionality[ˌfʌŋkʃə'næləti]
n.功能
individual[ˌɪndɪ'vɪdʒuəl]
adj.个人的；个别的
semi-independent
adj.半独立的
category['kætəɡɔri]
n.种类，分类
engine['ɛndʒɪn]
n.引擎，发动机；
body['bɑdi]
n.车身
chassis['ʃæsi]
n.底盘，底架
comprise[kəm'praɪz]
vt.包含；由……组成
piston['pɪstən]
n.活塞
cylinder['sɪlɪndɚ]
n.汽缸
deliver[dɪ'lɪvɚ]
vt.递送
fuel['fjuəl]
n.燃料
structure['strʌktʃɚ]
n.结构；构造；
operate on
对……起作用
internal[ɪn'tɝnl]
adj.内部的；内在的
combustion[mə'tɪrɪəl]
n.燃烧，氧化
electronic[ɪˌlɛk'trɑnɪks]
n.电子产品
material[mə'tɪrɪəl]
n.材料，原料
complicated['kɑmplɪketɪd]
adj.难懂的，复杂的
layout['leaʊt]
n.布局；设计
automotive[ˌɔtə'motɪv]
adj.汽车的
vehicle[ˈviːhɪkl]
n.车辆
power train
n.传动系；动力传动系
gear[ɡɪr]
n.齿轮；传动装置
shaft[ʃæft]
n.轴
mechanical[mɪ'kænɪkəl]
adj.机械的；
hydraulic[haɪ'drɔlɪk]
adj.液压的
four-stroke engine
n.四冲程发动机
outer shell
n.外壳
surround[sə'raʊnd]
vt.围绕；包围
passenger['pæsɪndʒɚ]
n.乘客
plastic['plæstɪk]
adj.塑料的
carbon fiber
碳纤维
form[fɔrm]
vt.构成，组成；
compartment[kəm'pɑrtmənt]
n.隔间；
storage space
n.存储空间
solid['sɑlɪd]
adj.可靠的；结实的；
hood[hʊd]
n.引擎盖
crumple['krʌmpl]
vi.起皱；倒坍
absorb[əb'zɔb]
vt.吸收
impact[ɪm'pækt]
n.影响；冲击力
crash[kræʃ]
n.撞碎；坠毁；
firewall['faɪɚwɔl]
n.防火墙
interior[ɪn'tɪrɪɚ]
n.内部；本质
reduce[rɪ'dʊs]
vt.减少；降低
handling ability
n.处理能力
efficiency[ɪ'fɪʃənsi]
n.效率
framework['fremwɝk]
n.排放
various['vɛrɪəs]
adj.各种各样的
bear[bɛr]
vt.承受；支撑
somewhat['sʌmwɒt]
adv.有点；稍微
sustain[sə'sten]
vt.维持；支撑
shock[ʃɑk]
n.振动
tension['tɛnʃən]
n.张力，拉力
attached to
附属于；系于；
assembly[ə'sɛmbli]
n.装配
brake[brek]
n.闸，制动片
suspension[sə'spɛnʃən]
n.悬架
transmission[træns'mɪʃən]
n.变速器
output['aʊtpʊt]
n.输出，输出量
gear ratio
n.齿轮齿数比
transmit[træns'mɪt]
vt.传输；传播
driveshaft['draɪvʃɑːft]
n.传动轴
Steering system
n.转向系统
convert[kən'vɝt]
vt.使转变；转换……
rotation[ro'teʃən]
n.旋转
swivel['swɪvl]
n.转环
Brake system
n.制动系统
device[dɪ'vaɪs]
n.装置
stationary['steʃənɛri]
n.固定的东西
disc type
adj.圆盘式
drum type
adj.鼓式
bump[bʌmp]
n.碰撞
variation[ˌvɛrɪ'eʃən]
n.变化
surface['sɝfɪs]
n.表面；表层
stable['stebl]
adj.稳定的
Electrical Equipment
n.电气设备
spark[spɑrk]
n.火花
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1.Mass-production techniques，for instance，first developed for the automobile，have been adapted for use in nearly every industry【译文】最早发展于汽车生产中的大批量流水生产技术如今早已应用于几乎各行各业。
for instance在这里是作为插入语。
2.Overall，these parts are arranged into four semi-independent categories：engine，body，chassis and electrical equipment，each with a different function.【译文】总的来说，这些部件构成汽车四个半独立的部分：发动机、车身、底盘和电气设备，每一部分都有相应不同的功能。
3.Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle and drive the wheels through a power train made up of gears，shafts，and other mechanical and hydraulic components.【译文】大多数的汽车发动机都位于汽车的前部并且通过由齿轮、传动轴及其他机械和液压部件组成的传动系统将驱动力传至车轮。
此句是典型的非限定性定语从句，power train后面的which/that is已省略。
4.Lastly，the body’s design helps to reduce the level of wind resistance as the car moves，allowing the driver better handling ability and improving the efficiency of the engine.【译文】最后，车身的设计能够在汽车行驶的过程有助于降低风阻，使驾驶员能更好地操控并提高发动机的运行效能。
这里的as后引导的是时间状语从句，强调主句中的状态。
5.Attached to the chassis are the wheels and steering assembly，the brakes，the suspension，and the body.【译文】与底盘附属的有车轮、转向装置、制动装置、悬架及车身。
Attached to the作为前置定语从句，前面Which are已省略。
6.As the most important part of running gear，the suspension system enables the automobile to absorb the bumps and variations in the road surface，keeping the automobile stable.【译文】作为汽车行驶系最主要的部分，悬架系统使得汽车能够吸收来自路面的磕磕碰碰而引起的振动，并保持车身的稳定。
As引导的是原因状语从句。
EXERCISES
1.Translate the following expressions into Chinese.
2.Translate the following expressions into English.
3.Read each statement below and indicate if it is true（T）or false（F）according to your understanding of the text，and then translate the true sentences.（1）According to its functionality，automobiles can be divided into four types.（）（2）The engine—the“heart”of the automobile—is comprised of pistons，tubes，cylinders which is used to deliver fuel to the cylinders，and other components.（）（3）The chassis must be strong enough.（）（4）The engine supplies the power to move the vehicle.（）（5）The six-stroke engine is the most common type of automobile engine.（）（6）A power train is a system of electric parts in a vehicle.（）（7）Most cars feature independent front suspension.（）
READING MATERIAL
History of the Automobile
The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769，with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport.Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late 18th century.German engineer Karl Benz，inventor of numerous car-related technologies，is generally regarded as the inventor of the modern automobile.Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim（Fig.3）.Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886，and began the first production of automobiles in 1888.Fig.3 The 1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen
☆Veteran Car Era
By 1900，mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States.Innovation was rapid and rampant，with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures，body styles，construction materials，or controls.Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888，when she traveled more than 80kilometres（50mi）from Mannheim to Pforzheim，to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband，Karl Benz，manufactured.
☆Edwardian Era
Edwardian era lasted from roughly 1905 through to the beginning of World War I in 1914.The most popular car is shown as Fig.4.Key developments included electric ignition system（by Robert Bosch，1903），independent suspension，and four-wheel brakes（by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909）.Fig.4 The 1910 Model T，Photographed in Salt Lake City
☆Vintage Era
The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I（1919），through the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929.The most popular car is shown as Fig.5.During this period，the front-engined car came to dominate，with closed bodies and standardized controls becoming the norm.Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace，with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end.Fig.5 Bugatti Type 35A Grand Prix Racer 1925
☆Pre-WWII Era
The pre-war era began with the Great Depression in 1930，and ended at 1948.The most popular car is shown as Fig.6.By the 1930s，most of the mechanical technology used in today’s automobiles had been invented.Fig.6 Rolls Royce Phantom，Circa 1936
☆Post-war Era
Automobile design finally emerged from the shadow of World War II in 1949.In Italy，Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series.In America，performance became a prime focus of marketing，exemplified by pony cars and muscle cars.But everything changed in the 1970s as the 1973 oil crisis.The biggest developments of the era were the widespread use of independent suspensions，wider application of fuel injection，and an increasing focus on safety in the design of automobiles.The most popular car is shown as Fig.7.Fig.7 1974—1978 Mustang II.
☆Modern Era
The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year.The modern era has been one of increasing standardization，platform sharing，and computer-aided design.Some particularly notable advances in modern times are the widespread of front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive，the adoption of the V6 engine configuration，and the ubiquity of fuel injection.The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output.The most popular car is shown as Fig.8.Fig.8 1992—1993 Honda Accord sedan（U.S.）
era['ɪrə]
n.纪元；年代
rampant['ræmpənt]
adj.无法控制的
breakthrough['breik'θrʊ]
n.突破点
suspension[sə'spenʃən]
n.悬挂
vintage['vɪntɪdʒ]
adj.古老的；过时的（尤指曾经一度为最佳的）
standardize['stændədaɪz]
vt.使标准化
exemplify[ɪɡ'zɛmplɪfaɪ]
vt.举例证明
standardization[ˌstændədɪ'zeiʃən]
n.标准化
platform['plæt'fɔ：m]
n.平台
Unit 1 The Basic Principle of Engine
Text A Classification and Main Components of Engine
The engine acts as the power unit.The most common engine is internal combustion engine.This is an engine which the air-fuel mixture ignite in a combustion chamber，as shown in Fig.1.1.Fig.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine1—the cap of the cylinder head 2—valve 3—engine block 4—flywheel 5—crankshaft 6—oil pan 7—pulley 8—cylinder 9—timing gear
Classification of Engine
The engine can be classified in following ways：
☆By Fuel System
There are two types of engine：gasoline（also called a spark-ignition engine）and diesel（also called a compression-ignition engine）.Different engine uses different fuel.Gasoline engine has high power and compact structure.Diesel engine has large torque and good fuel economical efficiency.The fuel efficiency of diesel engine is better than that of a gasoline engine.
☆By Cylinder Arrangement
In vehicle application，the number of cylinders is normally not only one.In a multi-cylinder engine，the cylinders are usually arranged in one of three ways：in-line，V-type，or flat（Fig.1.2）.Today the number of cylinders is growing，the cylinders also can be arranged as W-type.Fig.1.2 Cylinder Arrangement
☆By Cooling System
Usually，the liquid-cooled and air-cooled are existed in engines.Most motor-cycle engines are air cooled.Liquid-cooled engines are the most common in the engine industry.
There are also other ways to classify the engines.Despite of these classifications，the structure of the engine is basically the same.
Main Components
The engine consists of several different mechanisms and systems including cylinder block，crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism，valve mechanism，fuel supply system，lubrication system，cooling system，ignition system and starting system.
☆Cylinder Block
The cylinder block is the basic frame of the engine.A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinders of a reciprocating engine and always some or all of their associated surrounding structures.
☆Crankshaft and Connecting Rod Mechanism
The crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism of a single-cylinder power plant comprise the piston，connecting rod and crankshaft.It transforms reciprocation of the piston into rotation of the crankshaft and at the same time transforms the pressure applied to the piston into the torque output from the crankshaft to drive the automobile wheels running.
☆Valve Mechanism
A valve mechanism is a group of components that opens and closes the intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder head at the appropriate time.The main function is timely opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valves in accordance with the firing order of cylinders and working process，which intakes the fresh air-fuel mixture into the cylinders，and excludes the combustion exhaust gas.
☆Fuel Supply System
The fuel supply system is used to supply clean and properly atomized fuel of certain quantity to engine according to operation condition of the engine.The fuel supply systems are different in diesel and gasoline engines.
☆Lubrication System
The lubrication system uses an oil pump to continuously supply engine oil throughout the inside of the engine.This system reduces friction between parts with a film of oil.Without it，the friction heat from the contact of the moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss.In addition to lubrication，engine oil can also cools and cleans the engine.
☆Cooling System
The cooling system is used to keep the engine temperature within a proper range by circulating the coolant throughout the engine under all operating conditions and during all seasons of the year.The fan introduces a great deal of air into the radiator to improve the cooling effect.
☆Ignition System
Ignition system is a system for igniting the air-fuel mixture.Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture，either by spark ignition（SI）or compression ignition（CI）.
☆Starting System
The starting system forces the engine to work with an electric motor，and starts the engine.
Text B Engine Operating Principles
The internal combustion engine converts the energy contained in the fuel into kinetic energy.A four-stroke engine is an enclosed process including four separate processes：air intake，compression，power and exhaust—during two separate revolutions of the crankshaft，and one single thermodynamic cycle.The main parts in four stroke engine are shown in Fig.1.3.Fig.1.3 Main Parts in Four Stroke Engine1—intake valve 2—spark plug 3—exhaust valve 4—combustion chamber 5—piston head
As their name implies，four-stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the crankshaft：① Intake stroke ② Compression stroke，③ Power stroke，④ Exhaust stroke.The four strokes will be illustrated in Fig.1.4.Fig.1.4 Four Stroke Cycle
They draw in an air-fuel mixture to the cylinders，compress it，ignite and combust it，then discharge it.Repeating these four actions gives gasoline engines their power.The cycle begins at top dead centre（TDC），where the piston is farthest away from the crankshaft.A cycle refers to the full travel of the piston from TDC to bottom dead centre（BDC）.
☆Intake Stroke
Driven by the crankshaft，the piston moves from the top dead center to bottom dead center.At this time，exhaust valve is close and intake valve is open.During the piston movement，the cylinders volume gradually becomes larger and a certain vacuum degree is formed in cylinders.The air-fuel mixture enters cylinders via the intake valve and is further mixed in cylinders.A mixture of fuel and air，or just air in a diesel engine，is forced by atmospheric pressure into the cylinder through the intake valve.
☆Compression Stroke
After the intake stroke finished，the crankshaft continues to drive the piston to move from the bottom dead center to top dead center.At this time，both the intake valve and exhaust valve are close.With the piston movement，cylinder volume becomes smaller and the mixture in cylinders are compressed with its pressure and temperature rising at the same time.
☆Power Stroke
When the compression stroke finished，the spark plug in the cylinder head generates electric sparks which ignite the combustion mixture in cylinder.The flame quickly spreads across the combustion chamber and produces a great deal of heat energy at the same time.The pressure in the cylinder increases and forces the piston downwards.The piston transfers power to the crankshaft via the connecting rod.
☆Exhaust Stroke
At the beginning，the exhaust valve is opened but intake valve still remains closed.The crankshaft drives the piston to move from the
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