作者：肖好章 著
出版社：广州暨南大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
语言服务书系.生态语言学研究·生态交互与语境—广州多语文化建构试读：
Preface
When I commenced my PhD program under the supervision of Professor Huang Guowen, I chose the topic“Role-based interactions in pseudo-authentic contexts：an interpersonal perspective”.Over a decade later, the topic in question has been centred still on interaction and context, but from an ecological perspective.Although pseudo-authentic context and ecointeractive context have numerous similarities, much broader is the present study ranging from multilingual, multicultural, historical and natural interactions to contexts.It is really challenging to focus on such broad areas with interaction and context involved.Therefore, some chapters or sections are unlikely to further explore.This topic, however, indeed is in need.Nearly three decades ago, ecology was new or natural tomost of us.Relevant themes could be only chanced upon as described in the poem Iwrote in 1992：
Wild Swans in Flight
Out of a room full of smoke Ido come
To thewindow of the porth where beeshum.
Gazing out at the sky, Isee a wreath,
Rising from a grey chimney underneath.
All of sudden a deafening sound rumbles down
From a plane fleeting over the town；
A few wild swans deviate to clime the air
And flit in the opposite direction—
Yet such a picture in mymind Ibear
And unsolved remains the following question
From what place on earth do the wild swans come？
And moreover where is their new home？
In thisgrey atmosphere of such a height,
Oh！Don't they feel tired in their long flight？
The poem was published in the magazine, College English（1992.6）．It uncovered a very important topic that becomes serious today.Human beings pursue rich life at the cost of ecological environment.In this progress, side effects are not uncommon, which is unavoidable.Western developed countries have completed such processes from industrial revolution, pollution to ecologicalmanagement.China is being industrialized.The problems to be confronted with need solutions in differentways.
Since the topic“Ecointeractive and Context Architecture of Guangzhou Multilingual Cultures” is new in the literature, the present study is of course exploratory.With the economy of Guangdong province developed rapidly, issues like language（dialect） and culture in peril come into being.Traditional interpersonal interaction and monolingual communication cannot cater to the new pluralistic structures of languages and cultures in the expansion of the city.What roles do different languages and cultures play in the era of information technology, i.e., in WeChat and QQ-prevailing interactions？What communicative mode is appropriate and contributes to solutions to the issues above in the new era？
To find solutions to the above issues, we insist on ecointeractions among multilingual cultures in Guangzhou settings.Although little research has been conducted on ecointeraction among languages, constructions of ecological cultures, multilingual education, and their ecological issues in relation to Guangzhou, our aim is to work towards a theoreticalmodel contraposing the current situation in Guangzhou, and apply the model to the analysis of relevant issues.This theoretical model is called Ecointeractive Context Model（ECM）．ECM, reviewing the diversities of the existing contextual paradigms from the perspective of ecolinguistics, holds that contextual research should highlight both the diversity of context paradigm and the integrity and rationality of individual context paradigm.ECM hasmain features as follows and two of them are worth mentioning here.One feature is that ECM focuses on dynamic interactions and contexts.Dialectical relations between subjectivity and objectivity（self and other）, and multidimensional temporal ranges and time scales, are interacting, and correlating in the layered triangular network in the three contextual loops of ECM.The other is that ECM includes the interactional factors from three types of contexts, embodying such ecological tenets as diversity and unity, co-existence, and harmonious eco-niche, etc.（More features can be seen in Chapter 5．）
We devoted large space to the applications of ECM to multilingual（additional language） educations, and ecointeractions with sociocultural, natural and mental contexts and environments, especially raising eco-awareness and roles of languages in between.One of the purposes to write this book in English is to promote this type of ecointeraction and raise eco-awareness in the interacting process.A good example of this type is the public signs.
Before ending the preface I would like to thank the Office of Philosophical and Social Sciences of Guangzhou city and the p lanning Office of Philosophical Sciences of Guangdong province that funded part of the present research.I also owe my gratitude to Prof Huang Guowen who made the publication of the book happen.Finally my thanks also go to SCAU, my colleagues, students andmy familymembers.Xiao Haozhang 20／02／2017 in GuangzhouCHAPTER1Introduction1.1 Guangzhou／Canton
Guangzhou, which was known overseas as Canton, is the capital of Guangdong province in China.Guangzhou, informally called the City of Rams, the City of Flowers, or the City of Spike, is the center of economy and culture in the province aswell as the Lingnan area.It is located in southeast of Guangdong province and the north of the Pearl Delta.Facing South China Sea and adjoining to Hong Kong and Macao, it is the transportation hub as well as the south gateway of China.It is surrounded by Jiulian Mountains in the north, Luofu Mountain in the west, and Qingyun Mountain in the east.In the midd le of the province stretches the Jiulian-Nankun Mountain range.
Such geographical location used to separate Guangzhou from inner lands of China and even from itself.Before liberation, there was no interprovincial highway and only one bridge was built over the Pearl River that divided Guangzhou into two halves.Most major thoroughfares run downhill from north to south, ending at the river.Now Guangzhou has the most convenient transportations and turns into the frontier city of reform and opening in China, facilitated with the communication hub of Guangdong province.Under the leadership of the Communist Party, New China has built seventeen different shapes of bridges linking the north and the south of the city, sparked by scenic spots, especially the recently built Guangzhou Tower, a maid of thin waist, by the Pearl River.New networks of subways, railways and highways radiate in all directions.As for passenger air transport, Guangzhou Baiyun Airport stands in the forefront.In terms of sea transportation, it has the biggest seaport, viz.Huangpu, in the south, ranking fifth in volume of freight hand led in China, famous as early as in the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties period（581－960）．Convenient inland-water, coastal and ocean transport has been sent outmainly by ship via South China Sea 1, 060, 800 overseas Cantonese peop le who live（d）and work（ed）in different foreign countries.
In June, 2000, Guangzhou became the biggest city in South China with Panyu and Huadu cities rearranged as its districts.It is also the third biggest city in China.Guangzhou city now haseleven districts under its direct jurisdiction.Its total land area turns into 7, 434.4 square kilometers and a population of over 8, 323, 100 with a daily average floating population ofmore than 12, 926, 800.Among them, there are over 630, 000 populations of minorities.Furthermore, an increasing number of people from Africa and Middle East countries settle down here.（Source：http：／／gz.gov.cn／gzgoven／s3616／201508／849 fdfb0543b4fc5bbaadb967aa0 fa2f.shtml）
Guangzhou, being on the coast of South China Sea and 182 kilometers away from Hong Kong, is China's largest and most prosperous city in the south, an important seaport for foreign trade and a famous historical and cultural city of over 2, 000 years.Guangzhou is South China's biggest city with flourishing commerce, and China's chief foreign trade center as well.Guangzhou has become a comprehensive modern international city through 2, 000 years of development and evolution.
Guangzhou ranks first in the number of restaurants and teahouses in the country.Major hotels are the Dong Fang Hotel, the White Swan Hotel, the Guangzhou Garden Hotel, etc.Cantonese cuisine is good in color, fragrance, taste and presentation.In addition, the delicate Cantonese pastry is also well known for its wide range of varieties, delicious flavor and beautiful color.Cantonese cuisine is among the most famous four in the country.Visitors familiar with fried rice, sweet and sour pork are destined to be startled at the varieties of Guangzhou food.One characteristic of the food is the uncompromising emphasis on freshness.Guangdong is rich in food supplies of poultry, rice, fish, seafood and vegetable.None of these is frozen before cooking.The popularmeansof cooking is steaming or sautéing by which the natural and subtle flavour of the food is well preserved.Guangzhou food is also famous for its harmonious color and delicate sauces.
The city boastsmany tourist attractions, among which highlights are White Cloud Mountain Scenic Spot, Yuexiu Park, Guangzhou Zoo, Six Banyan Temple and Flowery Pagoda, Dr.Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, etc.In the suburbs, there are such scenic spots as Conghua Hot Springs, Xiqiao Hill Scenic spot, Seven Star Crags, and the like.Many tourists to Guangzhou like to cover one or two of them for out-of-city pleasure.In addition, large-scale amusement parks can be found here and there in the city.They all keep pacewithmodern lifewith rich and colorful cultural contentsand give people brand new impressions.
Guangzhou with a mild temperature and forest coverage rate of 42.03%is a beautiful“flower city”in South China, the beauty ofwhich has been praised greatly by UN as“the International Garden City”and it is awarded by UN for“Best Practices for Improvement of Human Settlements” （Source： http：／／www.gz.gov.cn／gzgov／index.shtml）．Guangzhou is such a lovely place as described in the following short article by a pupil thatwe do not think any otherword can be truer.I love Guangzhou（Adapted from Xiao Boyi）
Ihave been tomany lovely cities, but of all, my favorite is Guangzhou.
I love Guangzhou, the open South Gate of China, because it is lively, thriving and prosperous.Every morning many people get up early and go out to work in a hurry.Cars and buses run endlessly in the streets.Planes and ships carry“Made in China”to many foreign countries.Every night the Pearl River keeps its eyes open, smiling and looking at the great and wonderful things of Guangzhou.
I love Guangzhou, the Flower City, because it is colorful and beautiful.When you enter the open South Gate, the flowers will, smiling and dancing, greet you.If you walk into the Baiyun Mountain, the cool and soft wind will caress your face with the freshness of grasses and leaves.Here you will certainly feel comfortable.
True, the city is beautiful.However, more beautiful are the people's souls.Usually when older people get on buses, the young will stand up and help them to sit on the chairs.If you need any help, theywill come to you and say, “Hello, can Ihelp you？”You see, they are so kind and friendly.
This is Guangzhou, my home, which is themost beautiful city in China.I love it！1.2 Languages and Dialects in Guangzhou1.2.1 Diversity of Languages and Dialects
As indicated in the name of the book, Guangzhou is a multilingual city.There are at least more than three languages in use in this city, including Mandarin Chinese（Putonghua）, English, and Uygur language.Mandarin Chinese is the official language of China and is spread as Putonghua（standard Chinese）nationwide.However, in this city Cantonese used to be the dialect that enjoyed high social status among the local peop le, many of whom can only speak Cantonese other than Putonghua.Historically, there have been great difficulties in popularizing Putonghua in this Cantonese-speaking area.With the growth of the city, many people from other provinces of China and other countries have moved into the city, bringing some other languages, dialects and even their cultures.English is one of them.It is used by foreign residents who settle down in this city and those who send their children to Foreign Language Schools.
Uygur language is another language emp loyed by many new comers from Xinjiang who reside here for business, bringing notonly their language butalso their food culture such as shish kebab, etc.Naturally, troubles with urban administration and sanitation seem to have accompanied them as mobile barbecue stalls can be often seen in the streets.Moreover, Uygur language cannot be understood by administrators and other peop le in the city.Thus, language for communication can be a problem, which leads to a final solution that some bilingual peoplewho can speak Uygur language and Putonghua then are hired as urban administrators for the sake of interactional convenience.
As for dialects in this city, there are bulks of them in use in different communities because the city has witnessed thousands of people swarming into its fertile lands with their different dialects and cultures.The socially influential dialects in Guangzhou include Cantonese, Hakka, Chaoshan dialect, Gan dialect, Hunan dialect, Sichuan dialect, etc.
Of all the dialects, Cantonese of course is themost prestigious and primitive one in the city.Although in a broader sense it belongs to the entire Yue branch of Chinese, Cantonese is the dialect of the Cantonese peop le in Guangzhou.It is a lingua franca of Guangzhou, Fushan, Dongguan, and some other areas in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province and some neighbouring areas in eastern Guangxiprovince.It is also the majority's language in Hong Kong and Macau.Cantonese is also one of the most spoken varieties of overseas Cantonese Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Canada, Australia, Western Europe, and the United States（Matthews and Yip, 1994）．
Like other dialects of Chinese, Cantonese differs from Mandarin or Putonghua mainly in pronunciation though it has some written words of its own that are said to be remains of Archaic Chinese.This results in the situation in which a written Mandarin and Cantonese textmay look similar, and ismostly intelligible by Non-Cantonese Chinese though pronounced differently.
Hakka／hk／, also known as Kejia, is one of the major groups of varieties of Chinese.It is the dialect of the native Hakka people.Hakka has developed from slightly different dialects, spreading from the north to the south ranging from Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou provinces to Hong Kong, Hainan island, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore.As for intelligibility, Hakka is different in pronunciation from Mandarin Chinese.Its pronunciation is most closely related to Gan dialect.Hakka is spoken mainly in the Meixian area, the northeast Guangdong.In Guangzhou city, Kejia people moved into this city for business or education.
Chaoshan dialect, also known as Chaozhou dialect, the Teochew variety, Teoswa of Southern Min, is a sub-dialect of Minnan dialect, which is one of the 8 leading dialects in China.Comparatively, Chaoshan dialect is not verymutually intelligiblewith the other dialects in Guangzhou.Guo Moruo said that Chaoshan dialect is probably the most different“language”to the standard language we use today as it is the“language”that keepsmost of the Chinese archaism.Moreover, the famous linguists from Sweden, Bernhard Kalgren, praised that Chaoshan dialect is the most ancient and special“language” among Chinese dialects.Though it preserves many Old Chinese pronunciations and vocabulary that have been lost in some of the othermodern varieties of Chinese, it has developed into different types of Chaoshan dialects as there is substantial variation in phonology between different regions of Chaoshan and between different Teochew communities overseas（Wang Xiao, 1985）．It is also necessary to notice that Chaoshan dialect isnotonly in common use in Chaoshan region, butalso all around the world by the overseas Chaoshan people.For example, a great number of people in Southeast Asia speak Chaoshan dialect, for their ancestors immigrated from Chaoshan for historical reasons.
Served as Chaoshan ethnic identity, Chaoshan dialect is also a cultural symbol Chaoshan people take pride in.Undoubted ly, Chaoshan dialect is the carrier of local culture.Chaoshan peop le usually distinguish or separate verbally themselves from those who come from other places by Chaoshan dialect, because it is not easy for outsiders to learn or understand that dialect.Chaoshan dialect plays a unique and essential part for all the Chaoshan people.It is like a bond, which connects them together no matter where they are, and nothing can replace Chaoshan dialect in Chaoshan people'sminds（Yang Xiaoying, 2014；Lin Chuhe, 2015）．1.2.2 Issue in Language Contact
In the eyes of Cantonese peop le all the non-Cantonese speakers are Kejia or new Kejia peoplewho are new comers.However, over the past thirty years, the reform and opening policy has attracted numerous new comers from the other parts of China, especially from the neighboring provinces, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, etc.The new comers live and work here, bringing their dialects and even cultures.In the whole process of immigration, the earliest comers had a very strong desire to learn Cantonese, trying to acculturate the Cantonese culture.In recent years, more and more new comers turn out to give up learning Cantonese.On the one hand, local Cantonese people are encouraged to speak Putonghua； on the other hand, they wish, sometimes desperately, new comers learn Cantonese.Thus, Cantonese people gradually feel that their“mother language”is under great influence, which will be discussed later in the book.1.3 Concept of Lingnan Culture
As an indispensable part of Chinese culture, Lingnan culture refers to the culture of Guangdong and the nearby provinces in southeastern China.It is typically contrasted with Zhongyuan culture, that of China's central plains（Zhongyuan）．In the ancient times, Lingnan（South China）was an underdeveloped region, where the level of productive force was quite low and people there were considered uncivilized.Since new Chinawas founded, especially after China's reform and opening to the outside world, tremendous changes have taken place in Lingnan area.Guangdong—the first region to open its door to the outsideworld—encompasseseverything based on its rich history and the innovative nature of Lingnan culture.A large number of elites have been attracted from both at home and abroad.They love this p lace, and live harmoniously with the local people.Saying goodbye to outmoded conventions and with courage to innovate, they are helping build the economy and bring out the best in Cantonese culture.Generally, Lingnan culture can bemainly divided into Guangfu culture, Hakka culture and Chaoshan culture.
Lingnan culture covers a wide range of areas including language, painting, architecture, gardens, bonsai, Cantonese music, Cantonese opera, Cantonese cuisine, city customs, and the famous dragon and lion dances, etc.
Cantonese, the predominant language in thisarea, is one of themajor divisionsof spoken Chinese.In the native areas of Guangdong and Guangxi, many closely related varieties exist, and linguists collectively refer to these as the Cantonese（or Yue）group.More specifically, the Cantonese language can also refer to a specific and prestigious variant of the language, standard Cantonese.This is the language used as a lingua franca.It is used in media, and even education by Cantonese people in Hong Kong, Macao, and overseas.Unlikemost other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese enjoys a de facto official status（in Hong Kong and Macau）, and has an independent tradition of written vernacular.However, although its pronunciation and vocabulary have preserved many features of the official language of Tang Dynasty with elements of the ancient Yue language, Cantonese gradually turns into a language in peril（Chlou Lai, 2009）．
In the aspect of painting, the Lingnan School, originally represented by Gao Jianfu, Chen Shuren, and Gao Qifeng in the 1920s and 1930s, has made important contributions to the development of Chinese painting.They advocated assimilating the essence of both Chinese and foreign, and merging the ancient and the present.The works were of rich flavor of life, realistic and notional, with an emphasis on both black ink and color（Wu Huiping, 2014；Yin Shuangxi＆Zeng Xiaofeng, 2013）．
Lingnan architecture is concentrated at Xiguan.Built at the end of Qing Dynasty, Baomo Garden is located at Zini Village near Shawan Town of Panyu and is a fine example of classical Lingnan architecture.As an ecointeractant, you will be feeling artistically and naturally nurtured upon your arrival.Exotic buildings, gardens, hills, lakes and bridges jump into sight—a place that is ecologically balanced.It reveals the harmonious coexistence, the interplay between nature's art and man-made art in forms of sculptures and edifices, which boast intricate clay, porcelain, brick, wood and stone carving （Liu Wei, Gong Kan, 2010）． Chen Clan Temple is another representative of Lingnan architecture.The Temp le was built in the
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