作者：圣才电子书
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余志远《英国国家概况》（2005年版）笔记和课后习题详解试读：
第一部分 大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国
第1章 土地和人民
1.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
Ⅱ.Geographical Features
1.England
2.Scotland
3.Wales
4. Northern Ireland
Ⅲ.Rivers and Lakes
Ⅳ.Climate
1. A maritime type of climate
2. Factors which influence the climate in Britain
3.Rainfall
4. Natural calamities
Ⅴ.The People
1.The English
2.The Welsh
3.The Scots
4.The Irish
5.Immigrants
Ⅰ. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
1. The British Isles are made up of Great Britain, Ireland and hundreds of small ones. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
3. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.
Ⅰ．英国的不同称谓和它的组成
1．不列颠群岛由大不列颠，爱尔兰和数百个小岛组成。英国的官方名称为大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国。
2．大不列颠群岛有三个行政区域：英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士。
3．英联邦是由独立国家组成的自由联盟，那些国家曾是英国的殖民地。
Ⅱ.Geographical Features
Britain is an island country. It is surrounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
Ⅱ．地理特征
英国是一个岛屿国家，四周环海。它位于北大西洋的欧洲北部沿海地区。英国因南部的英吉利海峡和东部的北海而与欧洲其他地区相隔。
1.England
England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Pennines, a range of hills running from North Midlands to the Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.
1．英格兰
英格兰位于英国的南部，面积最大。西部是威尔士，北部是苏格兰。奔宁山脉从北部低地绵延至苏格兰边境，是主要的山脉。
2.Scotland
There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.
2．苏格兰
苏格兰有三大自然区域：北部的高原地区，中部的低地和南部的高地。
3.Wales
Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Most of Wales is mountainous. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.
3．威尔士
威尔士位于英国的西部，境内大部分地区多山。威尔士的首府是加迪夫。
4.Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is a fourth region of the United Kingdom. It has a rocky and wild northern coastline. Belfast is the capital.
4．北爱尔兰
北爱尔兰是英国的第四个区域。北部海岸线荒凉且多岩石。贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首府。
Ⅲ.Rivers and Lakes
1. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. The second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River.
2. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
3. There are many lakes in Britain, the Lake District in north-west England and North Wales. However, the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland.
Ⅲ．河流和湖泊
1．英国最长的河流是赛汶河。第二长河和最重要的河流是泰晤士河。
2．克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
3．英国有很多湖泊，湖区位于英格兰的西北部和北威尔士。然而，英国最大的湖泊是北爱尔兰的内伊湖。
Ⅳ.Climate
1. A maritime type of climate
It has a favorable maritime climate—winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.
Ⅳ．气候
1．海洋性气候
英国有一个宜人的海洋性气候，冬天温和，不太冷；夏天凉爽，不太热。全年降水稳定。
2. Factors which influence the climate in Britain
①The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer.
②The prevailing south-west winds blow over the country all the year round.
③The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
2．影响英国气候的因素
①周围的海域平衡了季节的变化，冬天加热，夏天降温。
②西南部的盛行风一年四季都吹向英国。
③北大西洋暖流经过不列颠群岛的西部沿海地区，带来温暖。
3.Rainfall
Britain has a steady reliable rain throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm.
3．降水
英国全年降水稳定。每年的平均降水超过1000毫米。
4.Natural calamities
Sometimes there are several months of drought, and at other times too much rain causes flooding. Fog, frost and severe gales are not uncommon.
4．自然灾害
有时会有几个月的旱灾，有时过量降雨会导致洪灾。雾，霜和强风也是很常见的。
Ⅴ.The People
Britain has a population of 57,411,000 (1990). 90 % of the population is urban and only 10 % is rural.
Ⅴ．人民
英国的人口有五千七百四十一万一千（1990年）。90%的人口居住在城市，仅10%居住在农村。
1.The English
The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. Regional speech is usually “broader” in northern England than that of southern England.
1．英国人
英国人的祖先是盎格鲁-撒克逊人，但是苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰人的祖先是凯尔特人。英格兰北部的地区方言比南部要更明显。
2.The Welsh
The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons who escaped from the invading Angles and Saxons.
2．威尔士人
威尔士人的祖先是古代的不列颠人，早期为躲避入侵的盎格鲁-撒克逊人而逃到了这里。
3.The Scots
Some Germanic Angles settled in the Scottish lowlands and in the borderlands between Scotland and England.
3．苏格兰人
一些日耳曼的盎格鲁人定居在苏格兰低地和苏格兰与英格兰之间的边境之地。
4.The Irish
Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland. Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.
4．爱尔兰人
数百年前，苏格兰和英格兰的新教徒被送往北爱尔兰定居。自此之后，新教徒和罗马天主教徒之间的斗争不断。
5.Immigrants
About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War Ⅱ. They are mainly from the West Indies, India and Pakistan.
5．移民
二战之后，大约有三百万人来到英国居住和工作。他们主要来自西印度群岛，印度和巴基斯坦。
1.2 课后习题详解
1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?
Key: The British Isles are made up of Great Britain, Ireland and hundreds of small ones. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too long to say, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.
2. Describe the geographical position of Britain.
Key: Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
3. Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?
Key: In Scotland, there are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central lowlands and the southern Uplands.
4. Does Britain have a favorable climate? Why?
Key: Yes. Its favorable climate is influenced mainly by three factors. First, the surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. Second, the prevailing south-west winds blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter. Thirdly, the North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
5. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?
Key: There are several factors influencing the climate in Britain. First, Britain is an island country which lies between latitude 50°N to 60°N. Second, the surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. Third, the prevailing south-west winds blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter. Fourth, the North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
In the west of the country, there is as much as 1,250mm to 2,000mm of rainfall and in some areas in the north-west it is over 2,000 mm. While in a small area in the south-eastern corner of the country there is less than 750 mm rainfall.
6. Describe the distribution of Britain’s population.
Key: The population is very unevenly distributed. 90 % of the population is urban and only 10 % is rural. There are some quite large tracts of barren country, especially in Northern Scotland, which are almost uninhabited.
7. What are the three natural zones in Scotland?
Key: There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands. The Highlands are a wild, rocky, mountainous plateau. The Lowlands in the centre comprise mostly the Forth and Clyde valleys, coal and iron fields and dairy pasture. The southern Uplands are cut by small fertile river valleys.
8. What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?
Key: The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons who escaped from the invading Angles and Saxons. Some Germanic Angles settled in the Scottish lowlands and in the borderlands between Scotland and England, but they never invaded the Highlands. Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.
9. What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?
Key: Regional speech is usually “broader” in northern England than that of southern England. A noticeable change in pronunciation is the way they pronounce words like “love” “bus” “mother” and “much”.
①Welsh was given equality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965. So many school children have to learn Welsh and most public signs are in Welsh as well as in English. ②Welsh is quite different from English and Welsh names are different, too. ③Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. ④On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.
10. What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?
Key: Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland. Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.
第2章 国家的起源
2.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)
1.The Iberians
2. The Beaker Folk
3.The Celts
Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)
Ⅲ.The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)
Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish Invasions
Ⅴ.The Norman Conquest (1066)
Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)
1.The Iberians
The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, the Iberians came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula.
2.The Beaker Folk
At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.
3.The Celts
The Celts began to arrive about 700 BC. They came to Britain in three main waves.
Ⅰ．早期的定居者(5000 BC—55 BC)
1．伊比利亚人
英国最早的定居者是伊比利亚人。大约公元前3000年，新石器时期，来自伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚人来到了英国。
2．宽口陶器人
大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人来到现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区。
3．凯尔特人
公元前700年，凯尔特人来到英国。他们分三批来到这里。
Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)
1. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.
2. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.
3. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
Ⅱ．罗马统治时期(55 BC—AD 410)
1．尤里乌斯·凯撒，罗马将领，在公元前55年入侵英国。近400年，英国处于罗马控制之下。
2．罗马人也带来了新的宗教——基督教。
3．罗马人对英国平民的语言和文化没有影响。
Ⅲ.The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)
1. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another.
2. Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people, they laid the foundations of the English state.
Ⅲ．盎格鲁-撒克逊(446—871)
1． 5世纪中期，新的入侵者朱特人，撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到英国。盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间一直战事不断。
2．尽管盎格鲁-撒克逊人残忍凶猛，他们为英国的发展奠定了基础。
Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish Invasions
1. The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked England from the end of the 8th century.
2. Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea.
Ⅳ．北欧海盗和丹麦入侵
1． 8世纪末，来自挪威的北欧海盗和丹麦人入侵英国。
2．阿尔弗雷德被称为“英国海军之父”，因为他建立了强大的舰队，并第一次在海上打败了丹麦人。
Ⅴ.The Norman Conquest (1066)
1. King Edward (1042—1066) was known because of his piety as “the Confessor”.
2. On Christmas Day, 1066, William the conqueror was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
3. William replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
Ⅴ．诺曼征服(1066)
1．爱德华国王(1042-1066)由于他的“忏悔者”身份而被人熟知。
2． 1066年的圣诞节，威廉征服者在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕称帝。
3．威廉强大的诺曼政府代替了软弱的撒克逊统治。封建制度在英国彻底建立。
2.2 课后习题详解
1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain?
Key: ①Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. ②The Romans built a network of towns, mostly walled, many on the sites of Celtic settlements or their own military camps. ③The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. ④The Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited.
2. Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?
Key: ①Some parts of the country resisted. ②The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. ③Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. ④The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
3. Who were the Anglo-Saxons and how did the Heptarchy come into being?
Key: In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
Jutish chief Hengist became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons from northern Germany, established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, settled in East Anglia, Mercia These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Angtia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
4. How were the early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity?
Key: In 597, Pope Gregory Ⅰ sent St. Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. Ethelbert, King of Kent, soon became a Christian himself. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
5. What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English State?
Key: ①They divided the country into shires, with shire courts and sheriffs. ②They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system. ③They also established the manorial system. ④They created the Witan, which was the basis of the Privy Council.
6. Who were the Vikings and how did they invade Britain?
Key: The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. Alfred, King of Wessex defeated the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.
7. What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”?
Key: Alfred, King of Wessex (871—899), was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.
①Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea. ②He also reorganized the fyrd, making it more efficient. ③Alfred taught himself Latin at the age of 40 and translated into English Bede’s History of the English People. ④He established schools and formulated legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.
8. Why did William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?
Key: When Edward died, the Witan chose Harold as king. King Harold was in the south to resist the attack from Normandy and won a victory. Then Harold brought his exhausted troops back to the Sussex Downs. On October 14, 1066 the two armies clashed near Hastings. Harold’s men had no experience of fighting against William’s cavalry, the finest fighting horsemen in Europe. Towards the end of the day Harold was killed, and William won.
9. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?
Key: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. ①William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. ②He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. ③Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. ④Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced.
10. Why do we say that the English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins?
Key: There are many invasions in English history. Each invasion had a certain influence on England. For example, during the roman invasion, the Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. Under Norman Conquest, Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. Thus the English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins.
第3章 国家的形成
3.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ.Norman Rule (1066—1381)
1. William’s Rule (1066—1087)
2. Henry Ⅱ’s Reforms
Ⅱ. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament
1. The Great Charter (1215)
2. The Beginning of Parliament
Ⅲ. The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337—1453)
Ⅳ. The Black Death (1348—1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)
Ⅰ.Norman Rule (1066—1381)
1.William’s Rule (1066—1087)
Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.
①The King owned all the land personally.
②William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.
③William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book.
④William kept the church completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.
Ⅰ．诺曼统治(1066—1381)
1．威廉的统治(1066—1087)
在威廉的统治下，英国的封建制度完全建立了。
①国王私人拥有全部土地。
②威廉用他的封建领主组成的议会代替了贤人会。
③威廉派文书编纂了一份财产记录——《末日审判书》。
④威廉完全控制了教堂，但同时又赋予它一些权力。
2.Henry Ⅱ’s Reforms
Henry Ⅱ was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. Henry Ⅱ took some measures to bring the disorders of King Stephen’s reign to an end.
①He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs.
②Henry Ⅱ abolished the annual land tax.
③Henry Ⅱ greatly strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work.
④In Henry Ⅱ’s reign, a common law and private law were gradually established.
2．亨利二世的改革
亨利二世是金雀花王朝的第一位国王。他采取了一系列措施结束了斯蒂芬国王的混乱统治。
①亨利二世迫使佛兰德雇佣兵离开英格兰，加强并拓宽了州长的权力。
②亨利二世废除了每年一度的土地税。
③亨利二世极大地加强了国王的法庭，扩展了它的司法工作。
④亨利二世期间，普通法和司法逐渐建立起来。
Ⅱ. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament
1.The Great Charter (1215)
King John was forced to put his seal to the Charter on June 19, 1215. Magna Carta was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king.
Ⅱ．大宪章和议会的开始
1．大宪章(1215)
1215年，6月19号，约翰国王被迫同意《大宪章》。《大宪章》是一个封建性质的文件，规定了国王和王爵之间的法律关系。《大宪章》旨在限制国王的权力。
2. The Beginning of Parliament
Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two burgesses (citizens) from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament.
2．议会的开始
西蒙·德·蒙特福特于1265年在威斯敏斯特召开议会，每个郡有2名骑士，每个镇有2名市民参加。这次会议被称为最早的议会。议会之后发展为了上议院和下议院。
Ⅲ. The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337—1453)
1. It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.
2. England and France both won and lost in the war. By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.
Ⅲ．英法百年战争 (1337—1453)
1．它指的是1337年到1453年，英国与法国之间不间断的战争。战争既有领土争端的原因，又有经济原因。
2．百年战争期间，英国和法国各有输赢。1453年，法国只有加来仍然处于英国的统治之下。
Ⅳ. The Black Death (1348—1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)
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