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复旦大学考博英语历年真题及详解试读：
2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
Paper One
Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）
Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.
1. It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized.
A. logical
B. haphazard
C. orderly
D. tidy
2. Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine.
A. destructive
B. horrible
C. amiable
D. delectable
3. If she is stupid, she’s ______ pleasant to look at.
A. at any rate
B. by chance
C. at a loss
D. by the way
4. The mother was ______ with grief when she heard that her child was dead.
A. fantastic
B. frank
C. frantic
D. frenzy
5. In your teens, peer-group friendships may ______ from parents as the major influence on you.
A. take control
B. take place
C. take up
D. take over
6. Parents often faced the ______ between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.
A. paradox
B. junction
C. premise
D. dilemma
7. There have been demonstrations on the streets ______ the recent terrorist attack.
A. in the wake of
B. in the course of
C. in the context of
D. in the light of
8. Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly ______ access to necessary care.
A. grudged
B. denied
C. negated
D. invalidated
9. It has been proposed by many linguists that human language ______ ,our biologically programmed ability to use language, is still not well defined and understood.
A. potentiality
B. perception
C. faculty
D. acquisition
10. Western medicine, ______ science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees, is only one of many systems of healing.
A. rooted in
B. originated from
C. trapped in
D. indulged in
11. When I asked if a black politician could win in France, however, he responded ______ “No, conditions are different here.”
A. ambiguously
B. implicitly
C. unhesitatingly
D. optimistically
12. The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively ______ by the use of humor.
A. acquainted
B. installed
C. regulated
D. facilitated
13. In both America and Europe, it is ______ to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.
A. elementary
B. temporary
C. voluntary
D. customary
14. Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps ______ rigid departmental boundaries.
A. pass over
B. stand for
C. break down
D. set off
15. As a teenager, I was ______ by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.
A. pursued
B. seduced
C. consumed
D. guaranteed
16. His originality as a composer is ______ by the following group of songs.
A. exemplified
B. created
C. performed
D. realized
17. They are going to London, but their ______ destination is Rome.
A. ultimate
B. prime
C. next
D. cardinal
18. The poor old man was ______ with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.
A. suffered
B. afflicted
C. induced
D. infected
19. The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to ______ the marriage.
A. terminate
B. initiate
C. consummate
D. separate
20. Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a ______ effort to help the poorer countries.
A. futile
B. glittering
C. frantic
D. concentrated
21. The problem is inherent and ______ in any democracy, but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government, politics and politicians.
A. perishable
B. periodical
C. perverse
D. perennial
22. As is known to all, ______ commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.
A. counterfeit
B. fake
C. imitative
D. fraudulent
23. It would be ______ to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.
A. subtle
B. feeble
C. nasty
D. naive
24. It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have ______ such a crime.
A. confirmed
B. clarified
C. committed
D. conveyed
25. Humans are ______ , which enables them to make decisions even when they can’t justify why.
A. rational
B. reasonable
C. hesitant
D. intuitive
26. More than 100 ______ cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.
A. loose
B. tamed
C. wild
D. stray
27. To say that his resignation was a shock would be an ______ —it caused pain.
A. excuse
B. indulgence
C. exaggeration
D. understatement
28. Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher, aiming at truth, must not ______ the seduction of trying to write beautifully.
A. subject to
B. carry on
C. yield to
D. aim at
29. I found the subject very difficult , and at one time thought I should have to give it up, but you directions are so clear and ______ that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty, though wanting in the tender grace of yours.
A. on the point
B. off the point
C. to the point
D. up to a point
30. They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them, dusted for fingerprints, took pictures and tried to ______ what could have happened.
A. rehearse
B. reiterate
C. reinforce
D. reenact
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C. and D. Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.
(1)
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental death damages and won an award of $750, 000.
The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’ although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.
In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.
31. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the ______.
A. earnings of the person at time of death
B. wealth of the party causing the death
C. degree of culpability of the party causing the death
D. amount of money that had been spent on the person killed
32. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who ______.
A. needed enormous amounts of security and affection
B. required constant supervision while working
C. were important to the economic well-being of a family
D. were unsuited to spending long hours in school
33. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?
A. The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
B. The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
C. The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a whole sale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.
D. The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs of available child labor.
34. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. review the literature in a new academic subfield
B. present the central thesis of a recent book
C. contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
D. refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon
35. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth except changes in ______.
A. the mortality rate
B. the nature of industry
C. the nature of the family
D. attitudes toward reform movements
(2)
A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: I’m going to walk where I like. We’ve got liberty now. It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else’s way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.
There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.
Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else’s liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown, who shall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man’s permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.
In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one’s leave. We have a whole kingdom, in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people’s liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.
We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct. It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.
36. The author might have stated his “rule of the road” as ______.
A. do not walk in the middle of the road
B. follow the orders of policemen
C. do not behave inconsiderately in public
D. do what you like in private
37. The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one is ______.
A. condescending
B. intolerant
C. objective
D. supportive
38. A situation analogous to the “insolence of office” described in paragraph 2 would be ______.
A. a teacher correcting grammar errors
B. an editor shortening the text of an article
C. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accounts
D. an army office giving orders to a soldier
39. The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes in ______.
A. all matters of dress and food
B. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of others
C. anything that is not against the law
D. his own home
40. In the sentence “We are all liable....” the author is ______.
A. pointing out a general weakness
B. emphasizing his main point
C. countering a general misconception
D. suggesting a remedy
(3)
The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died as she nearly did upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale’s own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident, scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.
She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her—a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad-possessed, perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For months at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest. At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest...when she had done it.
Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari—the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the Army Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure...rest? How could she rest while these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life. “You might as well take 1,100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,” she said. After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. “Yes, this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.” Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back—an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army.
41. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale’s life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following except ______.
A. less dramatic
B. less demanding
C. less well-known to the public
D. more important
42. Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who is ______.
A. mentally shattered
B. stubborn and querulous
C. physically weak but mentally indomitable
D. purposeful yet tiresome
43. The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is to ______.
A. account for conditions in the army
B. show the need for hospital reform
C. explain Miss Nightingale’s main concerns
D. argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions
44. The author’s attitude to his material is ______.
A. disinterested reporting of biographical details
B. over-inflation of a reputation
C. debunking a myth
D. interpretation as well as narration
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