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山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）历年考研真题详解试读：
2015年山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）考研真题及详解
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (20 points)
The name “United Nations” was probably devised by U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the first group of representatives of the member states met and signed a declaration of (1) _____ purpose on New Year’s Day in 1942. Representatives of five (2) _____ worked together to draw (3) _____ proposals, completed at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. These proposals, modified after (4) _____ at the conference on International Organization in San Francisco which began in April 1945, were finally (5) _____ and signed as the U. N. Charter by 50 countries on 26 June, 1945. Poland, not (6) _____ at the conference, signed the Charter later and was added to the list of (7) _____ members. It was not until that autumn, (8) _____, after the Charter had been (9) _____ approved and signed by China, France, the U. S. S. R, the U. K. and the U. S. and by a majority of the other participants that the U. N. came (10) _____ existence. The date was 24 October, now (11) _____ celebrated as United Nations Day.
The essential (12) _____ of the U. N. are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate internationally in solving international (13) _____, social, cultural and human problems, (14) _____ respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to be a centre for coordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common (15) _____.
No country takes precedence over another in the U. N. Each member’s rights and obligations are the same. All must contribute to the (16) _____ settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain (17) _____ the threat or use of force against other states. Though the U.N. has no right to intervene in any state’s internal affairs, it tries to ensure that non-member states act (18) _____ its principles of international peace and security. U.N. members must offer every assistance (19) _____ an approved U.N. action and (20) _____ assist states against which the U.N. is taking preventive or enforcement action.
1. A. ordinary
B. usual
C. common
D. average
2. A. lands
B. powers
C. armies
D. delegates
3. A. up
B. out
C. down
D. on
4. A. debate
B. quarrel
C. dispute
D. talk
5. A. admitted to
B. decided on
C. permitted of
D. agreed on
6. A. representing
B. represented
C. represent
D. to represent
7. A. former
B. original
C. initial
D. formal
8. A. therefore
B. otherwise
C. however
D. nevertheless
9. A. really
B. publicly
C. officially
D. actually
10. A. to
B. about
C. out
D. into
11. A. universally
B. totally
C. wholly
D. worldly
12. A. duties
B. concerns
C. affects
D. functions
13. A. economical
B. economic
C. economy
D. economics
14. A. creating
B. developing
C. promoting
D. making
15. A. ends
B. means
C. targets
D. conclusions
16. A. peacefully
B. peaceable
C. peace
D. peaceful
17. A. from
B. over
C. against
D. out of
18. A. in response to
B. in connection with
C. in reference to
D. in accordance with
19. A. for
B. in
C. with
D. to
20. A. in no way
B. in every way
C. in some way
D. in a way【答案与解析】
1. C 句意：1942年新年，首批成员国代表聚会并签署一项联合宣言。common表示“共同的”，在这里指共同的目标，符合题意，故C项正确。ordinary普通的，平凡的。usual通常的，惯例的。average平均的；普通的。
2. B 句意：1944年五大强国的代表一起草拟提案。在这里power指“大国，强国；政权”，符合题意，故B项正确。land国土。army军队。delegate代表。
3. A 此处考查固定搭配。draw up表示“草拟，起草”，后可接proposal（提案，提议），符合题意，故A项正确。draw out画出。draw down拉下（窗帘等）。draw on使用；招致；临近。
4. A 句意：1945年4月开始的旧金山国际会议讨论了提案后，对其进行了修订。debate讨论，辩论。符合句意，因此A项正确。quarrel争吵。dispute争论。talk谈话。
5. D 句意：他们……在提案上最终达成一致，并签订为联合国宪章。agree on“达成一致”，符合题意，故D项正确。be admitted to被许可进入。decide on决定，选定。be permitted of被允许。
6. B 句意：波兰虽当时没有派代表出席会议但在之后也签署了联合国宪章。represented表示“出席，参加”，含被动意义，符合句意，故B项正确。此处为过去分词做后置定语。
7. B 句意：波兰也成为了联合国创始成员国之一。original有“最早的，原始的；原版的”之意，强调从最初就一直存在，符合题意，故B项正确。former前任的。initial也表示“开始的，最初的”，强调处于事物的起始阶段。formal正式的。
8. C 句意：但直到1945年的秋天，在中国、法国、苏联、英国和美国五大国以及其他众多成员国，正式批准和签署联合国宪章之后，联合国才真正成立。由句意可知，本句与前文意思构成转折，强调联合国成立的艰难，however表示转折，符合语境，故C项正确。
9. C officially“正式地；官方地”，符合题意，故C项正确。really真正地。publicly公开地，公然地。actually实际上，事实上。
10. D 句意：此处为固定搭配。come into existence诞生，成立。因此D项正确。
11. A 句意：那天是10月24日，现在全世界将其当作联合国日庆祝。universally普遍地；全世界地。符合句意，故A项正确。totally完全地，全部地。wholly整体地。worldly世上的，世俗的。
12. A 句意：联合国的主要职责是维持国际和平与安全，发展国家间友好关系，在解决国际经济、社会、文化问题和促进尊重人权及基本自由的人类问题方面进行国际性合作，并且为达到这些共同目标而成为协调各国行动的中心。duty表示“职责；义务”，指“按道德、法律、社会习惯或良心应尽的本分、义务和责任”，着重“自觉”，符合句意，因此A项正确。function表示“功能，作用；职责，职业”，通常指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。concern关心；涉及。affect感情，情感。
13. B economic“（有关）经济的，经济上的”后接problem，表示“经济问题”，符合题意，故B项正确。economical节俭的；节约的。economy经济；节约；理财。economics经济学。
14. C 句意：促进尊重人权及基本自由。从后面接respect（尊重）可知promoting（促进）符合题意。故C项正确。create创造。develop发展。make制作。
15. C target表示“目标，目的”，常用于正式场合，符合语境，故C项正确。end表示“目的；结尾”，常用于非正式场合。means手段；方法。conclusion结论；总结。
16. D 句意：所有成员国必须为国际争端的和平解决做出贡献。由名词settlement可知空格处应填形容词，peaceful表示“和平的”，符合句意，故D项正确。peacefully和平地。peaceable温和的，平静的。peace和平。
17. A 句意：所有成员国都保证不对其他国家进行武力威胁或使用武力。restrain from为固定搭配，表示“抑制；制止；阻止……去……”。
18. D 句意：虽然联合国无权干涉任何一个国家的内部事务，但它却力图确保非成员国也要遵照其国际和平与安全原则行事。in accordance with表示“依照；与……一致”，符合题意，故D项正确。in response to响应；回答；对……有反应。in connection with与……有关；与……相连。in reference to关于。
19. B 句意：联合国各成员必须尽力协助联合国批准的行动，并且决不帮助联合国对之采取预防性行动或强制行动的国家。本句中offer assistance in…表示在某事中提供帮助。
20. A 联系语境，只有in no way（决不）符合题意。故A项正确。in every way以各种方式。in some way有几分，有点。in a way在某种意义上。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.“High tech” and “state of the art” are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system of device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering.
What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.
High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980’s. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, etc.“State of the art” is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is “state of the art” is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.“State of the art” is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years to describe the best and most modern way of doing something.
Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970’s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art”.
Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. The expression “state of the art” became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “state of the art”.
21. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To tell how “high tech” and “state of the art” have developed.
B. To give examples of high tech.
C. To tell what “high tech” and “state of the art” are.
D. To describe very modern technology.
22. What can we infer from the passage?
A. American stores could provide new kinds of products to the people.
B. High tech describes a technology that is not traditional.
C. “State of the art” is not as popular as “high tech”.
D. A wooden plough pulled by oxen is “state of the art”.
23. All the following examples are high tech EXCEFT _____.
A. a microwave oven
B. a home computer
C. a hand pump
D. a satellite
24. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Since the computer revolution, the expression “state of the art” has become popular.
B. “State of the art” means something that is the best one can buy.
C. With the rapid development of computer technology, a state of the art computer may easily become out of date.
D. All kinds of products are “state of the art” nowadays.
25. The best title for the passage is _____.
A. Computer Technology
B. High Tech and State of the Art
C. Most Advanced Technology
D. Two New Expressions【答案与解析】
21. C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了“high-tech”和“state of the art”两个表达的含义。故C项正确。
22. B 细节推理题。文章第一段第三句提到，高技术描述的是使用最新科学与工程理念或发现的任何发明和装备系统，因此“高技术”通常描述最新技术成果，而非传统技术，故B项正确。文章第三段第二句提到“Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores…”，因此A选项可以直接从文中找到，并不需要推断得出。C项文中没有提及。“state of the art”指的是最新现代技术，因此D项错误。
23. C 细节理解题。文章第二段提到“A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech”，由此可知，C项“手压水泵”不是高技术，故C项为正确答案。
24. D 细节理解题。倒数第二段第一、二两句提到，由于计算机革命，数百万美国人开始使用“state of the art”这一表达，故A项正确。由倒数第四段最后一句可知，B项正确。由文章最后一段可知，C项正确。文章最后一句提到，现在所有的产品据说都很“高端”，由此可知，作者并不认为现在所有的产品都很“高端”。故D项描述错误，因此选D。
25. B 主旨大意题。联系全文意思可知，本文主要讲述“高技术”和“高端”，因此B项正确。
Text 2
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
A proven method for effective textbook reading is the SQ3R method developed by Francis Robinson. The first step is to survey (the S step) the chapter by reading the title, introduction, section headings, summary and by studying any graphs, tables, illustrations or charts. The purpose of this step is to get an overview of the chapter so that you will know before you read what it will be about. In the second step (the Q step), for each section you ask yourself questions such as “What do I already know about this topic?” and “What do I want to know?” In this step you also take the section heading and turn it into a question. This step gives you a purpose for reading the section. The third step (the first of the 3 R’s) is to read to find the answer to your questions. Then at the end of each section, before going on to the next section, you recite (the second of the 3 R’s) the answers to the questions that you formed in the question step. When you recite you should say the information you want to learn out loud in your own words. The fifth step is done after you have completed steps 2, 3 and 4 for each section. You review (the last of the 3 R’s) the entire chapter. The review is done much as the survey was in the first step. As you review, hold a mental conversation with yourself as you recite the information you selected as important to learn. The mental conversation could take the form of asking and answering the questions formed from the headings or reading the summary, which lists the main ideas in the chapter, and trying to fill in the details for each main idea.
26. The passage implies that the SQ3R method _____.
A. needs to be proven
B. leaves much to be desired
C. turns out to be practicable
D. cannot be used by every reader
27. The SQ3R method consists of _____ steps.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. seven
28. According to the passage, the first step helps the readers _____.
A. read first several paragraphs
B. scan the whole chapter
C. study the graphs
D. get the theme of the chapter
29. Which of the following is the fourth step?
A. To question yourself.
B. To read for information.
C. To utter your answers.
D. To draw a conclusion.
30. Which of the following statements is true?
A. In the last step, you should remember all the information.
B. When you finish the last step, you will get both the main idea and the details.
C. The mental conversation involves answering the questions asked by the author.
D. While you are holding a mental conversation you select the important information.【答案与解析】
26. C 细节推理题。从文章第一句“A proven method for effective textbook reading is the SQ3R method developed by Francis Robinson”中的“proven”和“effective”可知，SQ3R已被证明是一套能有效提高阅读能力的方法，因而C正确。
27. C 细节理解题。文章后半部分提到“The fifth step is done after you have completed steps 2, 3 and 4 for each section”，由此可知，SQ3R共包含五步。故C项正确。
28. D 细节理解题。通过文章第三句“The purpose of this step is to get an overview of the chapter so that you will know before you read what it will be about”可知，第一步的目标是概览全篇，以便在实际阅读前对即将阅读的内容有大致了解，故D正确。
29. C 细节推断题。首先判断第四步是“recite（背诵）”，再通过“When you recite you should say the information you want to learn out loud in your own words”可知，背诵就是用自己的话语将想要学的内容大声说出来，故C项正确。
30. D 细节理解题。文章倒数第二句提到“As you review...you recite the information you selected as important to learn”，由此可知，在进行最后一步时，并不需要记住所有内容，故A项错误，D项与该内容相符，正确，因此本题选D。通读阅读这五个步骤可知，完成第二步就可了解文章的大意和细节，故B项错误。由倒数第二句中的“hold a mental conversation with yourself”可知，mental conversation指的是读者与自己的对话，故C项错误。
Text 3
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Though it is mere 1 to 3 percent of the population, the upper class possesses at least 25 percent of the nation’s wealth. This class has two segments: upper-upper and lower-upper. Basically, the upper-upper class is the “old rich”—families that have been wealthy for several generations—an aristocracy of birth and wealth. Their names are in the Social Register, a listing of acceptable members of high society. A few are known across the nation, such as the Rockefellers, Roosevelts, and Vanderbilts. Most are not visible to the general public. They live in grand seclusion, drawing their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. In contrast, the lower-upper class is the “new rich”. Although they may be wealthier than some of the old rich, the new rich have hustled to make their money like everybody else beneath their class. Thus their prestige is generally lower than that of the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who tend to look down upon the new rich.
However its wealth is acquired, the upper class is very, very rich. They have enough money and leisure time to cultivate an interest in the arts and to collect rare books, painting, and sculpture. They generally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social clubs, communicate with each other, and marry their own kind—all of which keeps them so distant from the masses that they have been called the out-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be conscious of being members of a class. They also command an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad, as they hold many top government positions, run the Council on Foreign Relations, and control multinational corporations. Their actions affect the lives of millions.
31. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that _____.
A. the upper-upper class is of aristocratic origin
B. the “old rich” enjoy higher prestige than the “new rich”
C. the “old rich” isolate themselves and lead a lonely life
D. the upper class owns at least a quarter of the country’s wealth
32. The “old rich” get richer _____.
A. through the Social Register
B. through their reputation
C. by investing their inherited wealth
D. by collecting paintings and sculptures
33. The reason why the “old rich” look down upon the “new rich” is that _____.
A. the former are wealthier than the latter
B. the latter sweat themselves to make money
C. the “new rich” have no interest in arts
D. the “old rich” are conscious of being members of the upper class
34. The upper class is also called the out-of-sight class because _____.
A. they keep away from the general public
B. they spend most of their time abroad
C. they don’t communicate with any people
D. they move frequently from place to place
35. We can learn from the passage that _____.
A. the upper class is powerful and influential
B. the upper class collects rare books to make money
C. the upper class holds all top government positions
D. the “old rich” makes much more money than the “new rich”【答案与解析】
31. C 细节理解题。通过文章第二段第三句可知上层阶级人士独居一处，有专门的社交俱乐部，彼此交往，与同阶层人士结婚——所有这些使他们远离大众，因而他们被称为“隐士”阶层。这里强调他们远离大众，只和同阶层的人来往，并非指他们真正与世隔绝过着孤独的日子。因而C项错误，故选C项。
32. C 细节理解题。通过第一段中“They live in grand seclusion, drawing their income from the investment of their inherited wealth”可知，他们是靠投资世袭财产，从而获取收益。故选C项。
33. B 细节理解题。通过第一段最后两句可知，由于“新富”需要自己努力赚钱，因此也不如“旧富”有威望。因此“旧富”瞧不起“新富”。故B项正确。
34. A 细节理解题。通过第二段中“all of which keeps them so distant from the masses that they have been called the out-of-sight class”可知，富人远离大众，所以被称为“看不见的阶层”，因此A项正确。
35. A 细节理解题。从文章倒数第二句“They also command an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad”可知，上层阶级影响力很大，因此A项正确，故本题选A。由第二段第一句可知，上层阶级收集罕见的书是为了培养兴趣，因此B项错误。C项过于绝对，应予以排除。由第一段倒数第二句中“Although they may be wealthier than some of the old rich”可知，“新贵”可能比“旧贵”更加富有，故D项错误。
Text 4
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
What, besides children, connects mothers around the world and across the seas of time? It’s chicken soup, one prominent American food expert says.
From Russian villages to Africa and Asia, chicken soup has been the remedy for those weak in body and spirit. Mothers passed their knowledge on to ancient writers of Greece, China and Rome, and even the 12th century philosopher and physician Moses Mainmides extolled (赞美) its virtues.
Among the ancients, Aristotle thought poultry should stand in higher estimation than four-legged animals because the air is less dense than the earth. Chickens got another boost in the book of Genesis, where it is written that birds and fish were created on the fifth day, a day before four-legged animals.
But according to Mimi Sheraton, who has spent much of the past three years exploring the world of chicken soup, much of the reason for chicken’s real or imagined curative powers comes from its color.
Her new book, “The Whole World Loves Chicken Soup”, looks at the beloved and mysterious brew, with dozens of recipes from around the world. “Throughout the ages,” she said, “there has been a lot of feeling that white-colored foods are easier to eat for the weak women and the ill.” In addition, “soups, or anything for that matter eaten with a spoon” are considered “comfort foods.” Sheraton said.“I love soup and love making soup and as I was collecting recipes I began to see this as an international dish...It has a universal mystique as something curative, a strength builder,” Sheraton said from her New York home.
Her book treats the oldest remedy as if it was brand new.
The National Broiler Council, the trade group representing the chicken industry, reported that 51 percent of the people it surveyed said they bought chicken because it was healthier, 50 percent said it was versatile, 41 percent said it was economical and 46 percent said it was low in fat.
36. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. Prominent American Foods.
B. History of the Chicken Soup.
C. Chicken Soup Recipes.
D. Chicken Soup, a Universal Cure-all.
37. Since ancient times, the value of chicken soup _____.
A. has been over-estimated
B. has been widely acknowledged
C. has been appreciated only by philosophers
D. has been known only to mothers
38. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Chicken soup has a very long history.
B. Since ancient times, chicken soup has been a home remedy.
C. Poultry usually stands higher than four-legged animals.
D. Four-legged animals were said to be created on the sixth day.
39. Chicken soup has curative powers mainly for _____ according to Sheraton.
A. its color
B. its taste
C. its flavor
D. its recipe
40. It can be said from the survey that chicken is _____.
A. a main dish
B. a popular food
C. cheaper than any other food
D. all of the above【答案与解析】
36. D 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章是围绕鸡汤在世界范围内的治愈功效展开的。故D项正确。
37. B 细节理解题。通过文章第二段可知，鸡汤的功效得到母亲们、哲学家和内科医生的广泛认可，因而B项正确。
38. C 细节理解题。文章第三段提到“Among the ancients, Aristotle thought poultry should stand in higher estimation than four-legged animals because the air is less dense than the earth”，由此可知，亚里士多德认为家禽应比四条腿的动物物种优良，因为高处的空气比地面稀薄。但这只是亚里士多德个人的意见，没有普遍意义，因而C项不正确。故本题选C。
39. A 细节理解题。第四段最后一句提到“much of the reason for chicken’s real or imagined curative powers comes from its color”，鸡汤之所以具有真正的或想象的治愈能力，主要源于它的颜色。故本题选A。
40. B 概括大意题。由最后一段提到的研究结果可知，很多人都因为不同的原因买鸡，由此可知鸡是一种广受欢迎的食物。故答案为B。
Part B
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 to 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility. When we consider our children’s mobility, they can be driven to more places (and more distant places) than they
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