新世纪英语教程(专科·第3册)(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-08-21 20:26:21

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作者:黄建滨

出版社:浙江大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

新世纪英语教程(专科·第3册)

新世纪英语教程(专科·第3册)试读:

前言

《新世纪英语教程(专科)》是一套为高等学校夜大、函大等成人高等教育而编写的英语教材,同时也可以作为高等专科院校和高职、高专院校英语教材使用,旨在为新世纪的大学英语教学服务。

本套教材的使用者应该已经有大约900词的英语词汇量(参见第一册书后所附的基本词汇表),具有初步的英语语法知识和读、听、说英语的能力。本套教材的培养目标是:培养学生掌握较扎实的英语基础知识、具有较强的英语阅读能力,能听懂一般的英语会话材料,可以进行简单的日常英语会话,具有一定的翻译和写作能力。

本教材由课本(即《新世纪英语教程(专科)》)共四册和与各册配套的《新世纪英语教程(专科)自学指导》共四册组成,供四个学期使用。每册含12课,进度基本上可以按每周一课安排。本教材每课均涉及同一个主题,两篇文章各有侧重。围绕这些与学生生活和工作息息相关的热门话题,学生可以在教师的指导下充分发挥其学习的主动性,进行一定的语言活动,提高语言应用能力。由于话题相同,词汇复现率大大提高,有助于学生提高单词记忆效果。本教材每课前的听力材料主要目的是使学生通过听掌握英语常用会话句型,从而可以达到进行简单日常口头交际的能力。考虑到夜大、函大的学生上课时间不多,他们主要是通过自学学习英语,本套教材的自学指导书对每课课文都进行了相当详细的注释。这些注释涉及语法、词汇等语言难点,对常用句型结构和词汇均通过给出例句说明其用法,并对常用的同义词和近义词进行了辨析。这些详细的注释有利于使用本教材的读者加深对课文的理解。由于自学指导书中有较详细的课文注释并附有练习答案,因此教师不必再花太多的宝贵课堂教学时间讲解课文,而可以将更多的课堂时间用在提高学生的语言应用能力上,从而使学生真正成为课堂教学的主角。

一词多义是英语词汇的一大特点,因此尽管有些词已出现在基本词汇表中,但考虑到它们的词义变化和用法,我们仍在课文后的词汇表中列出,并在课文注释中进行讲解,在课文练习中进行操练,以提高学生运用这些常用词的能力。

本套教材的练习相对来说是不多的,这与我们的教学理念不无关系。我们从多年的教学实践中深刻体会到,练习只是英语教学中的一个环节。大量的练习在一定情况下(如为了参加某种考试)是有效的,但要想真正提高语言应用能力,还是要把时间和精力花在语言本身,即大量的接触所学语言上。我们希望读者把更多的时间用在听英语(课文、广播、电视节目、VCD等)上,用在广泛地阅读原文上,并在可能的情况下,多说英语,多进行英语写作和翻译训练,从而提高英语的综合应用能力。在学习本套教材时,读者应把更多的时间放在课文学习中,通过反复朗读,直至可以背诵课文来学习英语,以培养起良好的语感。持之以恒,必见成效。

为了保持英语语法体系的完整性,我们将语法单独编写成册,而不再分项编在每课中。但教师可根据学生的实际语法水平,每学期就3-5个语法专题进行专题讲座式的讲解,以加深学生对英语语法的掌握。

本套教材的编者都是长期工作在大学英语教学和成人英语教学第一线的教师,对中国学生学习英语的特点有多年的研究。在本书的编写中,我们将我们的想法和体会贯穿其中,使本套教材具有了上述特色。我们真诚地希望这些编写特色有助于提高读者的自学效率。

本套教材由黄建滨总主编。第三册由朱红英主编,张兴刚副主编,编者为:富瑜、马瑾、唐爱军。本套教材承教育部高等学校大学外语教学指导委员会委员、中国农业大学外语系系主任李建华教授主审,特此表示衷心的感谢。本套教材的编写得到了浙江大学成人教育学院的大力支持,他们将本教材列入“2001年浙江大学成人教育教材建设基金、教学建设基金立项项目”并给以了重点资助。值此教材出版之际,谨向浙江大学成人教育学院表示衷心的感谢。浙江大学出版社为本书的尽早出版做了大量工作,责任编辑徐宝澍先生对本套教材的编写、版式、结构等提出了许多宝贵的意见,为本书增色不少,也谨在此向他们表示衷心的感谢。

囿于水平加之时间紧张,本套教材一定还有许多不尽人意之处,我们恳请使用本套教材的读者提出宝贵的意见和建议,使之更能满足广大读者的需求。黄建滨2003年12月于求是园

Unit One Future of the Computer

Listening Comprehension

Tapescript

Ⅰ.A Dialogue

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.Learning Abroad

Liu Ming has just graduated from high school in Hong Kong. She is talking to a recruiting officer from an American university.

Liu Ming:Would I have to take an English course in the United States?

Ms. Lanzano:Well, that depends on your TOEFL results.If you need an English course, you can take one at the university.

Liu Ming:What kinds of courses do you have?

Ms. Lanzano:We have courses in writing, reading, and listening and note-taking.

Liu Ming:I see. And I was wondering about accommodations.Is it easy to get a place to stay?

Ms. Lanzano:Yes, fairly easy.You can apply for a room in a dormitory or youcan write to the student housing office.They have a list of rooms and apartments that are available.

Liu Ming:All right. And how do I go about getting a visa?

Ms. Lanzano:Well, once you've been accepted by the university, they'll sendyou the forms you need to apply for a student visa.

Exercise 2

Directions:Listen to the dialogue again and fill in the missing information.

Key

Exercise 1

1.B 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D

Exercise 2

1.English course 2.reading 3.listening 4.note-taking 5.accepted

6.forms 7.student 8.housing 9.list 10.available

Ⅱ.A Monologue

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.College Life at the University of California at Berkeley

The University of California at Berkeley has an international atmosphere, so it is a good place for nonnative speakers of English to study. It is in the beautiful hills of a small city near San Francisco and has some of the best facilities and most famous professors in the United States.Undergraduates at Berkeley can major in everything from Asian studies to chemistry, and there are many recreational facilities and student services.There is a main library and nine small libraries.These libraries have over 5.6 million books.Life on this California campus is usually very informal.Students live in college dormitories and in apartments in the city of Berkeley, and there are many interesting activities and events in both Berkeley and San Francisco.

Exercise 2

Directions:Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks with the missing words.

Key

Exercise 1

1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B

Exercise 2

1.atmosphere 2.nonnative 3.facilities 4.professors 5.major

6.services 7.main 8.campus 9.informal 10.events

Reading Comprehension

TextEnd of the PC EraNotes to the Text

1.PC:personal computer(个人计算机)的缩写。PC是计算机的一种,它的出现和发展使得计算机得以普及。现在,它已经成为人类不可缺少的工作伙伴。

2.but是连词,这里起承接上句的作用。

3.intelligent, networked, single-purpose devices:当两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,它们一般按照以下顺序排列:限定词→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示形状的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示颜色的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质材料的形容词→表示用途、类别的形容词→名词中心词。例如:

a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk

一张小巧迷人的、圆的、棕色的、旧的法式橡木书桌

one-size-fits-all是一个复合形容词。使用前置定语是现代英语精炼句式的有效手段。这种方式常见于报刊英语。例如:

a Papa-knows-best family一个老爸说了算的家庭(注意连字符的位置)

4.at the same time:同时。例如:

The two runners reached the finish line at the same time.

两位赛跑选手同时到达终点线。

so……that……:如此……以至于……。例如:

She was so excited that she could not say a word.

她太激动了,以至于一个字也说不出来。

在that从句中it为形式主语,不定式to make money on them是实际主语。

5.predict:预言。例如:

Terrorism in the United States of America is predicted to increase in the coming year.

有人预言来年在美国的恐怖主义活动将增加。

get sth. free:免费得到。这里的free为副词。例如:

The books are given away free.

这些书免费赠送。

6.come true:实现。come在这里用作系动词,相当于become。例如:

His childhood dream of winning a gold medal has come true.

他儿时的梦想——赢得一面金牌——已经实现了。

either:在这里用作副词,表示“也”,用于否定句。例如:

They are not likely to change either.

他们也不可能改变。

either可作代词,表示“两者中的任何一个”或“两边”。例如:

Either of the books is not interesting.

两本书都没意思。

either还可与or连用,起连词作用。例如:

Either you or your brother will have to go.

你或者你的兄弟得走。

7.be supposed to:应该,后接不定式。例如:

You are not supposed to kick the dog.

你不该踢那条狗。

8.and so on:等等。例如:

He loves football, volleyball, basketball, and so on.

他喜欢足球、排球、篮球等体育运动。

and so on通常用在句末,位于前面所举例子之后。这里单独成句,因为前面列举的事是用句子表示的。

9.be around for the future:存在于未来。around在这里作形容词,表示“存在着的”。例如:

Pop stars are often around for only a few years.

流行明星一般只能红几年。

10.no longer:不再。例如:

The poor little girl could no longer go to school.

可怜的小女孩再也不能上学了。

11.Windows:视窗操作系统,由微软公司(Microsoft)于1985年推出。它有一个不断更新发展的过程,已经从Windows最初版,经Windows 2.0,Windows 3.0,Windows 3.1,Windows 95,Windows 98发展到Windows 2000等。Windows系统是一个图形窗口操作系统,具有使用方便、兼容性强、可同时运行多个应用程序等特点。

Windows NT:1993年5月推出。这是一个独立于DOS的32位操作系统,主要面向高性能微机、工作站和多处理器服务器。

Windows CE:支持掌上型电脑的操作系统。Windows NT和Windows CE也都由微软公司开发。

12.version:版本。例如:

Click here to download the latest version of Windows CE.

在此点击以下载Windows CE的最新版本。

previously too high or too low for windows是markets的后置定语。

13.all the way:一直,完全地。例如:

The angry customer was all the way back to normal.

愤怒的顾客完全恢复了平静。

up to:一直到。例如:

The water came up to her mouth.

水一直淹到她的嘴巴。

14.that引导表语从句。just one of意为:只是其中之一。

15.since:由since引导的原因状语从句指的是人们已知的事实,这时since=as it is the fact that。例如:

Since the weather is so fine outside, why don't we go for an outing?

既然外面天气这么好,为什么我们不外出远足呢?

be about to:表示即将发生的动作。例如:

The bus is about to leave.

公共汽车快开了。

16.fast graphics……applications:此部分为省略句,若补充出来为:you will still need fast graphics for that large, flat-screen monitor, and you will still need a standard development platform for a wide variety of applications。但这样太啰嗦,故省略重复出现的you will still need。

17.increasingly=more and more:越来越。例如:

China will be increasingly prosperous and strong.

中国将越来越繁荣富强。

we do为定语从句,修饰everything,省略了关系代词that。Translation of the Text个人计算机时代的终结

近来你一定听到了很多有关个人计算机即将消亡的消息。但是事实却更复杂、更有趣。研究人员、分析家和其他专家们预言,奔涌而至的智能化、网络化的专用装置将取代万能型、一体化的个人计算机。个人计算机太复杂、太大,使用者感到厌倦了。同时,个人计算机价格下跌如此之快以至于不久将无钱可赚。许多人预言在不久的将来人们可以免费获得计算机,但要支付网络连接费。

但是正如以前人们曾经认为收音机会消灭书本,电视机会消灭收音机等等几乎所有的错误预言一样,这一个预言也不会实现。

事实正是这样。不论个人计算机是好是坏,它都将走向未来。然而,它将不再是工业的中心。

谁是它的替代者呢?视窗操作系统。

视窗操作系统已经越过了个人计算机的障碍,运行在服务器、网络计算机、手提装置、网络电视机、现金出纳机、汽车仪表盘、手提无线数据输入终端和其他平台上。

Windows NT和Windows CE的下个版本将打开原先对视窗操作系统版本太高或太低的市场。视窗2000将能在个人计算机、工作站和服务器直到大型数据储存库上运行。Windows CE将能在从手表到手机及专用游戏机等其他所有平台上运行。其结果是个人计算机只是视窗操作系统诸多平台中的一个平台。

当然,个人计算机将仍然是最重要的平台之一,因为商务使用者并不想用单一目的的装置代替他们的个人计算机。你仍将需要功能强大的处理器进行语言识别和繁琐的数值计算,需要高速的图形处理器以服务于其上的大型平面显示器,需要一种可以支持多种应用软件的标准开发平台。

视窗操作系统已经在工业中占据统治地位,它将取得更大的进步。的确,在未来的岁月中,当个人计算机的重要性变得越来越弱的时候,视窗操作系统将会变得越来越重要,并逐渐成为我们所做的一切事物的中心。Key to Reading Comprehension Exercises

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice

1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.D

Ⅱ.Short Answer Questions

1.Intelligent, networked, single-purpose devices.

2.Because it has so many shortcomings.

3.To make money on PCs.

4.They are examples of false predictions.

5.It will not be the center of the industry.

6.Windows.

7.Because business users won't replace their PCs with single-purpose devices.

8.It will become increasingly important and central to everything.Key to Vocabulary and Structure Exercises

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice

1.A 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.A

Ⅱ.Words&Phrases Study

1.A.complicated B.complicated C.complication

2.A.analyzed B.analysis C.analyst;analyzing

3.A.possible B.possibility C.possibly D.impossible

4.A.predict B.predictions C.predictable/unpredictable D.predictable

5.A.replaced B.replacement C.irreplaceable D.replaceable

6.A.increasing B.increasingly C.increase D.increased

Ⅲ.Translation

1.The PC will lose its dominant position in the industry and its replacement will beWindows.

2.Analysts predicted that the conflict would spill over into the neighbouring towns.

3.Experts are able to put complicated thought into simple words.

4.GRE is too difficult and I shall give it up.

5.She no longer laughed after her mother passed away.

6.The Internet is supposed to play a positive role in education.

Extra ReadingComputers

Notes to the Extra Reading Passage

1.widespread:广泛的。例如:

There was a widespread belief that the story had not told the truth.

人们普遍认为那篇报道失实。

result from:起因于。例如:

Many illnesses result from eating too much.

许多疾病是由于吃得太多引起的。

resulting from their introduction为现在分词短语作定语,修饰unemployment。introduction在本句中意为:采用。

2.requiring a minimum of operators:该-ing分词结构作名词修饰语,相当于一个定语从句,即which require a minimum of operators。

resulting in the loss of many jobs:该-ing分词结构作结果状语。

result in:导致。例如:

His laziness resulted in failure.

他的懒惰导致了失败。

3.本句出现分隔现象,即两个本应紧密相连的句子成分被其他成分分开的语言现象。本句的主谓结构和状语之间被for example这个插入语分隔。

works在本句中意为“工厂”,单、复数相同。

4.on the other hand:另一方面。例如:

He is very clever, but on the other hand, he often makes mistakes.

他很聪明,但另一方面他又经常犯错误。

请注意另一种结构,即on the one hand……on the other:一方面……另一方面。例如:

On the one hand I admire his gifts, but on the other I distrust his judgment.

一方面,我钦佩他的才能,但另一方面我却不相信他的判断能力。

do:起强调作用。在英语中,强调手段有多种多样,如词汇、语法、修辞等等。其中,将助动词do放在所强调的谓语动词之前,是一种语法手段,能用作强调的do的变化形式还有:does, did。例如:

His business does flourish!

他的生意确实兴隆。

5.本句中though后面省略了they are。

6.employ:雇用,利用。例如:

That big company employs 5000 workers.

那家大公司雇用了5000名工人。

He employed all his spare time in studying.

他利用所有的业余时间学习。

staff:工作人员(总称)。它作主语时谓语可用单数或复数动词。例如:The college’s teaching staff is/are excellent.

那所大学的师资很好。

7.settle down:建立,定居。例如:

They have settled down very happily in their new house.

他们已经快乐地住在新家里了。

non-computers:non-是一个表示否定的前缀,意思是“非,无,不”。例如:

nonexistence不存在;nonprofessional非专业的

nonparty无党派的;nonviolence非暴力

not always表示部分否定,意为:并不总是。例如:

He is not always right.

他并不总是对的。(即也有错的时候)

8.offset:抵消。例如:

Inflation will offset the pay raise.

通货膨胀将抵消工资的增长。

decrease与increase在本句中都作名词使用,它们又都可用作动词。例如:

The number of traffic accidents increased last year.

去年的交通事故数量增加了。

Foreign investments in that country continued to decrease.

在那个国家的外国投资持续下降。

9.trade unions:工会

10.and of the takeover of many jobs by computer trained workers:为避免重复,and后面省略了there is fear。

making promotion for older workers, not skilled in the use of computers, more difficult:making引导的-ing分词结构作状语。make+宾语+形容词结构(即make promotion difficult)被not skilled in the use of computers这个后置形容词结构分隔。skilled引导的后置形容词结构作名词修饰语,修饰workers相当于一个定语从句,即who are not skilled in the use of computers。

后置形容词结构作名词修饰语,相当于一个关系分句的结构。例如:

The old woman, nervous(=who was nervous),opened the door.

老妇人提心吊胆地开了门。

11.see……as:意义与think of……as相同,即:认为……是。例如:

He saw it as impossible.

他认为那件事不可能。

12.lead to:导致,造成。例如:

They thought that such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences.

他们认为这种错误可能导致灾难性的后果。

13.when引导非限制性定语从句,修饰in January 1979。

make a/the point强调,坚持。例如:

She made it a point to do exercise every morning.

她坚持每天早锻炼。

which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰productivity。

benefit:本句中用作动词,表示“有益于”;它也可用作名词,表示“好处”等含义。

例如:

Smoking will not benefit you.

吸烟对你不利。

The new discovery will be a great benefit to the company.

新的发现将为那家公司带来巨大的利益。

in the long run:从长远来看。例如:

In the long run, it pays to buy goods of high quality.

从长远来看,购买优质商品是值得的。

14.proportion:部分,比例。例如:

You have not done your proportion of the work.

你还没有完成你那份工作。Translation of the Extra Reading Passage计算机

对计算机的不少敌对情绪往往是由于害怕采用计算机导致广泛失业而引起的。里昂的织布工将计算机操作的织布机烧毁就是最早的实例之一。计算机经常是作为自动生产系统的一部分而安装的,这些系统需要的操作人员减少到了最低限度,从而导致许多岗位的消失。例如,很多钢铁厂就出现了这种情况。

另一方面,计算机的确创造了新的工作岗位。虽然计算机带来的工作比它们所取代的工作在数量上少些,但它们需要更熟练的技能,报酬也更高。没有计算机,不管雇用多少人去做,许多活动都不能像现在这样持续下去。例如,大银行的支票结算系统和天气预报系统。

一家公司配置计算机时,通常雇用几个新职员担任关键职位,而其他职员则作为操作员、程序设计员和数据准备人员,受到再一次培训。新系统建立之后,从事非计算机工作的人员离职而空缺的岗位并不总是被顶替,这样职工人数就减少了。这类工作的减少有时为引进计算机导致的公司业务活动的大量增加所抵消。

工会对计算机的态度彼此相异。人们忧心忡忡,担心出现广泛的失业,害怕许多岗位被经过计算机培训的工人所接管,从而使那些不善于操作计算机的年龄较大的工人提拔晋级更加困难。1977年初,一家英国工会宣布了要关闭自己的数据处理部门的意图,因为“计算机使人们失业”。

另一方面,许多工会会员认为计算机的应用趋势不可避免。他们觉得,计算机对提高工作效率和生产力所做的重大贡献将改善整个经济状况,从而创造更多的工作。这一观点得到了英国首相詹姆士·卡拉汉的认可。1979年1月,他强调指出,新技术是提高生产力的关键,生产力的提高最终有益于经济发展。

最近,几家工会共同努力,从数据处理人员中吸收工会会员。相当多的计算机操作员、程序设计员和系统分析员已经成为工会会员。Key to the Exercises

Ⅰ.Reading Comprehension

1.D 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.A

Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure

1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.B

Unit Two Crime

Listening Comprehension

Tapescript

Ⅰ.A DialogueShopping for the Day

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

Man:Hi, young lady. May I help you?

Girl:Well……yeah. I'm looking for a Father's Day's gift.

Man:Okay. How about getting your father a new wallet?

Girl:Hmm. How much is that wallet?

Man:Huh……which one?

Girl:The black one.

Man:Oh. It's only$40.95.

Girl:Huh?That's too expensive for me. Do you have a cheaper one?

Man:Hmm. How about this brown leather one?

Girl:Umm……I don't think my father will like the design on the outside, and it doesn't have a place to put pictures. How much is it anyway?

Man:It's$25. 99.

Girl:Humm. I don't have that much money.

Man:Okay. How much do you have to spend?

Girl:I'm not sure[money falling on the table]. Probably about ten dollars.This is all I have.

Man:Hmm. How about this tie?

Girl:That's really pretty, but the price tag says$13. 99,and I know I don'thave that much money.

Man:Well, let's just say the tie just went on sale. How about$8.00?What doyou say?

Girl:Oh, thanks. I'll take it.

Exercise 2

Directions:Give descriptions to the three things suggested by the man.

Key

Exercise 1

1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A

Exercise 2

Ⅱ.A Passage

Directions:Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.Shopping in the States

In most cities in the United States, there are both large and small food stores. People can buy fruit and vegetables in one store, meat in another and bread and milk somewhere else.However, for people living in the suburbs or in the country, they usually drive to shopping centers to buy all their groceries.A shopping center usually has a big supermarket, many small stores, drugstores, banks, restaurants and a movie theater.There is also a large parking lot for all the cars.Shopping centers are convenient because people can park their cars and do all their shopping and banking in one trip.Supermarkets usually sell many kinds of products, so people can shop forfood, cleaning items and other products at one store.People in suburban towns can do a week's shopping in an hour or two.

Exercise 2

Directions:Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks with the missinginformation.

Key

Exercise 1

1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A

Exercise 2

1.stores 2.vegetables 3.another 4.suburbs 5.groceries

6.drug stores 7.lot 8.convenient 9.trip 10.suburbanReading ComprehensionTextCrime:An Ever-Growing ProblemNotes to the Text

1.Of the many problems in the world today, none is as widespread, or as old, as crime.

本句的语序可调整为:None of the many problems in the world today is as……

as……as结构,完整表述为:None is as widespread as crime, or as old as crime.

2.Crime has many forms, including crimes against property, person, and government.

against,介词,意为“对”、“反对”、“逆”,与for(赞成)相对。例如:

I'm against/for the proposal.

我反对/赞成这个提议。

against property, person, and government:对财产、人身、政府部门犯下的罪行,即侵吞财产、侵犯人身和攻击政府等。

3.layer:层,阶层。例如:

There is a thin layer of coal between two layers of rock.

两层岩石间有薄薄的一层煤。

4.store-bought:复合形容词,修饰items,即items which have been bought from the store。

you pay higher taxes……含义为:you pay taxes which are higher than you should pay。

tax evasion:逃税,偷税漏税。

do as well as it used to:同级比较,“跟过去做得一样好”。

5.Whatever you do, wherever you live, you are a victim of crime whether you like it or not.

ever可与what, who, when, where, how等一起构成连词,相当于no matter what/who/when/where/how……。课文中:

whatever you do:no matter what you do

wherever you live:no matter where you live

ever与what, who, when, where等一起构成的连词(或代词),也可用来加强句子的语气。例如:

Do what you like.→Do whatever you like.

做你喜欢做的事。

本句中,whether you like it or not也相当于no matter whether you like it or not。

6.where作关系副词,引导定语从句修饰a point。

after dark:黄昏/天黑以后;dark在此作名词,意为“黄昏”;而darkness表示“黑暗”,如:in the darkness,在黑暗中。

voice这里作动词,意为“表达,吐露”。例如:

No one dared to voice the truth.

没有人敢吐露真相。

7.arm oneself with sth.:用……把自己武装起来,具有,拥有。例如:

They armed the warship with 16-inch guns.

他们给战舰配备了十六英寸口径的大炮。

He who teaches the deaf and dumb must be armed with patience.

教聋哑学生的人必须有耐心。

legal and illegal,相当于legal weapons and illegal weapons,是various weapons的同位语,起补充说明作用。

illegal是legal的反义词,否定前缀il-是in-/im-的变化形式,用在以l开头的形容词之前。例如:

illogic(不合逻辑的),illiterate(没文化的)。

8.take sth.into one's hands:将……纳入……的掌握之中。例如:

He took the family business into his own hands.

他把家族企业攥在自己手里。

perform one's duty:履行职责。例如:

I think this project resulted in failure mainly because the manager hadn't performed his duty.

我认为项目以失败而告终是因为经理没有尽责。

9.committed, reported均为动词过去分词作后置定语修饰crimes。

in the number of crimes reported,介词结构作定语修饰rise。

on the rise:在上涨,在增长,在加剧。例如:

The number of divorce cases in today's society is on the rise.

现代社会中离婚案件数目不断上升。

10.cases在这里作“案例”讲,in cases of:在……的案例中。

family violence家庭暴力。

11.such cases指cases of family violence。

go unreported中,go作系动词,功能相当于be,意为“成为,处于”;unreported作补足语。类似的句子有:

The question goes unanswered.

这个问题没得到回答。

The criminal went unpunished.

那个罪犯未受到惩罚。

which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰the society。

consider to be:把……看成是。例如:

They considered that small island to be a paradise.

他们把那个小岛视为天堂。

12.to blame for:该受责备的,应承担责任的。例如:

He is to blame for it.

这事应责怪他。

The weather was partly to blame for crop failure.

天气不好是庄稼歉收的部分原因。

13.in society与that引导的定语从句同时修饰factors。

contribute to:贡献,起作用,促使。例如:

Their friendly relationship greatly contributed to the cooperation between the two companies.

他们的友好关系极大地促进了两家公司之间的合作。

immigrant population:移民人口。美国和加拿大均为移民国家,有大量移民人口。

14.such as:诸如……之类的,例如。两个词可连在一起使用,也可分开使用。例如:

Christmas gifts such as chocolates, candies, toys, etc.或such Christmas gifts as chocolates, candies, toys, etc.

government corruption:政府部门的腐败。

15.remain unsolved中,remain:保持不变,作连系动词;unsolved作表语。例如:

He remained silent all the time.

他一直保持沉默。

stop……from doing:阻止……做某事。例如:

Who can stop him from doing such foolish things?

谁能阻止他干那些蠢事?

16.so far:到目前为止。例如:

So far I haven't heard anything from her.

至今我还未收到她任何音信。

There hasn't been any progress in this project so far.

这个工程至今未有任何进展。

近义词组有:up to now/up till now/up to the present

17.not at all:一点也不,用在否定句中;可以连在一起用,也可以分开;可以单独用,也可以修饰其他成分。例如:

I'm not at all tired.

I'm not tired at all.

—Are you tired?

你累了吗?

—No, not at all.

不,一点不累。

18.take measures(to do sth.):采取措施。例如:

The local government must take measures to solve the problem of air pollution in the city.

当地政府必须采取措施解决城市的空气污染问题。

take actions(to do sth.):采取行动……例如:

It's time for us to take actions to promote the sales of our new products.

我们该采取行动来促销我们的新产品了。

be to do结构,表示将要发生的事情。

We are to face a totally new challenge.

我们将要面临一个全新的挑战。

to live in:动词不定式后置,修饰名词词组a better place,意为“一个更好的居住地”。Translation of the Text犯罪——一个日益严重的社会问题

在当今世界许多问题中,没有任何其他问题像犯罪一样广泛蔓延,像犯罪那样由来已久。犯罪有多种形式,包括侵吞财产、侵犯人身和攻击政府的罪行等。犯罪以各种形式渗透于社会的各个阶层,涉及到每一个人。你也许从没被抢劫过,但是你却因为他人的顺手牵羊而遭受商店商品提价之苦;你因为他人偷税漏税而支付更多的税款;也可能只因为你居住的地区犯罪率上升,你的生意不像以前那么兴隆了。无论你是做什么的,无论你住在哪里,不管你是否喜欢,不管你是否知道,你总是犯罪的受害者。

犯罪,尤其是暴力犯罪,已达到一个可怕的程度:许多人害怕在他们自己的居住区单独行走,害怕天黑后打开房门,害怕畅所欲言地表达自己的意见。一些居民行动起来,用各种不同的武器——合法的和不合法的——来武装自己,保护自己。当广大居民感到他们的司法部门没有履行职责时,他们便将法律操在自己手里,擅自组成自卫团来捍卫正义,执行“判决”。

究竟是犯罪率实实在在增长了,还是纯粹是所报道的犯罪案件增多了,专家们对此意见不一。这个问题在家庭暴力案例中尤其如此。在历史上这类案例不经常报道,因为社会认为家事就是私事。

另一些专家则在讨论谁真正应该为犯罪行为而受到谴责:个人还是社会?美国和加拿大的研究者发现了促使犯罪率上升的几个社会因素:大规模城市化、失业、贫困和大量的移民人口。其他国家受政治、政府腐败和宗教之类因素的影响更大。

然而,仍然没有得到解决的最重要的问题是怎样阻止犯罪发生。迄今为止,为了同各种具体的犯罪行为作斗争,已经提出了不同类型的解决办法。所有的解决办法都十分有效吗?不,根本不是如此。所以,要采取更有效的措施和更有力的行动来阻止各种各样的犯罪行为,以便让我们这个世界成为一个更好的居住地。Key to Reading Comprehension Exercises

Ⅰ.True or False

1.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.F

6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F

Ⅱ.Short Answer Questions

1.Crimes against property, person, and government.

2.Crime can happen everywhere.

3.Because of shoplifting.

4.Because of others'tax evasion.

5.People can't do many things freely because of fear.

6.They arm themselves with weapons.

7.When their criminal justice system does not work.

8.Because the society considered family matters to be private.

9.Massiveurbanization, unemploymentandpoverty, andalargeimmigrantpopulation.

10.More effective measures should be taken.Key to Vocabulary and Structure Exercises

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice

1.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B

6.A 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.B

Ⅱ.Words and Phrases Study

1.e 2.f 3.g 4.b 5.h

6.a 7.i 8.c 9.j 10.d

Ⅲ.Translation

1.Now it's our turn to take actions to defend our rights.

2.Tax evasion is on the rise in this city.

3.Strangers can't swim here because this is a private swimming pool.

4.Don't be shy.You should speak out what you want to say.

5.The family was finally reunited after suffering a lot in the war.

6.I propose the government take effective measures to lower the unemployment rate.

Extra ReadingCrime and Punishment

Notes to the Extra Reading Passage

1.focus:(注意等的)重点,焦点。例如:

This issue became the focus of the meeting.

这个问题成了会议的焦点。

around the world:all over the world

2.work:这里指“起作用,有用”。例如:

The experiment has not worked well.

实验并不成功。

3.solution与介词to搭配,和answer, key, approach与to搭配类似,后跟名词。例如:

There are no simple solutions to the unemployment problem.

要解决失业问题可不简单。

how criminals are punished under different systems是determine的宾语从句。

4.none作主语时,谓语用单、复数均可,但用单数形式更多一些,尤其是表示“其中一个也不……”时。例如:

None of my friends has ever been to Africa.

我的朋友中没有一个去过非洲。

None of us are perfect.

我们都不是十全十美的。

in use:介词词组,修饰current systems现今在实施的制度。

100 effective:completely/very effective完全有效的。

5.regarding:介词,关于。例如:

He knew nothing regarding this incident.

他对此事一无所知。

6.frighten sb.away from doing sth.:把某人吓得不敢做某事。例如:

The report about the air crash frightened them away from travelling by plane.

关于空难的报道使他们吓得不敢坐飞机旅行了。

7.by using……通过做……,方式状语。

use the criminal as an example:把罪犯用作示例(杀鸡给猴看)。

of what can happen……committing crimes,介词加what引导的名词性从句构成介宾从句修饰example。

if he or she……是what从句中的条件状语从句:假如一个人在犯罪时被抓(他或她会发生什么事/会得到什么样的处罚)。committing crimes,-ing形式作状语,相当于(if he or she is caught)when he or she is committing crimes。

整句话的意思是:这些制度还试图通过惩治被抓获的罪犯警示社会上的其他人。

8.philosophy,原指“哲学;原理”,这里应理解为“宗旨,信条”。例如:

My philosophy of life is to eat, drink, and be merry.

我的生活信条是吃饱喝足,快乐无忧。

by which引导定语从句,修饰by the philosophy。

9.本句表语为不定式短语to return……in prison。

return to……:把……送回,使……返回,重新。

to return a former criminal to society:让犯过罪的人重返社会。

10.本句表语为不定式短语to try……citizen。

help change:help后跟省略了to的不定式。例如:

The typist helps handle the calls while the secretary is not in the office.

秘书不在办公室时打字员帮着接电话。

law-abiding:复合形容词,遵纪守法的;a law-abiding citizen:a citizen who abide by the law,一个遵纪守法的公民。

11.capital punishment:死刑。

sometimes involving:有时牵涉到诸如……的案子,表示伴随状况,作补充说明。

12.put to death:处死。例如:

He is such a bad guy that I think he should be put to death.

他坏透了,我认为他该被处死。

13.do away with:废除;消除;取消。例如:

It is necessary to destroy nuclear weapons thoroughly in order to do away with nuclear threat.

要消除核威胁,必须彻底销毁核武器。

14.come into question:被讨论,被考虑,变得有实际重要性。例如:

The adoption of English as their national language has never come into question.

他们从未考虑过采用英语作为他们的国语。

15.arrested people:people who are arrested

male:男性的,雄性的。其反义词为female,女性的,雌性的。

majority of…………中的大部分。majority为major的名词形式。

16.risk doing sth.:冒险干……。例如:

He risked being captured by the enemy to rescue another soldier.

他冒着被敌人抓住的危险去救另一个士兵。

17.it为形式主语,实际主语为that引导的主语从句。

if caught by police:if they are caught by police

18.serve the purpose of:适用。例如:

You need a quiet surrounding to study, and this room might serve the purpose.

你需要一个安静的学习环境,这间房可能适用。

19.“that most criminals……rehabilitated”为表语从句。

return to crime:重新犯罪。

supposedly:想像上,据推测,大概。例如:

Don't worry. Supposedly he has safely arrived at his destination now.

别担心了。他现在大概已经安全到达目的地了吧。

20.分数作主语时谓语的单、复数由分数后of的宾语的单、复数决定。该宾语为单数形式,则谓语用单数,该宾语为复数,则谓语用复数形式。例如:

More than three-fourths of the earth is covered by water.

地球的四分之三为水所覆盖。

Two-fifths of my classmates come from the north.

我的同学中五分之二来自北方。

those caught by the police:those criminals who have been caught by the police

repeat criminals:重新犯罪的人,有犯罪前科的人。repeat偶尔可用作形容词,例如:a repeat performance:重演。

21.as a result of sth.:作为……的结果。词组as a result常单独使用,不跟of sth.,意思为:结果是,作连词。例如:

He failed as a result of his laziness.

由于懒惰,他失败了。

He was very lazy. As a result, he failed.

他很懒,结果他失败了。

result作动词时,有动词词组:result in(导致……的结果);result from(是……的结果)。两者表达相反的因果关系。例如:

His laziness resulted in his failure.

懒惰导致他的失败。

His failure resulted from his laziness.

他失败是因为懒惰。

preferred:优先选取的,更可取的,更好的。例如:

a preferred alternative:更好的选择。Translation of the Extra Reading Passage犯罪与惩罚

控制犯罪是世界各地警察和政府机构的工作重点。那么哪一种犯罪处罚制度对社会来说最有用呢?每一个国家对这个问题都有自己的观点和解决方式,而这些解决方式决定了在不同的制度之下罪犯将被如何处罚。但是,现今在实施的制度中没有一个被证明是百分之百有效的。

关于对罪犯的处罚问题有多种观点。有些犯罪处罚制度只注意对罪犯进行惩罚,这些制度可以让罪犯吓得不敢在将来再次犯罪;同时试图通过惩治被抓获的罪犯警示社会上的其他人。许多犯罪处罚制度实行的另一个宗旨是改造罪犯。这些制度的目的是,通过对罪犯进行一段特定时间的处理和培训(通常是在监狱里),让他们重返社会。其观点是尽量去帮助改变人的行为方式,使他(或她)成为遵纪守法的公民。

对于极端的案例,比如说像谋杀、强奸以及采用暴力的盗窃罪,犯罪处罚制度使用的另一种形式是死刑。在这样的案件里,罪犯会被处死。现在,很多国家废除了死刑。然而,在有些国家,包括美国,死刑仍然被实施。

当人们在着眼于罪案数量时,就会考虑这些处罚方式究竟是否有效。在美国,每年被捕的人当中有80是男性,其中大部分是年轻人甚至未成年人。一般来说,年轻人在社会中承担的责任较少,所以他们即使因其犯罪活动被抓,也不至于失去多少东西。不过,也有人争论说,现在的年轻罪犯根本不怕他们被警察逮捕后将受到的处罚。当今的犯罪处罚方法并不足以起到警示美国社会中那些年轻罪犯的作用。

在当今的罪犯改造制度中,一个主要的问题是,大部分的罪犯在被认为已经改造好了之后又会重新犯罪。每年被警方抓获的罪犯中有三分之二的人有前科。因此,很多人认为,在美国对罪犯的更可取的处置方法应该是给予其惩罚。Key to the Exercises

Ⅰ.Reading Comprehension

1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A

Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure

1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D

5.C 6.A 7.D 8.A

Unit Three Living in Space

Listening Comprehension

Tapescript

Ⅰ.A Dialogue

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.At the Ticket Counter Traveling by Air

Airline clerk:Can I help you, sir?

Mr. Wright:Yes, I want to check in now.I'm going to Tokyo.Flight 405.

Airline clerk:Your ticket and passport, please.

Mr. Wright:Here you are.

Airline clerk:Do you have any luggage?

Mr. Wright:Yes.This is my luggage.

Airline clerk:I'm afraid it's five kilos overweight.

Mr. Wright:Oh!And how much is that?

Airline clerk:$12.

Mr. Wright:All right.

Airline clerk:Smoking or non-smoking?

Mr. Wright:Oh, I don't smoke.

Airline clerk:Thank you, Mr. Wright.Flight Number 405 boards at Gate 9.Have a good trip.

Mr. Wright:Thank you.Oh, where's the drugstore?I want to buy a book and something to drink.

Airline clerk:Over there, sir.

Mr. Wright:Thank you.

Exercise 2

Directions:The following is a card about Mr. Wright.Please fill in the missing information.

Key

Exercise 1

1.A 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B

Exercise 2

Ⅱ.A Monologue

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the TV news and answer the following five basic questions very briefly.Fire at the Ritz

This is Bruce Ward for WNFD News. There was a serious fire at the Ritz Hotel this afternoon.It started at 3:10 in the kitchen on the first floor.

When reporters arrived at the hotel at 3:25,the first and second floors were on fireand smoke was coming from the third and fourth floor windows. People were standingat the windows and yelling for help, and fire fighters were using ladders to rescue them.

Some people had bad burns, and ambulances were there to take them to the hospital. While fire fighters were rescuing guests, one man jumped from a second-floor window and broke his leg.

By 4:00 the fire was under control. The fire department is not sure of the cause of the fire.

Exercise 2

Directions:Listen to the TV news again and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

Key

Exercise 1

1.A fire.2.At a hotel.3.This afternoon(3:10).

4.By fire fighters.5.Unknown.

Exercise 2

1.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.DReading ComprehensionTextThousands of People Can Live in SpaceNotes to the Text

1.three times the population of Europe可以看作是three times of the population of Europe的省略式;按最新的英、美词典,也可将times看作介词。例如:

Two times two equals four.

二乘二等于四。

2.Venus:金星。古罗马人用爱和美的女神的名字——维纳斯来命名它,因为它又明亮又美丽。(金星是离地球最近的行星,在我们肉眼能够看到的天体中只有太阳和月亮比金星更亮。)

Mars:火星。古罗马人用战神的名字——玛尔斯来命名这颗火红的行星。

but in large space colonies=but they will live in large space colonies

3.separate:在本句中作形容词,表示“分开的”。例如:

Keep this one separate from the others.

请把这个和其他的分开来。

它也可以作动词,表示“隔开,把……分开”。例如:

They separated the good ones from the bad ones.

他们把好的和坏的分开来。

4.there be句型中,谓语的数由其后的第一个名词的数而定。例如:

There is a lamp, two pens and some paper on the desk.

书桌上有一盏灯、两支钢笔和一些纸。

There are two pens, a lamp and some paper on the desk.

书桌上有两支钢笔、一盏灯和一些纸。

make……from:用……做(经过加工,原来的材料发生了完全的变化)。例如:

The wine is made from grapes.

葡萄酒是用葡萄酿制的。

比较:be made of:由……做成(发生的是物理变化,原来的材料虽经过加工,但还可以看得出来)。例如:

The salad is made of lettuce, tomatoes and cucumber.

这道色拉是用莴笋、西红柿和黄瓜做的。

5.across:在本句中作副词,表示“横,宽”。例如:

The river is half a mile across.

河宽半英里。

它也可以作介词,表示“穿过,跨过”。例如:

There will be more than six bridges across the Qiantang River.

跨越钱塘江的大桥将超过六座。

6.room在这里意为“空间”,是不可数名词。例如:

This table takes up too much room.

这张桌子占去了太多的地方。

7.change……into……:使……变为。例如:

When the princess kissed the frog, it changed into a handsome prince.

公主吻了一下青蛙,青蛙一下子变成了一位英俊的王子。

8.where引导定语从句,修饰ring。

grow:在本句中作及物动词,表示“种植,生产”;它也可以作不及物动词,表示“生长,发育”。例如:

He makes a living by growing wheat.

他靠种小麦为生。

As we grow we gain more experience.

我们的经验随着成长而增加。

9.这是一个省略句,它的完整形式是:Maybe there will not be very many years before we live in space.

省略的目的是为了避免重复,突出关键的信息,并且使上下文结合得更加紧密。一般来说,只要不引起歧义,符合语法规范,能省略的就应该省略。Translation of the Text成千上万人可在太空中生活

世界上人口太多了。美洲有2亿多人,欧洲有4亿多人。中国的人口大约是欧洲的3倍,印度和巴基斯坦的人口也超过8亿。或许有一天,我们这个星球上的人不得不住在太空。人们不会住在其他行星上,比如金星或火星,而是住在巨大的太空聚居地。这些聚居地或许呈轮状或圆柱体状,其建筑材料将来自月球或太空的其他地方。

聚居地将与地球分离,光和能量将来自太阳。月球上的岩石含有氢和氧,因而人们能够从月球岩石中制造水,以供聚居地使用。聚居地内的生活将与地球上的生活大同小异。有河流、山谷、山岗和田野。田野里会有动物,因此人们会有奶喝,有肉吃。

成千上万的人都可以居住在太空中。例如,一万人可居住在一个直径为500米的聚居地内。其中每家都会有一套房屋和一个花园。有些聚居地甚至更大,有足够的地方容纳20万人,也许甚至几百万人。

请看图中的聚居地。它是圆柱形的,直径为500米,长7000米,圆柱两侧各有一面长镜子,将阳光反射入聚居地,它还可以将白天变成黑夜,将一个季节变成另一个季节。人们将居住在这个圆柱形聚居地内。圆柱外面会有工厂,聚居地的末端将有一个大的圆形场地,居民们可以在那里种菜及其他植物。

八十年前人类还不能飞行,没有电视,也没有电话。我们在太空中生活还需要多少年呢?也许不会太久。

Key to Reading Comprehension Exercises

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice

1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.B

Ⅱ.Short Answer Questions

1.About one thousand two hundred million people.

2.In large space colonies.

3.Wheels or cylinders.

4.From the sun.

5.It will be nearly the same as on our earth.

6.Ten thousand.

7.Outside the cylinder.

8.In a large ring at the end of the cylinder.Key to Vocabulary and Structure Exercises

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice

1.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.A

Ⅱ.Words&Phrases Study

1-C 2-F 3-H 4-A 5-J 6-B 7-E 8-G 9-I 10-D

Ⅲ.Translation

1.The population of the USA is four times as large as that of France.

2.Maybe, one day, human beings will live in space colonies which are separatefrom the earth.

3.Many inhabitants, for example, Bill, grow flowers.

4.Wood is a fairly strong building material.

5.In the legend of King Arthur, his magician could change stone into gold.6.Energy is supposed to be made mainly from seawater in the future.Extra ReadingUFOsNotes to the Extra Reading Passage

1.which引导定语从句,修饰vehicles。

2.die down:渐渐消失,平息。例如:

The rumour died down.

谣言平息了。

3.who引导定语从句,修饰people。to have seen为不定式完成式,表示该动作发生在谓语动词之前。

4.run into:达到……之多,跑进。例如:

The best-seller has run into six editions.

那本畅销书已经出了六版。

We saw the thief ran into a shop.

我们看见那个贼跑进了一家商店。

5.supposedly:据称,可能。例如:

Supposedly, it's an unbiased report.

据称,这是一份公正的报告。

spacecraft的单数和复数相同。craft表示“船,航空器”时,其单、复数相同,以craft结尾的合成词在表示与“船,航空器”相关的意义时,其单、复数也相同。又如:aircraft。

earn:使得到,赚得,可接双宾语。例如:

His victories earned him respect.

他的胜利为他赢得了尊重。

Many Chinese people now earn more than 6,000 dollars a year.

现在,许多中国人的年收入超过了6000美元。

which引导定语从句,修饰spacecraft。

6.本句是一个倒装句。如果将so……that结构中的so置于句首,则该结构要部分倒装。例如:

So dark was it that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.

天太黑了,以至于他连同伴的脸都看不清。

persistent:持续的,坚持不懈的。例如:

With persistent efforts we can finish our task on time.

通过坚持不懈的努力,我们能够按时完成任务。

set up:建立,竖立。例如:

The school has set up a remedial language class to help slower students.

学校已经成立了一个帮助差生的语言补习班。

7.after eliminating……atmosphere是they came to the conclusion的时间状语。

which……atmosphere为定语从句,修饰sightings。

explain away:通过解释消除。例如:

The mother explained away the daughter's fears.

通过解释母亲消除了女儿心中的恐惧。

re-entering the atmosphere为分词短语,是satellites的后置定语。

come to the conclusion:得出结论。例如:

They came to the conclusion that it would be unwise to accept his proposal.

他们得出结论,接受他的建议是不明智的。“that UFOs were genuine”为conclusion的同位语从句。

8.carry out:实施,执行,完成。例如:

He hoped that his advice could be carried out.

他希望能够实施他的建议。

conclude:推断出,断定,结束。例如:

The judge concluded that he was guilty.

法官断定他有罪。

He concluded his speech at 9 o'clock.

他九点结束了演讲。

all but:除了……都,几乎。例如:

All but five students are girls.

除了五个男生外,其余都是女生。

It's all but impossible.

几乎不可能。

trace:在本句中作动词,表示“追溯”;它也可以作名词,表示“痕迹”。例如:

The scientists traced the river to its source.

科学家们追溯那条河流直到它的源头。

Policemen found traces of a struggle in the room.

警察在房间里找到了搏斗的痕迹。

9.who引导定语从句,修饰extra-terrestrial beings。

keep watch over:注意,照看,留心。例如:

He was keeping watch over the sick child.

他正在照看那个生病的孩子。

10.it为形式主语,实际主语为that引导的主语从句。

remain:在本句中作系动词,后接形容词,表示“保持不变”。例如:

The witness had to remain silent.

证人不得不保持沉默。

as yet:迄今为止。例如:

I haven't had a novel published as yet.

迄今为止,我还没有出过一部长篇小说。

11.本句主干为as……as(像……一样,正如……一样)句型,应注意两个as隔得较远。

be to do可以表示按计划、安排将要发生的事。例如:

They are to be married in October.

他们定于十月结婚。Translation of the Extra Reading Passage不明飞行物

在过去几个世纪中,人们不断地将有关来自另一个行星的太空飞行物访问我们的地球的传闻记录下来。近年来,这些关于未经确认的飞行体(不明飞行物)的传闻引起了公众极大的兴趣。

关于不明飞行物的传闻似乎在一两年内增多,然后又渐渐消失。许多声称看到过它们的人是熟练的天空观察者,例如,航空公司的飞机驾驶员。这些传闻来自世界各地,数以千计,而且还有许多据称可信的飞船照片。由于它们扁平而像碟子一样的外形,这些飞船被称为“飞碟”。

在20世纪60年代,此类报道源源不断地出现,因而,美国建立了一个国家委员会进行调查。大约11,000件报道得到了分析。在排除了可以解释为诸如流星、高空气象汽球甚至重返大气层的人造地球卫星等正常现象的报道之后,他们得出了飞碟存在的结论。然而,他们不能解释飞碟是什么,它们又来自何方。

另一方面,美国空军也对有关飞碟的报道进行了评估,结论是,除了极少数以外,有关飞碟的数千份报道都可以得到符合逻辑的解释,或者可以归因为自然现象,而少数报道无法解释的原因只是在于没有足够的证据得出确定的结论。

那么,飞碟来自遥远的星球吗?它们受到严密监视地球的外星人的控制吗?现在只能说有关飞碟的事例仍然没有得到证实。有一点可以肯定,正如人类想要解开其他有关宇宙的未曾解决的奥秘一样,人类好奇而又决心要找出飞碟之谜的答案。Key to the Exercises

Ⅰ.Reading Comprehension

1.C 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.A

Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.AUnit Four Famous PeopleListening Comprehension

Tapescript

Ⅰ.A DialogueCatching the Right Train

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

Man:Uh, where am I?

Woman:Excuse me. Do you need any help?

Man:No, I……I'm just looking……well……actually, I want to go to the science museum, but I've been lost for the past few hours, and I can't understand these ticket machines.

Woman:Ah, well, just press this button. And from here, it's a dollar fifty.Man:Okay.

Woman:Then, get on the train at platform number 4. Man:All right.Oh, how often do the trains come around this time of day?

Woman:Usually, they come about every six minutes. Man:Okay.And where do I get off the train?

Woman:Get off at State Street Station, five stops from here. Man:Okay.I got it.Thanks for your help.

Woman:No problem. Good luck.

Exercise 2

Directions:Listen to the dialogue again and decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the space provided.

Key

Exercise 1

1.A 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A

Exercise 2

1.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F

Ⅱ.Train Announcements

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the train announcements carefully and fill in the missing information.

Announcer:The train now standing at platform 4 is the 11:04 to Bournmouth.

Announcer:The next train to arrive at platform 5 will be the 11:05 to BirminghamNew Street.

Announcer:The 11:31 train to Plymouth has been delayed. This train is now running about fifteen minutes late and is now due to arrive at platform 1 at 11:46.We apologize to passengers for the delay.

Announcer:The train now arriving at platform 2 is the 11:10 to London.

Announcer:We are sorry to announce that the 11:20 train to Cardiff has been cancelled due to a derailment. Passengers for Cardiff should take the 11:10 London train and change at Didcot.

Exercise 2

Directions:Complete the table with the missing information according to the train announcements.

Key

Exercise 1

1.4 2.11:05 3.15 4.London 5.11:10,change

Exercise 2Reading ComprehensionTextWas Einstein Born CleverNotes to the Text

1.an Einstein指像爱因斯坦这样的天才。

It为形式主语,指代不定式短语to recognize……mine。

that引导的是recognize的宾语从句。

2.house在本句中作及物动词,表示“储存”。例如:

They housed their old books in the attic.

他们把旧书放在阁楼上。

house作动词还可表示“向某人提供长期或短期住房”。例如:

We can house you if the hotels are full.

要是旅馆客满,我们可以向你提供住所。

housed inside that shaggy head是the gray matter的后置定语。

3.while引导的是让步状语从句,意为:虽然,尽管。例如:

While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.

尽管我理解你所说的,但我却无法赞同。

who removed it from the great physicist's skull after his death是pathologist的定语从句。

anyone else's后省略了organ。

4.that governs mathematical ability and spatial reasoning是修饰a portion of the brain的定语从句。two key ingredients to the sort of thinking Einstein did best是mathematical ability and spatial reasoning的同位语。其中Einstein did best是修饰thinking的定语从句,其前省略了关系代词that。

may have had:may+have+过去分词可以表示一种猜测。例如:

The snake may have been very dangerous, but it soon disappeared.

那条蛇当时可能很危险,但它很快消失了。

5.which在这里指代前面的moreinterconnections。them指代cells。

could have allowed也可以表示一种猜测。例如:

Nobody but Lu Xun could have written these books.

只有鲁迅才可能写出这些书。

allow后的宾语可接带to的不定式作其补足语。

6.neuroscience即神经科学,neuro-前缀表示神经的,神经元的。例如:

neurology,神经学;neurosis,精神分裂症。

The Structural Neuroscience Laboratory at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass

马萨诸塞州的贝尔蒙特市麦克林医院结构神经学实验室

7.while:在这里作连词相当于whereas,含有相对之意,即“而,却,反之”。例如:

Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.

简穿的是咖啡色衣服,而玛丽穿的是蓝色的衣服。

inferior parietal lobe:顶骨下叶。

8.在以not only……but also等词引起的句子中,常用部分倒装语序,即谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词或系动词be等)放在主语前面,其余部分放在主语后面。例如:

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more fluently.

他不仅讲得更准确,而且更流利。

类似的词还有never, little, hardly, scarcely等。如果将他们置于句首,通常引起部分倒装。例如:

Never before have the Chinese people been as united as it is today.

现在中国人民空前团结。

Little did we suspect that the country was so rich in mineral resources.

我们一点也没想到这个国家矿产资源如此丰富。

much直接修饰smaller作表示程度的状语,类似的可修饰比较级的状语还有a little, slightly, far等。例如:

Our room is slightly/much bigger than theirs.

我们的房间比他们的稍大一点/大多了。

9.that normally slices through the tissue是修饰fissure的定语从句。Without引出虚拟条件,可改为:If there weren’t this fissure……。故主句谓语用虚拟式的were。

which引导的定语从句为非限制性的,修饰more interconnections。

in principle:在理论上,在本质上。例如:

In principle I agree that mothers should spend as much time as possible with their young children, but it isn't easy.

理论上我同意母亲应当与年幼的孩子尽量多呆在一起,但这很难做到。

该句有两个伴随状语,第一个伴随状语permitting more interconnections修饰主句,第二个伴随状语leading to great leaps of insight修饰第一个伴随状语的非限制性定语从句which in principle can permit more cross-referencing。

lead to:导致。例如:

Use of illegal drugs can lead to disability and death.

使用毒品会导致残废甚至死亡。

10.That's the idea, anyway:无论如何,以上就是科学家们的结论。that在这里指代第二、四、五三段对爱因斯坦大脑的研究结果。

11.But从意义上连接两个句子,在这里起承上启下的作用。

while引导让步状语从句,参见注释3。

not necessarily:相当于possibly but not certainly,即“不一定”。例如:

Expensive restaurants are not necessarily the best.

价格贵的饭店不一定是最好的。

12.what you really need is to look……中,what引导主语从句,表语为不定式短语to look at……。to see……present是不定式短语作目的状语。

13.Even if they are为省略句,are后省略了present。they指代abnormalities。it为形式主语,实际主语为that the bulked-up brains are……possible。that makes genius possible为修饰feature的定语从句。

14.at a time:同时。例如:

Jack was putting chocolates in his mouth two at a time.

杰克一次吃两块巧克力。Translation of the Text爱因斯坦天生聪明吗?

毫无疑问,爱因斯坦的大脑与你我的大相径庭。他的脑袋内蕴含的灰白质在他令人惊叹的一生中使我们对时间、空间、运动的认识发生了不只一次而是几次革命。尽管爱因斯坦的大脑肯定有与众不同之处,不过爱因斯坦去世后,从这个伟大的科学家头骨中分离出他的大脑的医生指出,爱因斯坦的大脑组织与普通人的没有什么差别。

然而,科学家们对爱因斯坦的大脑的最新研究表明,他的大脑确实有与他人不同的生理特征。他的大脑中支配数学能力和空间推理——爱因斯坦智力超群的两个主要因素——的部分较一般人大,而且在它的细胞间有着更多的相互联系,从而使这些细胞更加高效地共同发挥作用。尽管该结论还有待论证,不过麻省贝尔蒙特市麦克林医院结构神经学实验室主任贝恩斯博士说:“这是个使人感兴趣的发现。”

麦克马斯特大学的桑德拉·威特森博士从事大脑结构和功能的研究。她将爱因斯坦的大脑组织和与他年龄相当的人进行了比较。

威特森发现虽然爱因斯坦大脑的体积与普通人差不多,但是他的顶骨下页区域比普通人的宽15。威特森和她的合作者在报告中写道:“这个区域对人的视觉空间认识、数学思维以及运动意象起着极大的作用。”

科学家的研究不仅表明爱因斯坦的顶骨下页区域特别大,他们还发现他的大脑的西尔维亚沟比普通人窄得多。通常,西尔维亚沟的作用是分隔脑组织,如果这条沟不存在,那么脑细胞的排列会更紧密,这样就能使脑细胞之间有更多的互相联系——从理论上说,这种联系的加强会使信息和观念产生更多的相互参照,从而引起领悟力的飞跃。

无论如何这就是结论。尽管根据现代神经学理论,这个结论是很合理的,但这并不一定意味着事实的确如此。我们知道爱因斯坦是天才,并且我们现在了解到他的大脑生理结构与普通人不同。但这些都不能证明两者(天才和大脑物理结构)之间的因果关系。贝恩斯说:“你真正需要的是观察大量数学天才的大脑,以此来了解是不是有同样的特殊的大脑存在。”

即使存在这样的特殊的大脑,变大了的大脑也可能是大量脑力劳动的结果,而不是因为有使天才成为可能的遗传特征。所以我们仍然不了解爱因斯坦的非凡智慧到底是与生俱来的,还是他在后天的过程中获得的,或者两者共同作用而产生的。Key to Reading Comprehension Exercises

Ⅰ.True or False

1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.F

Ⅱ.Short Answer Questions

1.Einstein's brain was not different from the average person.

2.He had revolutionized people's concepts about time, space and motion.

3.His inferior parietal lobe and Sylvian fissure were unusual.

4.Visuaspatial cognition, mathematical thought and imagery of movement.

5.He compared Einstein's tissues with those of other people.

6.It is a fissure that slices through the brain tissue.

7.No.It could not be proved so far.

8.We need to observe the brains of other geniuses.

Key to Vocabulary and Structure Exercises

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice

1.A 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.D

Ⅱ.Blank Filling

1.overall 2.average 3.called 4.normal

5.fissure 6.average 7.partially 8.from

Ⅲ.Translation

1.He revealed his secrets to his friends.

2.He had a plausible explanation as to why he was late.

3.An average adult man burns 1500 to 2000 calories per day.

4.A bad cold can lead to pneumonia.

5.He speaks not only English but also French.

6.The ideal person for the job should have such characteristics as 10 years'experience and an advanced degree.Extra ReadingWilliam Shakespeare—Popular Then and NowNotes to the Extra Reading Passage

1.involved……literatrue在这里作后置定语,修饰anyone。

be involved with sth.:参与,与……有联系。involved还可与介词in搭配。例如:

More than 30 software firms were involved in the project.

有三十多家软件公司参与了该项目。

2.although引导让步状语从句,常常与though换用。例如:

Although they are very poor, they are generous.

尽管他们很穷,但他们很慷慨。

注意,although和though均不能与but连用。

3.lie in:在于。例如:

The answer must lie in finding alternative sources of power.

解决问题的方法在于找到替代能源。

that Shakespeare dealt with timeless problems为the fact的同位语从句,而that continue to concern us是timeless problems的限制性定语从句。

concern:影响,与……有关。例如:

The tax changes will concern large corporations more than small businesses.

税收的变化对大公司的影响比小公司要大。

be concerned with:与……有关。例如:

This story is concerned with a Chinese family in the 20th century.

该故事讲述的是20世纪一个中国家庭的事。

4.tackle强调花大力气处理棘手的问题,因此与solve不同,solve只表示“找出或提供解决问题的方法”。例如:

It took five fire engines to tackle the blaze.

总共出动了5辆消防车才扑灭了大火。

Charlie thinks money will solve all his problems.

查理认为金钱能解决他所有的问题。

5.Othello:即《奥塞罗》,为莎士比亚所著的悲剧故事。故事以威尼斯为背景,讲述了参议员女儿黛斯德梦娜与摩尔军人奥塞罗之间的爱情悲剧。由于种族和阶层的关系,两者的婚姻受到奥塞罗手下军官伊阿古的诽谤和破坏。由于伊阿古的挑唆,奥塞罗在不知真相的情况下怀疑妻子的忠贞而失手杀死妻子。尽管伊阿古罪行暴露后受到了应有的惩罚,奥塞罗最终为自己的错误而自杀身亡。

6.object to:反对,不赞成,这里的to是介词,后接名词或动名词。例如:

He objected to being treated like a child.

他反对把他当作小孩子对待。

We object to loud noise.

我们讨厌喧闹声。

prey upon:捕捉,为固定短语,引申意思可指“破坏或掠夺”。例如:

Cats prey on birds and mice.

猫捕捉鸟类和老鼠。

Our coasts were preyed upon by pirates.

我们的海岸被海盗劫掠了。

7.anti-Semitism:反犹太主义。

The Merchant of Venice:《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚撰写的一部喜剧。故事以威尼斯人巴萨诺向富有的女继承人鲍细娅求婚开始。巴萨诺的朋友安东尼奥向放高利贷的犹太人夏洛克借了3000金币资助巴萨诺的求婚,夏洛克要求安东尼奥及时归还,否则就以割他的一磅肉作为赔偿。巴萨诺如愿以偿迎娶鲍细娅后,安东尼奥却无法如期偿还贷款。于是鲍细娅假扮律师,在法庭上以机智战胜了夏洛克,即夏洛克可以从安东尼奥身上割肉,但不能使他流血。最终,夏洛克败诉,被判部分财产充公。因夏洛克同意转变为基督徒,部分财产得以保留。

8.make it clear:复合宾语结构,it用来代替作宾语的从句“that Jews are also human beings”。通常在复合宾语结构中,it可用来代替从句、不定式或动名词,而把后者放到句子的后部。能用这种结构作宾语的动词常见的有think, find, consider, take等。例如:

We all think it a pity that she didn't show up at the party.

我们都觉得很遗憾,她没来参加晚会。

At first I found it difficult to understand him.

一开始我觉得很难理解他。

You will find it a great pleasure talking to her.

你会发现和她谈话很愉快。

I felt it my duty to report it to the police.

我觉得有责任把这事报告给警察。

9.in the play of the same name:在同名的戏剧中。politician表示“政治家”,具有贬义;如不含贬义,最好用statesman。

10.revolve around:常用短语,意为“以……为主”,“以……为目的”,通常不用在被动语态中,也可表示“环绕”。例如:

The story revolves around a young girl who runs away from home.

这个故事是围绕一个年轻女孩离家出走展开的。

The moon revolves around the earth.

月球围绕地球转。

11.many colorful characters, beautiful poetry, and action-filled plots:丰富多彩的人物,美妙优雅的诗文以及曲折多变的情节。

12.that are still current today是定语从句,修饰problem。

add to:增加,增多。例如:

I don't want to add to my parents'misery.

我不想增加父母的痛苦。Translation of the Extra Reading Passage威廉·莎士比亚——过去和现在同样受喜爱

询问任何一个对英国文学有所涉猎的人:“谁是最伟大的作家?”你无疑会听到这么一个名字:威廉·莎士比亚。尽管莎士比亚逝世已经约四百年,但是他的三十七部戏剧至今仍然受到读者的喜爱和推崇。原因何在?部分答案在于这样一个事实:莎士比亚讨论了一些与我们有关的永恒的难题,如偏见、父母同子女的矛盾冲突等。本文将以莎士比亚的几个剧本为例来探讨上述问题。

莎士比亚最著名的戏剧中有两部以处理偏见——一个令人厌恶而迄今尚未解决的问题来展开情节的。《奥赛罗》中的主人公是一个黑人军官,他娶了一位上层社会的白人女子苔丝德蒙娜。毫无疑问,奥赛罗是该剧男性中最光彩夺目的一位:他骁勇善战,战功显赫,颇有天赋。然而,大多数白人对他的婚姻感到震惊。由于不合理的偏见,苔丝德蒙娜的父亲也反对女儿的婚姻。他们的婚姻又遭到了奥赛罗手下的军官伊阿古的破坏。伊阿古激起奥赛罗对妻子忠贞的怀疑。最后的结局是奥赛罗和他的妻子均悲惨地死去。莎士比亚还将另一种偏见即反犹太主义写进了剧本《威尼斯商人》。夏洛克是犹太人,所有的基督教徒都诅咒他,憎恨他,甚至对他吐唾沫。尽管夏洛克是坏人,莎士比亚还是让他多次讲话,阐明犹太人也同样是人这个道理。

莎士比亚的许多戏剧还论及另一个迄今尚未解决的问题——代沟。比如,国王亨利四世在同名戏剧中是个头脑冷静、玩世不恭、愤世嫉俗、非常势利的政客。而其子哈尔王子则恰恰相反。哈尔待人热情,性格外向,爱好交际,同各种各样的人友好相处。他同时又频繁出入酒店,同女人厮混。自然地,父亲不能理解儿子的生活方式。因此,《亨利四世》这部戏剧的部分剧情就围绕着父子分歧来展开。《辛白林》这个剧本则以另一类父子问题展开剧情。这里,父亲辛白林想要他的女儿伊慕琴同他认可的一个男人结婚。然而,伊慕琴爱上了另外的人,并与他秘密地结为伉俪。辛白林怒发冲冠,命令她的丈夫滚开,并把伤心至极的女儿严严实实锁在屋内。戏剧的余下部分讲述对这个问题的解决方法。

莎士比亚的戏剧理所当然地受到读者的喜爱。他的戏剧包含丰富多彩的人物,美妙优雅的诗文以及曲折多变的情节。莎士比亚关注那些当今依然存在的难题的非凡能力也为他的戏剧的经久不衰的成功增添了光彩。

Key to the Exercises

Ⅰ.Reading Comprehension

1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.D

Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure

1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.BUnit Five TravellingListening Comprehension

Tapescript

Ⅰ.A DialogueGetting Around by Car

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

Jack is a tourist. He wants to hire a car to go to London.He telephones the car hire office.

Receptionist:Mary Smith. Can I help you?

Jack:Hello, I want to hire a car. How much would that cost?

Receptionist:It depends on the type of car you want and the time you want it for.

Jack:I want it for two weeks. Do you have a medium-sized one available?

Receptionist:Yes. It'll cost you 175 pounds a week.

Jack:I plan to visit my friends in London. Will I be able to leave the car there?

Receptionist:No, I'm afraid you'll have to return it to us here. When do you require it?

Jack:On Monday morning.

Receptionist:If you will call in at this office any time after nine o'clock, you can complete some forms and collect the car. Have a driving license or International Driving Permit?

Jack:Yes, I have an International Driving Permit.

Receptionist:Very good, sir. We look forward to seeing you on Monday morning.

Exercise 2

Directions:Fill in Jack's memorandum(备忘录)with the missing information.

Key

Exercise 1

1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.D

Exercise 2

1.Monday morning, after 9:002.23.medium-sized

4.175 pounds 5.Driving Permit

Ⅱ.A Passage

Exercise 1

Directions:Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.Taxis in Britain

There are two types of taxis in use in Britain. In London, most of the taxis you will see in the street are the“London type”.In most other parts of the country ordinary cars are used as taxis.They usually have a sign on the roof, which is lit up when the taxi is free to be hired.

There are three ways of getting a taxi in Britain.

1.You can telephone any of the taxi hire companies in the telephone book.

2.You can go to a taxi rank where you will usually find a number of taxis waiting.

3.You can stop a taxi in the street if its“free”sign is on.

All taxis have a meter showing the correct fare. Taxi drivers usually expect a tip of about 10 to 15 of the fare.

Exercise 2

Directions:Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks with correct words.

Key

Exercise 1

1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D

Exercise 2

1.ordinary 2.roof 3.telephone book 4.waiting

5.free 6.on 7.correct 8.10 to 15Reading ComprehensionTextAmerican ExperienceNotes to the Text

1.the thing that first surprises any traveller:是由that引导定语从句修饰the thing。“arriving in America”是现在分词作后置定语,修饰traveller。

size:在这里是指国土规模。例如:

The American states vary enormously in size and population.

美国各州的领土和人口差别很大。

2.在表示需要花费多少时间时,动词用take,其主语通常为某件事情。例如:

The work took four hours.

这项工作花了四小时。

当表达某人、某单位花时间做某事时,常用动词spend。例如:

Our group has spent a lot of time on the project.

我们组在这个项目上花了许多时间。

3.a sense of awe:敬畏感。

at:对……引起某种情绪的原因。例如:

He looked surprised at seeing us.

试读结束[说明:试读内容隐藏了图片]

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