北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试阅读专项突破(第二版) (人大英语三级红宝书)(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-06-21 21:15:23

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作者:刘本政

出版社:中国人民大学出版社

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北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试阅读专项突破(第二版) (人大英语三级红宝书)

北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试阅读专项突破(第二版) (人大英语三级红宝书)试读:

前言

众所周知,阅读理解在考试中大概占了30%的比重(满分100分,阅读理解占30分),可见其重要性。考生要做好阅读理解,影响因素主要有两个:自身的英语水平和高效的答题技巧。自身英语水平的提高需要通过大量的阅读和训练才能实现,而高效的答题技巧则可以通过短期的训练获得。另外,学习是一个需要持之以恒的过程,只有不断学习,才能不断进步。《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试阅读专项突破(第二版)》是中国人民大学英语三级红宝书系列中的辅导教材之一。本书针对成人三级阅读理解的特点,通过讲练结合的方式,对考生进行系统的阅读训练。本书主要包括以下内容:第一部分是最新考试大纲对阅读理解的要求、阅读理解题型和选项的分析以及阅读文章的特点等。第二部分详细介绍了成人三级阅读的解题方法与技巧、阅读能力培养与提高的建议。第三部分是成人三级考试中的经典阅读篇目及试题详解,分为八周,涵盖了阅读中的各种主要题型,并针对各题型提出了完整的对策和解题思路,使考生备考复习思路更加清晰。每个星期日除了常规的阅读篇目外,还附有对当周题型的总结归纳及阅读技巧的点拨。第四部分是四套自测试题,结合了最新的命题趋势及命题思路,考生可通过自测试题检验自己的复习成果。

本书具有以下几大特色:

1.实力与技巧同步提升

本书中每篇阅读理解均配有相应的试题详解,不仅可供考生做常规阅读训练,还可作为翻译练习、词汇积累、长难句分析训练等练习材料,在练习中,不断进步,提升自身的阅读能力。该书的第一部分几乎涵盖了阅读理解部分的所有答题技巧,对快速提升做题能力大有裨益。

2.周计划与天计划完美结合

本书完美引进了周计划的概念,根据阅读理解五大主要题型,分为八周,每周的侧重点不同,方法也不同。在周计划的基础上,本书更加细分,融入了“天计划”的概念,一天一练,每天所花的时间不多,但是成效却很大。不仅有效帮助考生加强时间管理的观念,而且在不知不觉中提升阅读水平。

3.从考生的实际情况出发,设计科学的体系结构

本书首先详细介绍了与阅读理解相关的内容,使考生对阅读理解有充分的认识;接着从考生角度出发,详细安排了每周和每天的学习内容,使考生学习起来更有目的性和持续性;最后给出四套自测试题,考生可以在考前一周或两周进行练习。

由于时间仓促,本书的编写难免存在缺点和不足之处,欢迎专家、学者及广大考生批评指正。编者Part 1学位英语考试阅读概述一、考试大纲对阅读理解的要求

根据北京地区成人高等教育大学英语三级考试大纲中对阅读理解部分的要求,阅读理解(Part I Reading Comprehension)共15题,考试时间为40分钟。

考试中要求考生阅读三篇短文,每篇阅读文章的长度不一,有200多字的,也有300多字的。从近几年的考题来看,文章长度总体变长了。每篇文章后有5个问题,考生应根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳选项。

阅读理解文章的选材原则是:(1)题材广泛。包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、热门话题及科普常识等。但所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。(2)体裁多样。包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等。(3)文章的语言为中等难度。无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词,如超出全日制文理科教学大纲中词汇表一至三级的范围,则用汉语注明词义。

阅读理解部分主要测试考生的下述能力:(1)掌握所读材料的主旨和大意。(2)了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。(3)既能理解字面的意思,又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论。(4)既能理解个别句子的意义,又能在一定程度上理解上下文的逻辑关系。(5)通过阅读获取信息,既要求准确,也要求有一定的速度。二、考试中常见的文章体裁及相应考点

一般来说,阅读文章的目的是获取信息。文章体裁不同,其结构特点就会不同。文章的体裁也从记叙文扩大到产品说明(说明文)、逻辑推理(议论文)及实际应用(应用文)等文体。体裁不同,阅读的要求与方法也不尽相同。其中,说明文和议论文是学位英语考试阅读文章中最常考的体裁。(1)说明文:对某一个事物或者某一个现象进行说明。作者的目的是让读者获得知识和信息,对说明对象有所了解,并获得某些方面的启示。主要考查说明对象的特点及内在关系等细节性内容,有时也会考查上下文的关系。(2)议论文:议论文主要是阐明作者对人或事物的立场观点。最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张与反主张模式。在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点,然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张或观点,或者提出反主张或说明真实情况。这类文章的主观性一般都很强,考生一定要仔细体会作者的语气,从中发现其真实的态度。同时,在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据,理清论证思路,再进行逻辑推理,得出结论。(3)应用文:应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体,包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简历等。对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需要的信息。但从近些年的考题来看,这种体裁的文章在英语三级考试中并不多见,但在未来的考试中有可能会出现,考生应引起注意。(4)记叙文:试题主要是考查考生对情节、事件的结局、人物的性格等方面的把握。记叙文阅读应抓住四大要素,即时间、地点、人物和事件(包括事件的起因、发展和结果)以及人物之间的关系,从中分析他们的思想品质和性格特征等。三、题型分类

1.主旨大意题

·考点:考查对文章主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度。

·命题形式:

①Main idea:What's the main idea/point of this passage? 选项形式为陈述句。

②Main topic:What's the main topic of this passage? 选项形式为名词或名词词组。要求考生指出文章的topic,subject或title等。

③Purpose:What's the author's main purpose in writing this passage? 选项形式多为动宾结构。要求考生找出作者的写作目的。

2.事实细节题

·考点:考查考生对文章中具体细节的辨识能力。细节类试题的提问方式可以灵活多变,对象可涉及短文中的各种具体细节,如时间、地点、原因、结果、方式等。这类题较明显的特点是答案一般能在文章中直接找到,但为了增加试题难度,选项一般避免使用原文中的词汇,而采用原文词句的同义表达。

·命题形式:

①事实题型:由According to the passage...或The passage states that...引导,考查考生对文中factual内容的掌握。

②是非题型:Which of the following is TRUE?(或者NOT TRUE/NOT mentioned/except/exclude等排除性题型。例如:Which of the following is NOT TRUE/mentioned?或All of the following are mentioned EXCEPT...)

③例证题型:The author provides in Line...(Para....)an example in order to...

3.推理判断题

·考点:考查对文章内涵的理解。要求不仅读懂文章,还要领会作者的言外之意。题目既可以对文章的总体进行提问,也可以针对某个细节进行提问。

·命题形式:It can be inferred from the passage that...此类题型考查考生根据已知内容推断引申含义的能力。命题形式主要包括下列五个动词:infer,imply,suggest,conclude和assume。

4.观点态度题

·考点:考查考生对作者在文中所表达的主要观点及作者所持态度的把握。

·命题形式:The attitude of the author towards something is one of...?态度题的选项一般分以下三种:

①褒义词:positive,support,useful,interesting,enthusiastic,admiring等;

②中性词:indifferent,impassive,uninterested,ambivalent,neutral,apathetic,humorous,disinterested等;

③贬义词:disgust,critical,negative,tolerant,disappointed等。

5.语义理解题

·考点:测试考生在语篇水平上正确理解词、短语或句子的能力,出题对象一般为关键词句(包括生词、多义词、复杂句等),但以生词辨义为主。

·命题形式:

①熟词偏义或具体词在特定语言环境中的意义,如:“Office politics”(Line 2,Para.4)is used in the passage to refer to...

②超出《大学英语教学大纲》词汇表的生词词义的推断,如:The word“shun”(Line 1,Para.1)most probably means...

③推断句子在语篇中的意思,如:According to the author,saying “I'm sorry you're upset” most probably means...四、选项分析

阅读理解中,对题型了如指掌后,还要对选项进行分析,排除不可能为答案的选项,缩小目标范围。可按照以下四个步骤进行分析:

第一步:铲除与主题无关的错项

例:

So how did researchers study fat cells in the Annals paper? Matthew Brady of the University of Chicago and a group of colleagues selected and persuaded seven volunteers to take part in the research project. They were all young,thin and healthy and agreed to sleep for eight nights in a sleep lab.“For four nights they were allowed to stay in bed for 8.5 hours a night,”says Brady.Then,a month later,they came back for four additional nights—but this time they were allowed just 4.5 hours of sleep per night.And after each visit,researchers got a sample of their fat.(77)Brady explains that the fat cells responded significantly to the loss of sleep“I was very surprised to be honest,”he says.(2013年5月Passage 1)

2.The main idea of the third paragraph is____.

A.how to write a medical research paper

B.how to avoid sleep loss

C.how the research was conducted

D.how to conduct a medical experiment

思路点拨:

本段主要讲脂肪细胞研究项目的具体实验过程和步骤,而A项却讲怎么写医学研究论文,与本段主题不符,可以放心铲除。

第二步:铲除与题干不符的错项

例:

Jarden and zinc industry are fighting to keep the penny.Since 2006,Jarden has given $1.2 million to Americans for Common Cents(ACC).The group's mission is to keep the penny in use.Mark Weller is ACC's executive director.He argues that there are three main reasons for keeping the penny:Without it,we would become more reliant on the five-cent coin,which also has problems;charities(慈善机构)that depend on penny drives would not be able to raise as much money;and a 2012 survey shows that 67% of Americans want to keep the penny.(77)Many people surveyed said they feared they would end up paying more for products.(2014年11月Passage 1)

2.The mission of ACC is to____.

A.conduct online surveys

B.lower the production costs of the penny

C.raise money for charities

D.keep the penny in use

思路点拨:

本题的问题是“ACC的任务是什么?”,按照原文答案是为了“让1分硬币继续流通”,而选项C指让1分硬币继续流通的三大理由之一是能够让慈善机构筹到钱。典型的答非所问,尽可大胆铲除。

第三步:铲除与原文不符的错项

类型1 疯长型

例:

When the United States Congress created Yellowstone National Park in 1872,the goal was to set aside a place where Americans could enjoy the beauty of nature for years to come.Now,142 year later,there are hundreds of national parks across the country,and technology is changing the way people experience them.Should park visitors be able to use cell phones,or should their use be restricted?(2014年5月Passage 2)

7.National parks were established____.

A.to show respect to former presidents

B.to raise public awareness about climate change

C.to preserve areas of natural beauty

D.to create job opportunities

思路点拨:“疯长型”错项往往借题发挥,有一说十;或是空穴来风,漫无边际。在做推断题的时候要特别注意“扫除”这类错项。原文明确指出国家公园建设的目的是保护自然美景,而并不是引起人们对气候变化的关注,B项明显是借题发挥,超出了原文想要表达的范围,属于典型的“疯长型”错项。

类型2 剪枝型

例:

Jarden Zinc(锌)Products,a large zinc plant a few miles outside Greeneville,Tennessee,has a special claim.Since 1982,it has been the only supplier of penny blanks for the U.S Mint(铸币厂).It's a good business for Jarden—since 2000,the company has earned more than $800 million.But it may not be a good deal for the U.S.(76)The value of the penny has been dropping for years.In 2006,it began to cost more than a penny to make a penny.It now costs 2c / to produce a 1c / coin.Many countries have stopped using pennies.Is it time for the U.S.to do the same?(2014年11月Passage 1)

1.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Many countries are trying to reduce the cost of making coins.

B.These days a penny made is a penny wasted.

C.There is disagreement over whether the U.S.should stop using pennies.

D.Many countries have stopped using pennies.

思路点拨:“剪枝型”错项常常断章取义,脱离上下文环境理解文意,或是以偏概全,将部分内容说成是整篇的大意。此类错项常见于细节题和主旨题。本文主要讲美国各界人士对于1分硬币要不要退出市场而进行的争论。虽然D项来自原文,但是以偏概全,并不是本文要讨论的重点。

类型3 嫁接型

例:

Imagine a school that expected its students to become literate(有读写能力的)without any formal instruction.Most parents would be alarmed by such an approach,which would leave their children confused and with gaps in their understanding.This however has been the philosophy on character development in many of our schools. Why is the development of character seen as somehow different from the other skills that we teach?(2013年5月Passage 3)

12.We can infer from the first paragraph that____.

A.there tends to be disagreement about what character education is

B.most parents are not satisfied with the teaching methods adopted in schools

C.the approach to character education is generally considered different from the approaches to other skills

D.more and more schools are adopting strategies to improve school attendance

思路点拨:

顾名思义,嫁接就是移去原文的某个部分,再把其他内容拼凑上去构成错项。常见的形式有“张冠李戴”和“移花接木”等。原文提到“想象一个学校在没有任何正式的引导而期望它的学生们能够变得有读写能力。大多数父母都会对这种教学方法产生惊慌。”而B项是典型的张冠李戴,文章中并没有提到父母对现在学校采取的教学方法不满意。

第四步:铲除超越人类思维极限的错项

例:

The first year of school in America,known as kindergarten,usually begins between the ages of five and six.Among rich countries such a late start is very strange.President Obama believes it is an economic and social problem;his education secretary goes as far as to say that it is“morally wrong”. This statement has some support,as it is clear from research into vocabulary that youngsters from poor families enter kindergarten well behind those from rich families—adisadvantage that usually lasts a lifetime.Children from households on welfare knew 525 words by the age of three,while the children of professionals had mastered 1,116.(2014年5月Passage 3)

思路点拨:

老虎也有打盹的时候。虽然命题选项设置历来严谨,但超出人类思维极限的选项还是偶有出现,一般表现为过于绝对,如本题B选项:奥巴马总统相信早期教育可以解决所有经济和社会问题,很明显这种绝对的描述不符合事实和一般人的逻辑,更别说总统了。

12.According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?

A.Poor pre-school kids have a larger vocabulary than rich kids.

B.President Obama believes that early education can solve all economic and social problems.

C.Rich pre-school kids have a richer vocabulary than poor kids.

D.President Obama's education secretary thinks it is morally wrong to let kids start kindergarten early.五、文章句间关系

句子是语言运用的基本单位,它由词、短语或词组构成,能表达一个完整的意思,它的结尾应该用句号、问号、省略号或感叹号等。本节重点分析句间关系,常见的句间关系有以下五种。

1.偏正关系

两个意群,一主一次。主为正,次为偏。应用到阅读中,次要部分可以略读或跳读,主要部分是核心信息。如图所示:

2.包含关系

两个意群,内容上互相涵盖。被包含的意群通常是用来支撑大意群的。故大意群更值得细读。如图所示:

3.转述

两个意群,内容相似或相同。一个用来解释、说明或强调另一个,用来解说或强调的部分可略读。如图所示:

4.顺序

两个或多个意群,按一定的顺序排列,从总体上把握此顺序是阅读的关键。如图所示:

5.并列

两个或多个意群,内容上无主次之分,要用同等精力阅读。如图所示:Part 2学位英语考试高分策略一、阅读方法介绍

根据不同的阅读目的,可以采用不同的阅读方法。一般来说,阅读方法有略读、寻读和细读三种。二、猜词技巧

1.利用上下文线索猜测词义(1)利用文中的举例猜测词义。

We may be exposed to pollution,such as cigarette smoke.(2008年4月Passage 3)(2)根据近义、反义关系猜测词义。

①Besides,work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students grow,they are happy beyond words.(2007年11月 Passage 1)(近义)

②The number of students learning Chinese is tiny compared with how many study Spanish or French. But one report shows that before-college enrollment(报名人数)nearly quadrupled between 1992 and 2002,from 6,000 to 24,000.(2009年11月 Passage 1)(反义)(3)利用文中说明词义的同位词或定语等猜测词义。

He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.(4)直接解释词义。

Passive smoking can be defined as exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in enclosed areas.(2008年11月 Passage 2)(5)利用标点符号(分号、括号、冒号、破折号等)猜测词义。

They are good diggers,and in Ranthambhore(a wildlife park in Northern India)are nocturnal:they only come out at night.

2.利用构词法猜测词义(1)利用前、后缀猜测词义。

It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide,“The most worrying development is a culture of drug-friendliness,” says the UN's International Narcotics Control Board in a report released last year.(2010年5月 Passage 1)

成人三级英语考试中常见的前缀和后缀:

anti-(反;防),dis-(不),co-(共同),super-(超),in-(不;非),im-(不;非),inter-(在……之间),mini-(极少的,微型的),micro-(极微小的),mis-(误;恶),non-(不;非),sino-(中国),re-(再,反复),sub-(分支的,底下),post-(后),pre-(前),trans-(超越;转换),under-(在……之下;低于……;不足),un-(不;非)

-hood(状态;性质;时期),-ish(如……的;有点儿……的),-proof(防……的;……不能穿透的),-scope(景),-ship(身份;资格;权力;性质),-some(易于……的),-wards(向),-less(不;无),-able(能……的),-ness(表示名词形式)(2)利用合成词猜测词义。

①Life-long learning programs need to be provided to enable older people to be active members in a country's development.(2010年5月Passage 2)

②break out—outbreak(名词“爆发”),set out—outset(名词“起始”),come in—income(名词“收入”)三、长难句分析

1.复合从句

阅读时需注重分析句子的两大构成部分:主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。修饰成分在句中起修饰或补充主干的作用,包括单词、短语、从句,其中定语从句和状语从句较常见。简单说,搞清楚这类句子结构,需要两步走:找主干,划成分。

Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and controls the pollution and energy costs of industries(that make recycled products)by giving them a better raw material.回收利用不但可以通过创造就业机会来促进当地经济的发展,还可以控制污染,并通过为工业提供更好的原材料来降低制造再生产品的工业部门的能源成本。

在这个句子中,主句有两个并列的谓语动词stimulates和controls,而且,controls有两个并列的宾语pollution和energy costs,that引导的定语从句修饰industries一词。

2.分隔结构

为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语义严密,结构紧凑,而将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构。比如插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作插入现象。

The reality(that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student)is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don't mix as easily as I assured in high school.在我成长为一个出类拔萃的学生的道路上,阻碍我的实际问题就是,工科和文科不能像我在中学时想象的那样简单地结合在一起。

注意主语The reality与谓语部分is that...之间的分隔。第一个that引导的定语从句修饰reality,第二个that引导表语从句。

3.成分省略

在英语句子中,节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力。这在状语从句中尤为常见。

Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as(they are)directed.详细的调查显示,有多达50%的病人没有按吩咐的那样服药。

本句省略了主语和系动词。

4.改变语序

主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法,或是为了强调句子的表达意义重心,或是强调一种表达语气,如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关,有明显的标志。

Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator,you will make the other person very uncomfortable,and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.假如你违反了在电梯上不要盯着生人看的规矩,你会让人家极不舒服,而且你自己也有可能觉得有点儿不自在。

表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,从句的谓语用should+动词原形或were to+动词原形,从句中的if可以省略,但需将were或should前移至句首。四、做题流程

在做阅读理解的时候,你是否一看到文章就急切地开始读文章做题了?别急,做阅读理解是有步骤可循的。阅读理解的做题流程可以概括为如下三个步骤:

1.未读文章,先知大意

在读文章前,先浏览每个题干,从中发现有用信息,并推知文章大意。目的在于先对文章大意有所了解,以便在阅读时能够心中有数,有的放矢,减轻阅读负担。

2.略读篇章,通晓结构

花少量时间略读各段,快速把握全文或段落结构。这样做可达到两方面效果:一是直接解答与主旨或结构有关的问题,如主旨大意、写作意图、文章出处,结构分析等;二是帮助迅速定位其他题目解题信息在文中的位置。

3.题干选项,双管齐下

阅读解题的最后一步当然还是回到文后的问题,分析题干和选项,比对原文,选出正确答案。五、阅读能力的培养与提高

1.打下坚实的语言功底(1)掌握足够的词汇量。

词汇量的不足将使阅读变得如瞎子摸象,不仅会导致对文章大意的错误理解,而且会大大影响阅读速度。词汇量的积累包括两个方面:一个是“量”,需要通过多种途径增大词汇量(比如大量阅读);另一个还要注重固定语法和一词多义的积累。(2)打下坚实的语法基础。

扎实的语法知识会大大增强阅读理解的能力。当考生能够整体把握句子的结构,并在脑海里形成一个理解语句的框架时,阅读效率将大大提高。需要注意的是,对于语法的学习,考生不能仅仅满足于记住多少语法规则,更重要的是要能够熟练利用语法知识来分析复杂句子的结构,达到理解句意的目的。我们在下面的一节中就专门针对长难复杂句理解进行了扩展详述。

2.进行大量而广泛的阅读

平时阅读量偏少,头脑中的语言内存不够,会导致对英语的常用句型不熟悉,阅读速度慢,进而失掉宝贵的阅读分数。

这里说的阅读不是逐字逐句的“咬文嚼字”式的精读,而是大量且广泛的通读,从而培养自身的语感。对于三级考生来说,可以从英汉对照读物或是英文简易读物开始,不要一句句地对照着汉语阅读,而是集中精力阅读英文部分,力求掌握文章的大意。如果反复通读之后,仍然对内容毫无概念,可以适当参考中文部分,同时考虑找一篇较容易的文章来读。

另外,英语三级考试历年的阅读真题是非常好的阅读资料,多做历年真题,不仅可以使考生熟悉考试中阅读文章的题材,而且可以使考生了解出题思路,形成做题的“感觉”。

一个值得推荐的方法是,建立自己的“长难句总结本”,反复琢磨自己理解句子或段落的障碍所在——可能是定语从句、状语从句、倒装结构或虚拟语气等;另外,考生也可以在阅读之后把影响自己对文章的理解或减慢速度的生词和短语记录下来,反复记忆,这样就可以通过阅读积累词汇量了。

3.注意各学科知识和生活经验的积累

考生应该广泛涉猎不同的领域,了解最基本的自然科学和社会科学常识,并在生活中积累经验。如果考生平时多留心积累各个领域的基本知识,将会对理解文章有很大的帮助。如根据化学知识,即使不认识某些单词,也可以推测这句话的含义:Water is mainly made from oxygen and hydrogen(水主要由氧和氢组成);根据生活经验可以理解Green plants let out oxygen and breathe in carbon dioxide(绿色植物释放氧气,吸收二氧化碳)。Part 3经典阅读集训及试题解析WEEK 1 主旨大意题Mon.小试身手字数:379建议读完时间:15分钟(1)Extensive new studies suggest that the world has made extraordinary progress in reducing poverty in recent decades.The research suggests that the pace of economic progress has been rapid and continued for decades,built on the foundations of relative political stability,rising trade,and economic liberalization(自由化)after two world wars.One new study,published recently by the Institute for International Economics in Washington,find that the proportion of the 6.1 billion people in the world who live on $1 a day or less shrank from 63 percent in 1950 to 35 percent in 1980 and 12 percent in 1999.By some other measures,the progress has been more modest.Still,economists agree that poverty has plunged in key nations such as India and especially China,thanks to slowing population growth as well as economic freedom.“This is a huge success for the world as a whole,” says Harvard University economist Richard Cooper.“We are doing something right.”

The news comes as the World Bank is about to open its annual meeting in Washington—an event that has been troubled in recent years by protests that the Bank and its sister Institution,the International Monetary Fund(IMF国际货币基金组织),have done too little for the world's poor.(2)The new economic research will not put an end to that dispute.Vast populations remain poor,and many still question the wisdom of World Bank policies.Nonetheless,the research findings are helpful to understand what policies should be followed by those institutions and hundreds of other development groups working very hard to hasten the pace of world economic progress.If dramatic gains are under way,the present policies—calling for open markets,free business activities,and tight monetary control—are working and correct.

But critics of IMF and World Bank policies maintain that such economic success stories as Japan,China,South Korea and Singapore are rooted in more than just “free” markets.These nations have managed to grow rapidly,and thereby reduce poverty,by limiting importswhen their domestic industries were young,pushing exports to rich nations,and putting controls on purely international financial flows.They have been open to foreign-owned factories but have often insisted that those investors share the knowledge and skill on modern technologies.

1.The word “plunged” in the first paragraph means____.

A.decreased

B.climbed

C.increased

D.dropped into water

2.From the passage,we learn that____.

A.World Bank has done nothing to help the poor in the world

B.IMF only helps the rich in the world

C.World Bank controls all the banks in the world

D.There are some demonstrations against World Bank in recent years

3.According to this passage,in____,the world had the largest number of poor people.

A.1999

B.1980

C.1950

D.1990

4.According to the author,the economy of East Asian countries grew very fast because of the following measures EXCEPT____.

A.encouraging export

B.opening up to foreign investments

C.limiting international financial flows

D.controlling import

5.The best title for this passage might be____.

A.China's Contribution to the Reduction of Poverty in the World

B.World Bank's Extraordinary Progress in Recent Decades

C.India's Leading Role in Reducing Global Poverty

D.Global Progress in Reducing Poverty试题解析

一、文章大意与结构分析

本文介绍了世界范围内的经济增长与消灭贫困的问题。探讨了经济学家们对于如何消灭贫困、发展世界经济的看法,以及人们对世界银行和国际货币基金组织一些措施的看法。

二、试题解析

1.A。根据文章第一段“每天生活费不足1美元的人口比例减少了”可知,“poverty has plunged”的意思是“贫困已经减少”。

2.D。根据文章第二段,可知世界上仍然还有很多贫困人口存在,在如何解决这个问题上,一些研究者并不完全同意世界银行的某些做法。另外,根据做题技巧,A选项的nothing,B选项的only和C选项的all都是表示绝对性的词,因此排除。

3.C。根据文章第一段:...the proportion of the 6.1 billion people in the world who live on $1 a day or less shrank from 63 percent in 1950 to 35 percent in 1980 and 12 percent in 1999.

4.B。根据文章最后一段,在本国行业弱小的时候限制进口limiting imports,鼓励向富裕国家出口pushing exports,控制纯粹的国际流资putting controls on purely international financial flows。但是引进外资企业foreign-owned factories的时候,必须保证这些投资者与本国分享先进技术。

5.D。主旨题。根据文章内容可知,文章主要介绍全球性的减少贫困问题,而非某个国家或组织的行为,因此A、B、C均为以偏概全。

三、长难句分析

试读结束[说明:试读内容隐藏了图片]

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