作者：Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron
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The History of England, from the Accession of James II ? Volume 3试读：
CHAPTER XI
William and Mary proclaimed in LondonRejoicings throughout England; Rejoicings in HollandDiscontent of the Clergy and of the ArmyReaction of Public FeelingTemper of the ToriesTemper of the WhigsMinisterial ArrangementsWilliam his own Minister for Foreign AffairsDanbyHalifaxNottingham Shrewsbury The Board of Admiralty; the Board of TreasuryThe Great SealThe JudgesThe HouseholdSubordinate AppointmentsThe Convention turned into a ParliamentThe Members of the two Houses required to take the Oaths Questions relating to the RevenueAbolition of the Hearth MoneyRepayment of the Expenses of the United ProvincesMutiny at IpswichThe first Mutiny BillSuspension of the Habeas Corpus ActUnpopularity of WilliamCHAPTER XII
State of Ireland at the Time of the Revolution; the Civil Power in the Hands of the Roman CatholicsThe Military Power in the Hands of the Roman CatholicsMutual Enmity between the Englishry and IrishryPanic among the EnglishryHistory of the Town of KenmareEnniskillenLondonderryClosing of the Gates of LondonderryMountjoy sent to pacify UlsterWilliam opens a Negotiation with TyrconnelThe Temples consultedRichard Hamilton sent to Ireland on his ParoleTyrconnel sends Mountjoy and Rice to FranceTyrconnel calls the Irish People to ArmsDevastation of the CountryThe Protestants in the South unable to resistEnniskillen and Londonderry hold out; Richard Hamilton marches into Ulster with an ArmyJames determines to go to IrelandAssistance furnished by Lewis to JamesChoice of a French Ambassador to accompany JamesThe Count of AvauxJames lands at KinsaleCHAPTER XIII.
The Revolution more violent in Scotland than in EnglandElections for the Convention; Rabbling of the Episcopal ClergyState of EdinburghQuestion of an Union between England and Scotland raisedWish of the English Low Churchmen to preserve Episcopacy in ScotlandOpinions of William about Church Government in ScotlandComparative Strength of Religious Parties in ScotlandLetter from William to the Scotch ConventionWilliam's Instructions to his Agents in Scotland; the DalrymplesMelvilleJames's Agents in Scotland: Dundee; BalcarrasMeeting of the ConventionHamilton elected PresidentCommittee of Elections; Edinburgh Castle summonedDundee threatened by the CovenantersLetter from James to the ConventionEffect of James's LetterFlight of DundeeTumultuous Sitting of the ConventionA Committee appointed to frame a Plan of GovernmentResolutions proposed by the CommitteeWilliam and Mary proclaimed; the Claim of Right; Abolition of EpiscopacyCHAPTER XIV
Disputes in the English ParliamentThe Attainder of Russell reversedOther Attainders reversed; Case of Samuel JohnsonCase of DevonshireCase of OatesBill of RightsDisputes about a Bill of IndemnityLast Days of JeffreysThe Whigs dissatisfied with the KingIntemperance of HoweAttack on CaermarthenAttack on HalifaxPreparations for a Campaign in IrelandSchombergRecess of the ParliamentState of Ireland; Advice of AvauxDismission of Melfort; Schomberg lands in UlsterCarrickfergus takenSchomberg advances into Leinster; the English and Irish Armiesencamp near each otherSchomberg declines a BattleFrauds of the English CommissariatConspiracy among the French Troops in the English ServicePestilence in the English ArmyCHAPTER XV
The Parliament meets; Retirement of HalifaxSupplies votedThe Bill of Rights passedInquiry into Naval AbusesInquiry into the Conduct of the Irish WarReception of Walker in EnglandEdmund LudlowViolence of the WhigsImpeachmentsCommittee of MurderMalevolence of John HampdenThe Corporation BillDebates on the Indemnity BillCase of Sir Robert SawyerThe King purposes to retire to HollandHe is induced to change his Intention; the Whigs oppose his going to IrelandHe prorogues the ParliamentJoy of the ToriesDissolution and General ElectionChanges in the Executive DepartmentsCaermarthen Chief MinisterSir John LowtherRise and Progress of Parliamentary Corruption in EnglandCHAPTER XVI
William lands at Carrickfergus, and proceeds to BelfastState of Dublin; William's military ArrangementsWilliam marches southwardThe Irish Army retreatsThe Irish make a Stand at the BoyneThe Army of JamesThe Army of WilliamWalker, now Bishop of Derry, accompanies the ArmyWilliam reconnoitres the Irish Position; William is woundedBattle of the BoyneFlight of JamesLoss of the two ArmiesFall of Drogheda; State of DublinJames flies to France; Dublin evacuated by the French and Irish TroopsEntry of William into DublinEffect produced in France by the News from IrelandEffect produced at Rome by the News from IrelandEffect produced in London by the News from IrelandJames arrives in France; his Reception thereTourville attempts a Descent on EnglandTeignmouth destroyedExcitement of the English Nation against the FrenchThe Jacobite PressCHAPTER XI
William and Mary proclaimed in London—Rejoicings throughoutEngland; Rejoicings in Holland—Discontent of the Clergy and of theArmy—Reaction of Public Feeling—Temper of the Tories—Temper of theWhigs—Ministerial Arrangements—William his own Minister for ForeignAffairs—Danby—Halifax—Nottingham Shrewsbury The Board ofAdmiralty; the Board of Treasury—The Great Seal—The Judges—TheHousehold—Subordinate Appointments—The Convention turned into aParliament—The Members of the two Houses required to take theOaths Questions relating to the Revenue—Abolition of the HearthMoney—Repayment of the Expenses of the United Provinces—Mutinyat Ipswich—The first Mutiny Bill—Suspension of the Habeas CorpusAct—Unpopularity of William—Popularity of Mary—The Court removed fromWhitehall to Hampton Court—The Court at Kensington; William's foreignFavourites—General Maladministration—Dissensions among Men inOffice—Department of Foreign Affairs—Religious Disputes—TheHigh Church Party—The Low Church Party—William's Views concerningEcclesiastical Polity—Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury—Nottingham's Viewsconcerning Ecclesiastical Polity—The Toleration Bill—The ComprehensionBill—The Bill for settling the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy—TheBill for settling the Coronation Oath—The Coronation—Promotions—TheCoalition against France; the Devastation of the Palatinate—Wardeclared against FranceTHE Revolution had been accomplished. The decrees of the Convention were everywhere received with submission. London, true during fifty eventful years to the cause of civil freedom and of the reformed religion, was foremost in professing loyalty to the new Sovereigns. Garter King at arms, after making proclamation under the windows of Whitehall, rode in state along the Strand to Temple Bar. He was followed by the maces of the two Houses, by the two Speakers, Halifax and Powle, and by a long train of coaches filled with noblemen and gentlemen. The magistrates of the City threw open their gates and joined the procession. Four regiments of militia lined the way up Ludgate Hill, round Saint Paul's Cathedral, and along Cheapside. The streets, the balconies, and the very housetops were crowded with gazers. All the steeples from the Abbey to the Tower sent forth a joyous din. The proclamation was repeated, with sound of trumpet, in front of the Royal Exchange, amidst the shouts of the citizens.
In the evening every window from Whitechapel to Piccadilly was lighted up. The state rooms of the palace were thrown open, and were filled by a gorgeous company of courtiers desirous to kiss the hands of the King and Queen. The Whigs assembled there, flushed with victory and prosperity. There were among them some who might be pardoned if a vindictive feeling mingled with their joy. The most deeply injured of all who had survived the evil times was absent. Lady Russell, while her friends were crowding the galleries of Whitehall, remained in her retreat, thinking of one who, if he had been still living, would have held no undistinguished place in the ceremonies of that great day. But her daughter, who had a few months before become the wife of Lord Cavendish, was presented to the royal pair by his mother the Countess of Devonshire. A letter is still extant in which the young lady described with great vivacity the roar of the populace, the blaze in the streets, the throng in the presence chamber, the beauty of Mary, and the expression which ennobled and softened the harsh features of William. But the most interesting passage is that in which the orphan girl avowed the stern delight with which she had witnessed the tardy 1punishment of her father's murderer.
The example of London was followed by the provincial towns. During three weeks the Gazettes were filled with accounts of the solemnities by which the public joy manifested itself, cavalcades of gentlemen and yeomen, processions of Sheriffs and Bailiffs in scarlet gowns, musters of zealous Protestants with orange flags and ribands, salutes, bonfires, illuminations, music, balls, dinners, gutters running 2with ale and conduits spouting claret.
Still more cordial was the rejoicing among the Dutch, when they learned that the first minister of their Commonwealth had been raised to a throne. On the very day of his accession he had written to assure the States General that the change in his situation had made no change in the affection which he bore to his native land, and that his new dignity would, he hoped, enable him to discharge his old duties more efficiently than ever. That oligarchical party, which had always been hostile to the doctrines of Calvin and to the House of Orange, muttered faintly that His Majesty ought to resign the Stadtholdership. But all such mutterings were drowned by the acclamations of a people proud of the genius and success of their great countryman. A day of thanksgiving was appointed. In all the cities of the Seven Provinces the public joy manifested itself by festivities of which the expense was chiefly defrayed by voluntary gifts. Every class assisted. The poorest labourer could help to set up an arch of triumph, or to bring sedge to a bonfire. Even the ruined Huguenots of France could contribute the aid of their ingenuity. One art which they had carried with them into banishment was the art of making fireworks; and they now, in honour of the victorious champion of their faith, lighted up the canals of 3Amsterdam with showers of splendid constellations.
To superficial observers it might well seem that William was, at this time, one of the most enviable of human beings. He was in truth one of the most anxious and unhappy. He well knew that the difficulties of his task were only beginning. Already that dawn which had lately been so bright was overcast; and many signs portended a dark and stormy day.
It was observed that two important classes took little or no part in the festivities by which, all over England, the inauguration of the new government was celebrated. Very seldom could either a priest or a soldier be seen in the assemblages which gathered round the market crosses where the King and Queen were proclaimed. The professional pride both of the clergy and of the army had been deeply wounded. The doctrine of nonresistance had been dear to the Anglican divines. It was their distinguishing badge. It was their favourite theme. If we are to judge by that portion of their oratory which has come down to us, they had preached about the duty of passive obedience at least as 4often and as zealously as about the Trinity or the Atonement. Their attachment to their political creed had indeed been severely tried, and had, during a short time, wavered. But with the tyranny of James the bitter feeling which that tyranny had excited among them had passed away. The parson of a parish was naturally unwilling to join in what was really a triumph over those principles which, during twenty-eight years, his flock had heard him proclaim on every anniversary of the Martyrdom and on every anniversary of the Restoration.
The soldiers, too, were discontented. They hated Popery indeed; and they had not loved the banished King. But they keenly felt that, in the short campaign which had decided the fate of their country, theirs had been an inglorious part. Forty fine regiments, a regular army such as had never before marched to battle under the royal standard of England, had retreated precipitately before an invader, and had then, without a struggle, submitted to him. That great force had been absolutely of no account in the late change, had done nothing towards keeping William out, and had done nothing towards bringing him in. The clowns, who, armed with pitchforks and mounted on carthorses, had straggled in the train of Lovelace or Delamere, had borne a greater part in the Revolution than those splendid household troops, whose plumed hats, embroidered coats, and curvetting chargers the Londoners had so often seen with admiration in Hyde Park. The mortification of the army was increased by the taunts of the foreigners, 5taunts which neither orders nor punishments could entirely restrain. At several places the anger which a brave and highspirited body of men might, in such circumstances, be expected to feel, showed itself in an alarming manner. A battalion which lay at Cirencester put out the bonfires, huzzaed for King James, and drank confusion to his daughter and his nephew. The garrison of Plymouth disturbed the rejoicings of the County of Cornwall: blows were exchanged, and a man was killed 6in the fray.
The ill humour of the clergy and of the army could not but be noticed by the most heedless; for the clergy and the army were distinguished from other classes by obvious peculiarities of garb. "Black coats and red coats," said a vehement Whig in the House of 7Commons, "are the curses of the nation." But the discontent was not
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