作者：圣才电子书
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北京第二外国语学院611基础英语历年考研真题及详解试读：
2003年北京第二外国语学院611基础英语考研真题及详解
Ⅰ. GRAMMAR (20 points, 1 point each)
Directions: In this section, there are 20 sentences each with one word or phrase missing. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C, and D that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.
1. There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which _____ bring a return in money to the community.
A. does no
B. did not
C. could not
D. do not【答案】D【解析】句意：有很多公众可以出钱的有价值的服务，但是哪些会为社会回馈利益呢？很多中并不一定只有一个服务项目可赚钱回馈，所以应该用复数。
2. The radio was of _____ inferior quality that I took it back and asked for a better one.
A. so
B. such
C. this
D. that【答案】B【解析】of加上名字即具有形容词的修饰效果，so...that的句式有两种结构：so+形容词+a+名词+that，such+a+形容词+名词+that，而对于不可数名词来说，一般用后面的结构且去掉冠词。
3. Mary, you sang well last night. We hope you’ll sing _____.
A. more better
B. still better
C. lot better
D. bit better【答案】B【解析】still better表示保持更好的意思，而better本身就是比较级，不能用more、lot、bit等词语修饰。
4. For many years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca’s name to be mentioned or his works _____.
A. being published
B. from being published
C. published
D. to be published【答案】D【解析】allow的句式用法是allow...to do sth.，如果加上被动语态，就应该是allow sth. to be done，并且从与之并列的to be mentioned就可以推出。
5. Most electronic devices of this kind, _____ manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed.
A. that are
B. it is
C. which is
D. as are【答案】D【解析】句意：大部分为了这种目的而制造的电子设备都是包装紧密的。这句话中as引导非限制性定语从句，因为先行词有most来修饰，所以不能用which，但是非限制性定语从句中不能用that，所以应该选择as。
6. If he _____ dancing, we’d have taken him to the discotheque.
A. had liked
B. has liked
C. liked
D. likes【答案】C【解析】这句话用的是对过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时，主句用过去将来完成时。
7. The guests _____, he began to work on this book again.
A. have left
B. having left
C. were left
D. left【答案】B【解析】从句中不能出现谓语，只能用分词形式，根据本句的时态来判断应该用的是过去完成时，换作分词形式就是having done。
8. It is only when you nearly lose someone _____ fully conscious of how much you value him.
A. do you become
B. then you become
C. that you become
D. have you become【答案】C【解析】本句的句子类型是“It is...that...”句式，去掉It is 和that，句子结构仍然完整。
9. _____, he does get irritated with her sometimes.
A. Much as he likes her
B. As likes her much
C. Although much he likes her
D. Much although he likes her【答案】A【解析】这句话是对转折分句的倒装，将其程度副词提前，用as作为转折连词，所以much as he likes her也就等于although he likes her much。
10. I appreciated _____ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A. to have given
B. to have been given
C. having been given
D. having given【答案】C【解析】appreciate的句式用法是：appreciate sth.或者是appreciate doing sth.，再判断其时态与语态是过去完成时的被动语态，所以选C。
11. She managed to save _____ she could out of her wages to help her brother.
A. how little money
B. so little money
C. such little money
D. what little money【答案】D【解析】句意：她从工资里尽量节省钱去帮助她弟弟。so little和such little都是强调钱的数量非常少，与原义不符。而what在句中具有指代作用，指代她节省下来的钱。
12. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and _____ he was warmly received.
A. as such
B. such as
C. as that
D. so that【答案】A【解析】句意：他说自己是个医师，可以说他是非常受欢迎的。as such表示严格来说，根据某词严格的词义。
13. His strong sense of humor was _____ make everyone in the room burst out laughing.
A. so as to
B. such as to
C. so that
D. such that【答案】B【解析】句意：他的幽默感特别强，使屋里的每个人都开怀大笑。such...as to是固定词组，一般用于预指下文，一般后文表示上文的结果。
14. Fat cannot change into muscle_____ muscle changes into fat.
A. any more than
B. no more than
C. no less
D. much more than【答案】A【解析】not any more than等于no more than，表示不比某事或某物的程度大。
15. He was _____ to tell the truth even to his closest friend.
A. too much the coward
B. enough of a coward
C. too much of a coward
D. a coward enough【答案】C【解析】too...to，表示太……而不能……，much只能直接修饰不可数名词而不能直接修饰可数名词，所以A项错误。而of加上名词可以表示形容词的含义，所以可以用much修饰，即选C项。
16. Have you ever been in a situation _____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with you?
A. by which
B. that
C. in that
D. where【答案】D【解析】本句是定语从句，先行词是“situation”，在从句中做状语，所以用“where”做从句的引导词。
17. Cancer is said _____ the number-one killer over the past few years in that region.
A. being
B. to have been
C. to be
D. having been【答案】B【解析】本句的关键在于时间状语“over the past few years”，表明应该用现在完成时表示持续性的动作或状态，“be said to”意为“据说……”。
18. _____ him tomorrow?
A. Why not to call on
B. Why don’t call on
C. Why not calling on
D. Why not call on【答案】D【解析】why not do sth.是固定句式，意思是“为什么不做某事”，其作用是提出建议，希望别人采纳。
19. You _____ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.
A. needn’t have told
B. needn’t tell
C. mustn’t have told
D. mustn’t tell【答案】A【解析】句意：你不必告诉吉姆这件事，因为与他无关。这句话是对过去发生的事情的虚拟，事实是已经告诉了吉姆这件事。must have done表示一定做过某事，与句意不符。
20. He _____ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful.
A. would act
B. should act
C. must have acted
D. may have acted【答案】D【解析】句意：他的举动可能不明智，但他至少想要做些有帮助的事情。首先判断句子的时态，后面一句用过去式，所以前面可以用完成时来表示。而must have done表示一定做过某事，与句意不符，所以选D。
Ⅱ. VOCABULARY (30 points, 1 point each)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C, and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.
1. South Carolina’s mineral resources are abundant, but not all of them can be lucratively mined.
A. safely
B. profitably
C. easily
D extensively【答案】B【解析】lucratively有利地，赚钱地。profitably有利地，有益地。safely安全地。easily轻易地。extensively广阔地。
2. Fossils are the traces of plants and animals of past geological ages that have been preserved in the Earth’s crust.
A. registers
B. profusion
C. residue
D. precursors【答案】C【解析】trace踪迹，遗迹。residue残留物，残余。register记录，登记。profusion极丰富，大量。precursor先驱；预兆。
3. The unusual hues found in the artwork of some ancient civilizations are attributed to plant dyes.
A. substances
B. secretions
C. colors
D. elements【答案】C【解析】句意：在一些古代文明的艺术作品中发现的特殊颜色归结于植物染料的作用。hue色调，颜色。color颜色，色彩。substance物质，实质。secretion分泌，分泌物。element要素，元素。
4. The janitor synchronized all the clocks in the building once every two weeks.
A. corrected
B. checked
C. calculated
D. examined【答案】B【解析】synchronize（使）同步，这里指“对表进行校准”。check检查，核对。correct改正，纠正。calculate计算；推测。examine检查，调查。
5. Unless the concord contains a provision for a United Nations peace-keeping force to patrol the borders, the General Assembly is not likely to ratify it.
A. release
B. document
C. agreement
D. proposal【答案】C【解析】句意：除非和约包括联合国维和部队巡逻边界的规定，否则联合国大会是不太可能修正它的。concord和约。agreement协定，协议。release豁免证书，发放的消息。document公文，文件。proposal提议，申请。
6. The concurrence of the heads of state was totally unexpected.
A. agreement
B. suggestion
C. rejection
D. objection【答案】A【解析】concurrence同意。agreement一致，同意。suggestion建议，意见。rejection抵制，拒绝。objection反对，异议。
7. What he said was contrariwise to what we expected.
A. innate
B. opposite
C. ironic
D. circumspect【答案】B【解析】contrariwise相反地。opposite对立的，相反的。innate天生的，固有的。ironic说反话的，讽刺的。circumspect慎重的，细心的。
8. The concept of upward social mobility has been an abiding feature of American life.
A. intriguing
B. unaffected
C. observable
D enduring【答案】D【解析】句意：向上的社会灵活性的概念一直是美国人生活的一种持久的特征。abiding持久的，不变的。enduring持久的，不朽的。intriguing迷人的，有迷惑力的。unaffected自然的，真挚的。observable看得见的，观察得出的。
9. Beware of pickpockets in public places.
A. Take care of
B. Take note of
C. Watch out for
D. Look for【答案】C【解析】beware of留心，谨防。watch out for当心，提防。take care of照料，赡养。take note of注意到。look for寻找，期望。
10. The western slopes of the mountains of the Sierra Nevada range are deeply incised by numerous streams.
A. fed
B. flooded
C. distended
D. cut【答案】D【解析】句意：Sierra Nevada山脉的西坡被大量的洪流所切分。incise切割，雕刻。cut切，割。feed喂养，饲养。flood淹没，使泛滥。distend扩张，膨胀。
Section B
Directions: In this section there are 20 sentences each with one word or phrase missing. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C, and D that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.
11. The police have offered a large _____ for information leading to the robber’s arrest.
A. award
B. compensation
C. prize
D. reward【答案】D【解析】reward指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。award奖金，奖品。compensation补偿（物）；赔偿（金）。prize奖赏，奖金，尤指在比赛中获得的荣誉。
12. The local government realized the need to make _____ for elderly people in its housing programs.
A. preparation
B. requirement
C. provision
D. specification【答案】C【解析】make provision for为……作好准备，为……预先采取措施。make preparations for为……准备。requirement需求，必要条件。specification详述，说明书。
13. The Olympic Games _____ in 776 B.C. in Olympia, a small town in Grace.
A. originated
B. stemmed
C. derived
D. descended【答案】A【解析】originate起源，发生。stem起源，源于，一般和from连用。derive（指任何从主要根源的）引出，派生，一般和from连用。descend下降，遗传（指财产、气质、权利等）。
14. Rite of Passage is a good novel by any standards; _____ it should rank high on any list of science diction.
A. consistently
B. invariable
C. consequently
D. constantly【答案】C【解析】consequently从而，因此。consistently一贯地，一向地。invariable不变的，不变量。constantly经常地，坚持不懈地。
15. Obviously, the Chairman’s remarks at the conference were _____ and not planned.
A. substantial
B. spontaneous
C. simultaneous
D. synthetic【答案】B【解析】spontaneous自然的，自发的，一时冲动的。substantial坚固的，实质的。simultaneous同时发生的。synthetic合成的，人造的。
16. Have you ever received _____ of what has happened to her?
A. the word
B. words
C. word
D. the words【答案】C【解析】word意为“消息，音信”时，是不可数名词，不能用复数。在这里是泛指，所以不用加定冠词。
17. We made plays for a visit, but _____ difficulties with the car prevented it.
A. subsequent
B. subsistent
C. substantial
D. subsidiary【答案】A【解析】subsequent后来的，并发的。subsistent（独立）存在的，现存的。substantial坚固的，实质的。subsidiary辅助的，补充的。
18. His speech was clever, although the _____ wasn’t interesting in itself.
A. subject topic
B. subject thing
C. subject title
D. subject matter【答案】D【解析】句意：他的演讲非常睿智，虽然话题本身不是特别令人感兴趣。subject matter题材，话题，论题。
19. In the past they _____ great suffering.
A. were subject to
B. were subjected from
C. were subject with
D. were subjected under【答案】A【解析】be subject to服从，易遭受。subject（形容词）受……支配的，附属的；（及物动词）使服从，使隶属。
20. _____ of pay is no longer a lawful punishment in a firm.
A. Stop
B. End
C. Stoppage
D. Terminal【答案】C【解析】句意：在公司里扣留工资已经不再是一项合法的惩罚措施。stoppage扣留，扣除（工资）。stop停止；车站。end末端，尽头。terminal终点站，终端。
21. They had provided _____ stage effects, such as earthquakes and floods and battle scenes.
A. direct
B. appealed
C. unprecedented
D. spectacular【答案】D【解析】spectacular引人注目的，壮观的。direct径直的，直接的。appealed有感染力的。unprecedented无先例的，空前的。
22. American historians have tried to _____ a balance between individuals and social groups, and between the data of history and their significance.
A. produce
B. upset
C. strike
D. tip【答案】C【解析】strike a balance between在……之间到达平衡。produce生产，引起。upset推翻，颠覆。tip倒出，使倾斜。
23. Accuracy is _____ to the programming of computers.
A. elemental
B. elementary
C. fundamental
D. characteristic【答案】C【解析】fundamental基础的，基本的。elemental自然力的。elementary初步的，基本的。characteristic特有的，表示特性的。
24. The plane that _____ in the storm was carrying a group of entertainers on route to the International Fine-art Works Exposition.
A. crushed
B. crashed
C. cracked
D. crafted【答案】B【解析】crash碰撞，坠落。crush压碎，碾碎。crack摧毁，使断裂。craft手工制作，构思。
25. With the gradual improvement of transportation and communications, farmers have now had easier _____ to cities and towns.
A. access
B. reach
C. approach
D. touch【答案】A【解析】access入口，通路。reach伸出，伸展的限度。approach步骤，途径。touch触觉，接触。
26. “Citizen Kane”, while always _____ by critics, was never a popular favorite for most American viewers.
A. attacked
B. adapted
C. accepted
D. admired【答案】D【解析】admire称赞，钦佩。attack攻击，抨击。adapt使适应，使适合。accept接受，领受。
27. Most people wear _____ shoes.
A. easy-made
B. ready-made
C. fast-made
D. artificial-made【答案】B【解析】ready-made现成的，做好的。easy-made容易制作的。fast-made快速制作的。artificial-made人造的。
28. He has a longer _____ than I have so he can climb better.
A. reach
B. leg
C. arm
D. stretch【答案】A【解析】reach的表意是延伸的范围，这里指的是攀登时一次能够到的距离，不能用手臂的长短来表示。
29. The _____ for the flood was all that heavy rain.
A. start
B. origin
C. water
D. reason【答案】D【解析】reason for……的原因。origin起源，出身，与of搭配。water水位。
30. If you hit the child again you’ll have me to _____.
A. put up with
B. go along with
C. reckon with
D. fight with【答案】C【解析】reckon with把……考虑进去，重视。put up with忍受。go along with和……一起，随着。fight with与……作战，与……斗争。
Ⅲ. CLOZE (20 points)
Directions: In this section, there are 20 blanks with one word missing in each blank. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C, and D that best completes the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.
It is important that the reader and the writer should have certain things in common, if communication between them is to take place. The 1______ requirement is that they should share the same 2______: that they should write and understand the same language. They should also have in common a 3______ of that language that is not too widely different:4______ the reader has a far smaller vocabulary than the writer, 5______, he will find the text hard to understand. In reading by 6______ of foreign languages, this problem is basic and familiar.
A more interesting 7______ is that the writer and reader 8______ share certain assumptions about the 9______ and the way it works. We saw that if the writer 10______ his reader to have a basic understanding 11______ chemistry, the text will not be readily understood by 12______ who lacks this; the writer does not tell the reader 13______ he assumes is already known. So problems in understanding 14______ when there is a mismatch 15______ the presuppositions of the writer and 16______ of the reader.
Naturally there always is a mismatch of some kind; no 17______ people have had identical experiences of 18______, so the writer is always 19______ to omit something that he takes for 20______, but that the reader does not.
1. A. smallest
B. bottom
C. minimum
D. lowest
2. A. thinking
B. code
C. mode
D. pattern
3. A. grasp
B. hold
C. command
D. grip
4. A. since
B. so
C. though
D. if
5. A. let alone
B. that is
C. such as
D. for example
6. A. ways
B. mean
C. manners
D. methods
7. A. requirement
B. demand
C. experience
D. experiment
8. A. may
B. might
C. should
D. can
9. A. text
B. world
C. novel
D. language
10. A. hopes
B. thinks
C. waits
D. expects
11. A. of
B. in
C. about
D. toward
12. A. everyone
B. no one
C. one
D. someone
13. A. that
B. what
C. why
D. how
14. A. arouse
B. raise
C. rise
D. arise
15. A. between
B. of
C. from
D. by
16. A. these
B. this
C. those
D. that
17. A. close
B. normal
C. two
D. liking
18. A. lively
B. alive
C. live
D. life
19. A. likely
B. possibly
C. obviously
D. willingly
20. A. granted
B. noticed
C. note
D. accepted【答案与解析】
1.C 上文说道读者之间必须有共同点，可以交流，所以下文是最小的要求是……。
2.B code在这里表示规则、准则的意思。mode，模式，样式。pattern，类型，式样。
3.C 上文说的是读者与作者具有共同点的要求，下文说的语言差异不能太大又是另一个要求。
4.D 根据上下文的句子关系，可以推出这是一种假设情况，所以用if。
5.D 这里是对假设后所产生的结果的举例。
6.B by means of用……的手段、方法。
7.A 本文的中心是说明对作者与读者关系的要求，所以意思不能偏离requirement。
8.C 既然是要求requirement，当然是应该如何做，所以用should。
9.B 从后文的“the way it works”可以推出，两者的共同点应该是关于对世界认知的大问题上拥有一致的理解。
10.D 句意：作者期望读者对化学知识有一个基本的掌握。
11.A understanding of sth.对某事物的意义、概念和本质等的了解。
12.D 这里只是表示一些缺乏基本知识的人，没有特指和否定的意思。
13.B what的作用是指代他假设的东西。
14.D 句意：当……时，理解上的问题就出现了。arise，出现，发生，起因于。raise和rise都表示上升、增加的意思，分别为可数名词和不可数名词。arouse，唤醒，鼓励。
15.B mismatch of sth.关于某方面的搭配不当。
16.C those在这里指代的是presuppositions，与上文对应。
17.C 句意：没有两个人具有同样的生命经历。
18.D 同上。
19.A be likely to很可能做某事。
20.A take sth. for granted把某事看作理所当然。
Ⅳ. READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)PASSAGE 1
Still more complex forms of realistic thinking seem to occur when tasks are presented in which the goal is impossible (or very difficult) to achieve directly. In such situations, people commonly appear to pass through intermediate stages of exploring and organizing their resources; in-deed, one may first need to exert himself in understanding the problem itself before he can begin to seek possible directions toward a solution. Familiar examples of problem-solving tasks include anagrams (e.g., rearrange “lpepa” to spell “apple”); mathematical problems; mechanical puzzles; verbal “brain teasers” (e. g., Is it legal for a man to marry his widow’s sister?); and, in a more practical sense, design and construction problems. Also of interest are issues of human relations, games, and questions pertinent to economics and politics.
Problem-solving activity falls broadly into two categories; one emphasizes simple trial and error, the other requires some degree of insight. In trial and error, the individual proceeds mainly by exploring and manipulating elements of the problem situation in an effort to sort out possibilities and to run across steps that might carry him closer to the goal. This behavior is most likely to be observed when the problem solver lacks advance knowledge about the character of the solution, or when no single rule seems to underlie the solution. Trial-and-error activity is not necessarily overt (as in one’s observable attempts to fit together the pieces of a mechanical puzzle); it may be implicit or vicarious as well, the individual reflecting on the task and symbolically testing possibilities by thinking about them.
In striving toward insight, a person tends to exhibit a strong orientation toward understanding principles that might bear on the solution sought. The person actively considers what is required by the problem, nothing how its elements seem to be interrelated, and seeks some rule that might lead directly to the goal. The insightful thinker is likely to center on the problem to understand what is needed, to take the time to organize his resources, and to recentre on the problem (reinterpret the situation) in applying any principle that seems to hold promise.
Direction and flexibility characterize insightful problem solving. The thinker directs or guides his steps toward solution according to some plan; he exhibits flexibility in his ability to modify or to adapt procedures as required by his plan and in altering the plan itself. Both characteristics are influenced by the thinker’s attitudes and by environmental conditions. If, for example, the task is to empty a length of glass tubing of water (without breaking it) by removing wax plugs about a half-inch up the tube from each end, and the only potential tools are a few objects ordinarily found on a desk top, the usual appearance and functions of such common objects may make it difficult for the problem solver to see how they can be adapted to fit task requirements. If a paper clip is perceived as holding a sheaf of papers in the usual way, such perception would tend to interfere with the individual’s ability to employ the principle that the dip’s shape could be changed: straightened out for use in poking a hole in the wax.
1. The underlined word “pertinent” in the first paragraph moat probably means _____.
A. alien
B. available
C. reconciled
D. related
2. The second paragraph is mainly about _____.
A. problem-solving activity
B. trial-and-error activity
C. two categories of problem solving
D. implicit activity in problem solving
3. The example of emptying a length of glass tubing of water in the last paragraph is given to illustrate that _____.
A. common objects on a desk top are not suitable for performing such a task
B. a paper clip should not be used in the usual way in this task
C. the shape of a paper clip could easily be changed
D. flexibility is the key to solving a problem【答案与解析】
1.D 句意：也有关于人际关系、博弈以及与政治和经济有关的问题。pertinent与……有关的，相关的。
2.B 从第二段第一句“Problem-solving activity falls broadly into two categories; one emphasizes simple trial and error, the other requires some degree of insight.”可以看出解决问题的方法有两种，然后第三段紧接着说第二种方法，即用“insight”处理，所以第二段主要阐述的是第一种方法，从第二段整体内容看，其主要内容为“trial and error”。
3.D 从最后一段“...he exhibits flexibility in his ability to modify or to adapt procedures as required by his plan and in altering the plan itself”可以看出，灵活性是解决问题的一种能力，而倒空玻璃管的水这个例子主要说明的是解决问题的关键是灵活变通，回形针并不一定必须用来夹住文件，如果改变一下其形状，就可以用做针来钻孔。PASSAGE 2
A service is an act of labor or a performance that does not produce a tangible commodity and does not result in the customer’s ownership of anything. Its production may or may not be tied to a physical product. Thus, there are pure services that involve no tangible product (as with psychotherapy), tangible goods with accompanying services (such as a computer software package with free software support), and hybrid product services that consist of parts of each (for instance, restaurants are usually patronized for both their food and their service).
Services can be distinguished from products because they are intangible, inseparable from the production process, variable, and perishable. Services are intangible because they can often not be seen, tasted, felt, heard, or smelled before they are purchased. A person purchasing plastic surgery cannot see the results before the purchase, and a lawyer’s client cannot anticipate the outcome of a case before the lawyer’s work is presented in court. To reduce the uncertainty that results from this intangibility, marketers may strive to make their service tangible by emphasizing the place, people, equipment, communications, symbols, or price of the service. Services are inseparable from their production because they are typically produced and consumed simultaneously. This is not true of physical products, which are often consumed long after the product has been manufactured, inventoried, distributed, and placed in a retail store. Inseparability is especially evident in entertainment services or professional service. In many cases, inseparability limits the production of services because they are so directly tied to the individuals who perform them. This problem can be alleviated if a service provider learns to work faster or if the service expertise can be standardized and performed by a number of individuals.
The variability of services comes from their significant human component. Not only do humans differ from one another, but their performance at any given time may differ from their performance at another time. The mechanics at a particular auto service garage, for
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