作者：李清如
出版社：武汉出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
时尚休闲读物：老外最想和你聊的101个英语话题·流行名人篇试读：
前言
随着全球交往日益频繁，英语作为一种世界通用语言，将发挥越来越大的作用。英语学习已被众多有识之士认为是通向21世纪的门槛。由于语言是文化的载体，学习和运用外语必须了解与之密切相关的文化。学习英语绝不仅仅是掌握语法、词汇和语音等语言自身的要素，它不可避免地延伸到对文化的理解和学习。如不了解英美文化，要想与老外聊天不是那么容易的。
名人是茫茫宇宙中一颗颗耀眼的明星，它们有的光彩夺目，有的暗淡无光，有的像流星划过天际，有的则比明星更耀眼。名人由于受家庭文化的熏染程度不同，以及个人主观因素的影响，因而各自所描画的自身人生轨迹也有所不同。他们中有的人完全凭借着个人的奋斗，去开拓自己的事业，终于取得了成功；有的沿着先辈的足迹，去开创新的事业，创造新的奇迹；也有的与他们的前辈背道而驰，走出了一条完全不同的崭新的人生道路。
本书以平易求实的语言向广大读者介绍了101位世界名人，他们当中，既有伟大的思想家、政治家，又有杰出的科学家，还有卓越的文学家、艺术家，等等。本书着重描述了他们的生平道路，以及在不同领域中对世界和人类所作的突出贡献。名人除了他们伟大的一面，还有平凡的一面，本书在描写他们光辉事迹的同时，也不忘涉猎他们平凡的生活故事或轶闻趣事等。
本书采取中英文对照的形式，面向广大英语学习者，包括对名人介绍的关键词句和对话练习。相信本书会让你在感悟名人成功经验和人生哲理的同时，学到有用的英语知识，尤其可以增强你的英语语感，扩充你的词汇量，并提高你的英汉翻译水平，让你接触到原汁原味的交际口语，是一举多得的全新英语学习书籍！Part1The Politca Lders政坛领袖Gaius Julius Caesar 恺撒大帝
恺撒是一个伟大的历史人物。年轻时的恺撒，不畏强权，征战无数，终于顺利征服罗马，称霸一方。而且我们都知道，恺撒在埃及遇到了他生命中一名重要的女子，也就是埃及艳后克莉欧佩特拉，两人展开轰轰烈烈的情爱纠葛。
Part1 About Caesar 关于恺撒
Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar entered into a political alliance with Crassus and Pompey that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed within the Roman Senate by the conservative elite, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar’s conquest of Gaul extended Rome’s territory to the North Sea, and in 55 BC he conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey’s standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched from Gaul to Italy with his legions, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed “dictator in perpetuity”. A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the constitutional government of the Republic. However, the result was a series of civil wars, which ultimately led to the establishment of the permanent Roman Empire by Caesar’s adopted heir Octavius (later known as Augustus).
恺撒大帝是罗马共和国末期杰出的军事统帅、政治家。他公元前60年与庞培、克拉苏秘密结成前三巨头同盟，随后出任高卢总督，花了八年时间征服了高卢全境（大约是现在的法国），还袭击了日耳曼和不列颠。公元前49年，他率军占领罗马，打败庞培，集大权于一身，实行独裁统治并制定了《儒略历》。
恺撒是罗马帝国的奠基者，故被一些历史学家视为罗马帝国的无冕之皇，有恺撒大帝之称。甚至有历史学家将其视为罗马帝国的第一位皇帝，以其就任终身独裁官的日子为罗马帝国的诞生日。影响所及，有罗马君主以其名字“恺撒”作为皇帝称号﹔其后之德意志帝国及俄罗斯帝国君主亦以“恺撒”作为皇帝称号。
Part2 Key words ＆ Sentences 关键词句全知道
Caesar was born into a patrician family.
恺撒出生于一个贵族家庭。
He played Caesar in the play.
他在剧中扮演恺撒。
Caesar’s dream required money.
恺撒的梦想需要金钱的支持。
He was a soldier in the army of Caesar.
他曾经是恺撒大帝军队中的一名战士。
How Caesar would have dealt with it?恺撒将会如何应对？
We went to the party in fancy dress; John was dressed as Julius Caesar and I went as Queen Elizabeth I.
我们都化了装去参加舞会，约翰打扮成恺撒大帝，我打扮成伊丽莎白一世女王。
Now all-powerful and without rivals, Caesar made himself dictator and consul for life.
扫除了所有的对手后，恺撒的势力如日中天，他成为罗马独裁者和终身执政官。
He became king in all but name.
恺撒成为了没有皇帝之名的罗马皇帝。
Soon the news was carried to Rome: “Caesar has crossed the Rubicon.”
恺撒越过卢比孔河了，这一消息很快就传到了罗马。
He orders Caesar to resign his command and disband his army.
他令恺撒辞去指挥官的职位，遣散他的军队。
Julius Caesar is one of Shakespeare’s early plays.《恺撒大帝》是莎士比亚早期写的剧本之一。
July is named after Julius Caesar, a famous Roman general.
七月，是在恺撒大帝，一个著名的罗马将领之后命名的。
Julius Caesar wore a laurel wreath to cover the onset of baldness.
恺撒大帝戴月桂花环以遮掩自己日益稀少的头发。
She might have remained in exile had it not been for Julius Caesar.
若不是恺撒大帝，她或许仍流放在外。
Two girls were reading Julius Caesar.
两个女孩在读《恺撒大帝》。
The Mermaid Company will present Tom Hill as Brutus in Julius Caesar.
美人鱼剧团将由汤姆·希尔演出《恺撒大帝》中的布鲁塔斯。
He was one of the most powerful kings in Europe after Julius Caesar of Rome.
他是罗马恺撒大帝之后，欧洲最强大的国王。
Julius Caesar was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator for life.
恺撒大帝随后被人民拥戴为终生独裁者。
Many famous personages, like Julius Caesar, have left their marks on the city.
在这座城市，恺撒大帝等很多名流要士都留下了他们的印记。
The Globe Theater opened in 1599, with Julius Caesar as one of its first productions.
环球剧院1599年开业，首演剧目是《恺撒大帝》。
Julius Caesar was knifed to death.
恺撒大帝是被短剑刺死的。
Consul Julius Caesar made them public in 59 BC.
执政官恺撒大帝于公元前59年下令公开。
Julius Caesar invented a new solar calendar.
恺撒大帝发明了一种新的纪年法。
Cleopatra is the lover of two of the most powerful men in ancient Rome, Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony.
克莉欧佩特拉是古罗马两位最有权力的男人恺撒和安东尼的情人。
When the emperor Julius Caesar died, the prince and his uncle started a relentless struggle between the thrones.
当恺撒大帝死去后，王子和其无情的叔叔展开了王位之争。
He took the name Augustus on becoming sole ruler after Julius Caesar’s assassination.
恺撒大帝遭到暗杀之后，他取得奥古斯都的封号并成为当时唯一的掌权者。
Part3 Let’s Talk！ 开始交流吧！
Mike: What did you learn in the history class today?
麦克：你们今天历史课讲了什么？
Daisy: We were taught about the life of Julius Caesar.
黛西：我们学了恺撒大帝的故事。
Mike: That’s interesting.
麦克：那应该很有意思。
Daisy: Yes, Julius Caesar’s life is very legendary.
黛西：是的，恺撒大帝的一生很传奇。
Mike: I’m very interested in his romance with Cleopatra.
麦克：我对他和埃及艳后的罗曼史很感兴趣。
Daisy: The teacher showed a movie about it, which shows Cleopatra tried to meet Caesar by hidden in the blanket.
黛西：老师放了一个关于他们的影片，影片上说埃及艳后把自己藏在毯子里献给恺撒。
Mike: That’s also what I’ve heard.
麦克：我也是这么听说的。
Daisy: But Cleopatra also seduced other men after Caesar died.
黛西：但是埃及艳后在恺撒之后又诱惑了其他男人。
Mike: She is such a powerful and intelligent woman.
麦克：她是一个非常有权势，又有心机的女人。
Daisy: I think she had to do that in her position.
黛西：我想以她的处境，她不得不这么做。
Mike: Maybe, have you seen the movie Cleopatra?
麦克：也许吧，你看过《埃及艳后》这部电影吗。
Daisy: No, I know it’s a classic movie, but I’ve never watch it.
黛西：没有，我知道这是部经典电影，但我从来没看过。
Mike: Why not we watch it together now?
麦克：要不我们现在一起看吧？
Daisy: That’s a good idea.
黛西：这是个好主意。
Mike: I’ll see if I can find it.
麦克：我看看我能不能找到。George Washington 乔治·华盛顿
乔治·华盛顿是美国的开国元勋，在1787年他主持了制宪会议，制定了现在的美国宪法，并在1789年，他经过全体选举团无异议的支持而成为美国第一任总统。他在两届的任期中设立了许多持续到今天的政策和传统。在两届任期结束后，他也自愿地放弃权力不再续任，因此建立了美国历史上总统不超过两任的传统，维护了共和国的发展。之后他便再次回复平民生活，隐退在弗农山庄园。由于他扮演了美国独立战争和建国中最重要的角色，华盛顿通常被称为美国国父。学者们则将他和亚伯拉罕·林肯并列为美国历史上最伟大的总统。
Part1 About Washington 关于华盛顿
George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775-1783, and he presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787.
As the unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States, he developed the forms and rituals of government that have been used ever since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. As President, he built a strong, well-financed national government that stayed neutral in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion and won acceptance among Americans of all types, but also saw the advent of contentious political parties. Washington was universally regarded as the “Father of his country”.
Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 because of his dissatisfaction with the weaknesses of Articles of Confederation that had time and again impeded the war effort. Washington became the first President of the United States in 1789. He attempted to bring rival factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton’s programs to pay off all state and national debt, implement an effective tax system, and create a national bank, despite opposition from Thomas Jefferson. Washington proclaimed the US neutral in the wars raging in Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Britain and guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs. Washington’s “Farewell Address” was an influential primer on republican virtue and a stern warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.
美国有一位华盛顿这样德才兼备的人作为第一任总统是幸运的。翻开南美和非洲各国的历史，我们可以看到即使是一个以民主宪法为伊始的新国家，堕落成为军事专制国家也是易如反掌。华盛顿是一位坚定的领袖，他保持了国家的统一，但是却无永远把持政权的野心，既不想做国王，又不想当独裁者。他开创了主动让权的先例──一个至今美国仍然奉行的先例。
与当时的其他美国领袖如托马斯·杰弗逊、詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿等相比，乔治·华盛顿缺乏创新的精神和深刻的思想。但是他比所有这些雄才大略的人物都重要得多，无论在战争还是和平期间，他在行政领导方面都起着至关重要的作用，没有他，任何政治运动都不会达到目的。对美国的形成，麦迪逊的贡献是重大的，而华盛顿的贡献几乎可以说是不可缺少的。
Part2 Key words ＆ Sentences 关键词句全知道
George Washington is the first American president!
乔治·华盛顿是第一任美国总统！
Once again George Washington helped them.
乔治·华盛顿又一次帮助了他们。
The college is named after George Washington.
该大学以乔治·华盛顿的名字命名。
They traced their ancestry back to George Washington.
他们的祖先可追溯至乔治·华盛顿。
The highest of all is George Washington Monument.
其中最高的是乔治·华盛顿纪念碑。
We will be learning about George Washington.
我们将学习有关乔治·华盛顿的知识。
The book has a peculiar value; it belonged to George Washington.
这本书有特别的价值；他的主人是乔治·华盛顿。
In 1789 George Washington became the first president of the country.
1789年乔治·华盛顿就任该国的第一任总统。
Indeed, presidents have been making use of it George Washington.
实际上，包括乔治·华盛顿在内，各届总统中使用这一方法者不在少数。
What would George Washington be most famous for if he were alive today?
如果乔治·华盛顿今天还活着，那么他最为著名的是什么？
We have to do a report on George Washington.
我们必须写一篇关于乔治·华盛顿的报告。
Boys, do you remember the story of George Washington and the cherry tree?
孩子们，你们还记得乔治·华盛顿和樱桃树的故事吗？
George Washington tied for the sixth place in one recent poll and rated the seventh in another.
乔治·华盛顿在最近两次民意测验中分别排在第六、第七位。
That is the home of George Washington.
那就是乔治·华盛顿的家乡。
This monument helps all of us remember George Washington, the first President of the United States.
这座纪念碑使我们所有人都怀念美国的第一位总统乔治·华盛顿。
George Washington gave generations of Americans their model of determination, selflessness, and honor.
乔治·华盛顿给一代又一代美国人树立了坚毅、无私、正直的榜样。
George Washington Carver was born on a farm in the state of Missouri in 1864 during the American Civil War.
1864年乔治·华盛顿出生在密苏里州的一个农场里，当时正值美国内战时期。
The memory of America’s first president George Washington was once celebrated on his birthday, February 22nd.
为了纪念美国第一任总统乔治·华盛顿，人们在他的生日2月22日举行庆祝活动。
George Washington was the first President and one of the most important presidents in the United States of America.
华盛顿是美国第一任总统并且是美国历史上最重要的总统之一。
Several schools share the name Washington, including the University of Washington and George Washington University.
几个学校分享了“华盛顿”这个名字，包括华盛顿大学和乔治·华盛顿大学。
Washington University in Saint Louis was named Eliot Seminary when it opened in 1853. Later the name was changed to honor the first American president, George Washington.
圣路易斯的华盛顿大学在1853年创办初期被称为艾略特学院。后来，为纪念第一任美国总统乔治·华盛顿而更名。
General George Washington built a fort there during the Revolutionary War to protect the Hudson River from the British.
独立战争期间，乔治·华盛顿将军在此建立了一座堡垒来保护哈德逊河免受英军袭击。
Washington resigned rather than seize power.
华盛顿没有夺取政权，而是辞职了。
Washington was universally regarded as the “Father of his country”.
华盛顿被普遍认为是“国父”。
Part3 Let’s Talk！ 开始交流吧！
Mike: Who is the first president of America?
麦克：谁是美国第一位总统?
Daisy: George Washington.
黛西：乔治·华盛顿
Mike: That’s correct.
麦克： 答对了。
Daisy: Are you familiar with all the presidents in American history?
黛西：你对美国的历届总统都了解吗？
Mike: Not all of them, just some I’m interest in.
麦克：不是全部，仅有我感兴趣的几位。
Daisy: Can you give an example?
黛西：能举个例子吗？
Mike: Well, Thomas Jefferson and Lincoln.
麦克：嗯，托马斯·杰弗逊和林肯。
Daisy: They are all Great leaders.
黛西：他们都是伟大的领导人。
Mike: Yes, they are very important in American history.
麦克：是的，他们在美国的历史上起了重要的作用。
Daisy: And Washington and Jefferson are the found fathers of this country.
黛西：华盛顿和杰弗逊是这个国家的创始人。
Mike: Did Washington write the announcement of independence?
麦克：是华盛顿写了独立宣言吗？
Daisy: No, Jefferson did.
黛西：不，是杰弗逊写的。
Mike: Washington is the one who united the country.
麦克：华盛顿统一了美国。
Daisy: It is very admirable of him to give up the power.
黛西：他主动让出权力非常令人敬佩。
Mike: He is a good example.
麦克：他起到了很好的示范作用。
Daisy: Indeed.
黛西：确实是。Napoléon Bonaparte 拿破仑·波拿巴
拿破仑是一位伟大的军事家，200多年来拿破仑一直是个热门话题，其传奇的一生在多数人心目中是一场辉煌的悲剧。
Part1 About Napoléon 关于拿破仑
Napoléon Bonaparte was a military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoléon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815.
Napoléon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Italian ancestry and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. Bonaparte rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup détat and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoléon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoléonic Wars—involving every major European power. After a streak of victories, France secured a dominant position in continental Europe, and Napoléon maintained the French sphere of influence through the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other European countries as French client states. Napoléon’s campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
The French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoléon’s fortunes. His Grande Armée was badly damaged in the campaign and never fully recovered. In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig; the following year the Coalition invaded France, forced Napoléon to abdicate and exiled him to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he escaped Elba and returned to power, but was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoléon spent the last six years of his life in confinement by the British on the island of Saint Helena. An autopsy concluded he died of stomach cancer, though Sten Forshufvud and other scientists have since conjectured he was poisoned with arsenic.
拿破仑有句脍炙人口的名言：不想当将军的士兵，不是好士兵。这是他亲口说的或是用笔写下来的。但我估计他心里还有没说的另外一句：不想当皇帝的将军，不是好将军！
和几乎所有伟人一样，拿破仑不说从小就有当皇帝的大志，但是好斗的性格则是从娘胎里出来就有的——好斗是成为一个伟人的必要条件。伟人和凡人的区别就是：伟人制定游戏规则，凡人遵守游戏规则。而只有具备了好斗的性格，才有可能会不屈从于原来的规则，并且试着去改善、改变甚至完全打破一切约束去制定规则的眼光、勇气以及能力。这些对于成为一个伟人来说是缺一不可的。很幸运，拿破仑就是这样的人物，至少他有成为一个伟人的天赋。
Part2 Key words ＆ Sentences 关键词句全知道
Napoléon reunited the country.
拿破仑重建了国家。
Napoléon’s militaristic ambition was finally to his downfall.
拿破仑的军国主义野心最终还是失败了。
Napoléon had no superior as a general.
作为一个将军没人比拿破仑更优越。
Napoléon’s fleet was annihilated by Nelson.
拿破仑的舰队为纳尔逊所消灭。
Napoléon’s exile to Elba was brief.
拿破仑被放逐到厄尔巴岛的时间很短。
Napoléon is the ruler of France.
拿破仑是法国的统治者。
Even in places with a Napoléonic code, lawyers abound.
即便是拿破仑法典的国家也盛产律师。
Napoléon’s commanders insisted that he should give up the throne.
拿破仑的司令官们也坚决主张他放弃帝位。
Our teacher outlined Napoléon’s Russian Campaign in class.
我们老师在课堂上概述拿破仑的征俄战役。
Napoléon’s attempt to alter that balance was characteristically bold and risky.
拿破仑改变均势的企图非常大胆，也十分冒险。
Napoléon had great prestige in the army, and his men idolized him.
拿破仑在军队里颇有威信，他的士兵非常崇拜他。
It was so long ago. Napoléon hadn’t even invaded us then!
那是很久以前的事了。那时拿破仑还没有侵略我们！
Napoléon divorced his French wife in order to marry an Austrian princess.
为了娶一位奥地利公主，拿破仑和他的法国妻子离了婚。
The Institute had the academician, Napoléon Bonaparte, stricken from its list of members.
法兰西学院任人把院士拿破仑·波拿巴从它的名册上除名。
The laws of France were codified from 1804 to 1810 by order of Napoléon I.
法国法典系受拿破仑一世之命自1804至1810年编成。
Napoléon probably died of stomach cancer.
拿破仑可能死于胃癌。
Napoléon was astonished.
拿破仑感到很惊讶。
“Either you are mad, or I am.” Napoléon declared.
拿破仑断言道：“不是你疯了，就是我疯了”。
In the annals of history, Steve Jobs appeared to have one-upped Napoléon.
在历史纪录上，斯蒂夫·乔布斯看起来似乎已经胜过了拿破仑。
When he viewed a military problem he would ponder how Napoléon or Caesar would have dealt with it.
审视军事问题，韦维尔会思索拿破仑或恺撒犹在，将会如何应对。
Napoléon’s political life ended at Waterloo, but the decisive turning point was his defeat at Moscow.
拿破仑的政治生命，终结于滑铁卢，而其决定点，则是在莫斯科的失败。
History tells us how Russia made a courageous retreat to avoid a decisive engagement and then defeated Napoléon, the terror of his age.
历史上，俄国以避免决战，执行了勇敢的退却，战胜了威震一时的拿破仑。
Napoléon’s intention was not to occupy Russia or overthrow Alexander by stirring a domestic revolt against him.
拿破仑侵略的目的不是占领俄国而是通过掀起国内叛乱推翻亚历山大的统治。
Napoléon dismissed Britain as a nation of shopkeepers, but its emerging might as a trading power helped fight him off.
拿破仑鄙视英国是店主之国，但或许正是因为其作为一个贸易国家的新兴威力帮助打败了他。
Napoléon returned from the island of Elba.
拿破仑从厄尔巴岛回来了。
Napoléon’s campaigns saw such voracious plundering that his fors eventually forced France to give much of it back.
在拿破仑时代的战争中，法国士兵进行了大量贪婪掠夺，后来其敌国迫使法国归还了其中大部分东西。
That’s a memoir of Napoléon.
那是拿破仑的回忆录。
Part3 Let’s Talk！ 开始交流吧！
Mike: Do you know the story of Napoléon?
麦克：你知道拿破仑的故事吗?
Daisy: I only know that he is a great militarist in France.
黛西：我只知道他是法国历史上伟大的军事家。
Mike: He has won countless wars.
麦克：他赢过了无数场战争。
Daisy: He is an ambitious man.
黛西：他是个很有野心的人。
Mike: You need to have ambition to be exceptional.
麦克：你必须要有野心才能变得卓越。
Daisy: Just as Napoléon said the soldiers who do not want to be generals are not good soldiers.
黛西：正如拿破仑所说的不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。
Mike: But he failed in his last battle.
麦克：但他在最后一场战役中失败了。
Daisy: Yes, it’s a pity.
黛西：是的，的确很遗憾。
Mike: But he left many valuable legacies, such as the law.
麦克：但他留下了很多宝贵的财富，比如说法典。
Daisy: He will always be remembered.
黛西：他会永远被人们记住的。
Mike: I want to buy an Autobiography of Napoléon to know more about him.
麦克：我想买一本《拿破仑传》来更好地了解他。
Daisy: Let’s drop by the book store later.
黛西：我们一会儿去一下书店吧。Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗·克伦威尔
三百多年前，在资本主义生产方式发展典型的英国，发生了揭开近代史时期的资产阶级革命。这次革命沉重地打击了英国的封建专制制度，为英国资本主义的发展扫清了道路，并且沉重打击了整个封建体系。正是在这个时期，奥利弗·克伦威尔成了这次革命的领导者。这场革命的全部特色反映在他的身上，他成了这次革命的政治焦点，成了这个时代的一面镜子。
Part1 About Cromwell 关于克伦威尔
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader best known in England for his overthrow of the monarchy and temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth and for his rule as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Cromwell was born into the ranks of the middle gentry, and remained relatively obscure for the first 40 years of his life. His lifestyle resembled that of a yeoman farmer until he received an inheritance from his uncle. After undergoing a religious conversion during the same decade, Cromwell made an independent style of puritanism an essential part of his life. As a ruler he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy and did as much as any English leader to shape the future of the land he governed. But his Commonwealth collapsed after his death and the royal family was restored in 1660. An intensely religious man—a self-styled Puritan Moses—he fervently believed God was guiding his victories. He was never identified with any one sect or position, however, and strongly favoured religious tolerance for all the various Protestant groups.
He was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge in the Short(1640) and Long (1640–1649) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil War on the side of the “Roundheads” or Parliamentarians and became a key military leader. Nicknamed “Old Ironsides”, he was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to command of the entire army. In 1649 he was one of the signatories of Charles I’s death warrant and was a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–1653), which selected him to take command of the English campaign in Ireland during 1649–1650. He led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651. On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament, before being made Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland on 16 December 1653. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. After the Royalists returned to power, they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.
奥利弗·克伦威尔是英国政治家、军事家、宗教领袖。17世纪英国资产阶级革命中，资产阶级――新贵族集团的代表人物、独立派的首领。
我们应该怎样估价克伦威尔对历史的总的影响呢？当然他的重要作用就在于他是一位杰出的军事将领，在英国内战中打败了保皇党军队。其实在克伦威尔初露锋芒之前的战争的初期，议会军在一定程度上遭到了失败，看来要是没有他，这支军队完全有可能不会取得最后的胜利。克伦威尔胜利的结果使民主政体在英国得到了持续和巩固。人们不应该把这看做是无论如何都会发生的事件。在17世纪，欧洲大部地区都正在朝着更强大的君主专制主义的方向发展；民主政体在英国的胜利是逆总的历史趋势而出现的事件，在随后的年月里，英国民主政体的榜样对法国启蒙运动、法国革命和最终在西欧建立民主政体都是一个重要因素。还有显而易见的是，民主势力在英国的胜利对于在美国以及英国先前的殖民地如加拿大和澳大利亚建立民主政体都起到至关重要的作用。虽然英国在世界上只是个弹丸之地，但是民主政体却从英国涌向世界的其他某些范围不小的地区。
Part2 Key words ＆ Sentences 关键词句全知道
After a while Cromwell’s stern countenance relaxed into a smile.
过了一会儿，克伦威尔紧绷的脸露出笑容。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]