作者：Cooke, Arthur Owens
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Wildflowers of the Farm试读：
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I think that some of you have been with me at Willow Farm before to-day．When we were there we went into the farmer's fields in early spring, and saw the men and horses at work with ploughs and harrows．A little later on we saw some of the crops sown, such as barley and turnips．In summer we were in the hay-and corn-fields, and later still we saw the ricks being made.
To-day we are at Willow Farm again, and I want to show you some of the flowers that grow there．I do not mean those which Mrs．Hammond, the farmer's wife, grows in her garden, pretty as they are．We will look rather at the wild flowers in the fields, the hedges, and by the road-side in the lane．No one sows their seed nor takes care of them in any way; yet they grow and blossom year after year, and nearly all of them are beautiful.
Before we begin to look at them we must make sure that we quite understand just what a flower is．Even those of you who live in large towns and have perhaps never been in the country, see flowers of some sort, I feel sure; you see them in shop windows and they are also often sold in the streets．You have seen wallflowers and daffodils in the spring, roses in the summer, violets in winter, as well as other kinds．You do not need to be told that these are flowers.
What about the grass on lawns, and in such places as Battersea Park and Hyde Park in London? "Oh," you say, "that is not a flower at all——that is just grass." Yes, it is grass, but the grass has a flower as well as a rose bush or a violet-plant．It is only because the grass is kept cut short that you do not see its flower on a lawn．If grass is not cut, or eaten by animals, it grows tall in spring; then in May or June you would see the flowers on tall straight stems which stand among the blades of grass．Many of these grass flowers are very beautiful and we will look presently at some of them in one of the farmer's fields.
Perhaps some of you have gardens or grass plots at your own homes．If you see some dandelions in the lawn, or groundsel among the flowers or vegetables in the garden beds, you say, "Those weeds must be pulled up." You call the Dandelion and the Groundsel weeds, but they have flowers all the same; the Dandelion is perhaps one of the most lovely yellow flowers that we have.
They are weeds certainly in your lawn or garden beds, for they ought not to be there．Weeds are plants in the wrong place．By and by, in the farmer's fields, we shall see many pretty flowers which he calls weeds．We speak of the Nettle as a weed, and do not usually admire it; yet the Nettle has a flower, as we shall see.
Then what do you think of a tree having a flower? That is perhaps a new idea to you．Yet if you look at a Horse-chestnut tree in June you will see at once the large spikes of beautiful white flowers with which it is covered．Apple trees have a beautiful pink, or pink and white flower, and the Almond tree bears a lovely pink flower．All other trees have flowers too, but they are often small．The flowers of the Oak and the Beech are small, but, though you may not notice them, they are on the tree each spring.
Almost all plants, including large trees, have flowers——they are flowering plants．Just a few plants have no flower; ferns have none, nor have the mosses and lichens which grow on walls and rocks and on the stems of trees．Fungi, too, such as the mushroom, have no flowers．Nearly all other plants have flowers．It is by the flower or blossom that a plant is reproduced．After the flower has faded comes the fruit and seed; the seed falls into the ground or is sown, and from it springs another plant．Without the flower there would be no seed.
You see that there are rather more flowers than you had thought．Still, while we are strolling in the fields and lanes at Willow Farm, we shall look most at what are generally called flowers; we shall look at comparatively small plants in which the flower or blossom is easily noticed because it is large, or bright-coloured, or sweet-scented．But while we are admiring a Daisy or a Dandelion in the spring, we must not forget that the great Oak-tree above it also has a flower of its own——we must remember that the Oak-tree also is a flowering plant.
CHAPTER II
IN THE COPPICE
Outside the front door of Willow Farm is a broad curving gravel drive, at the far end of which a white gate opens into the lane．On one side of this drive is a narrow strip of ground planted with flowers and shrubs, and close to the front door there is a patch of grass on which stands a large old mulberry tree.Primrose
On the other side of the drive is a lawn．Beyond that are more flowers and then the vegetable garden; further on still is a little wood or coppice of nut bushes．On this March morning we shall find some wild flowers in this little wood.
Between the vegetable garden and the wood is a low grassy bank．It is bright to-day with yellow primroses．The Primrose always blossoms early here, for the bank is sunny and is sheltered from cold winds.
I daresay most of you have seen a Primrose before to-day．Each pale yellow blossom is made up of five petals, which are joined together forming a tube or corolla．The petals are notched or indented on the outer edge．At the centre of the blossom, where the petals meet, each petal is marked with a spot of darker yellow．Each flower grows alone on a long slender stem．At the top of the stem is a kind of green tube out of which the yellow blossom appears．The Primrose blossoms have a scent; not strong, but very sweet and pleasant.
The leaves are called "radical" or "root" leaves．They are so called because each leaf appears to grow direct from the root．But the leaves really grow from a short stem at the top of the root——a stem so short that it does not appear above the ground at all.
Among the bushes of the coppice itself we will notice the flowers which first catch our eye——the pretty blossoms of the Wood Anemone．The whole coppice is starred with the beautiful white flowers．We pick one and see that it has six——six what? "Six petals," you say．No, these are not petals, for the Anemone has none．They are sepals．The sepals of a plant generally enclose the blossom before it is opened, and they are usually green．In the Anemone the petals are absent; the sepals take their place and are white instead of green．Their under side is often not pure white, but is streaked with pale pink.
Several blossoms which we pick have six of these sepals．That is the usual number, but sometimes there are only five, and sometimes more than six.
The blossoms of the Anemone grow on longer and stronger stalks than those of the Primrose, and on each stalk are three leaves．These leaves grow round the stalk in a ring．Each leaf is "tri-partite"——in three parts or divisions; the edges of these divided leaves are deeply serrated．Besides the three leaves on each flower-stalk similar leaves grow from underground stems which creep along not far below the surface of the soil．Such creeping underground stems are usually called "rhizomes."Anemone
At the further side of the coppice, where a hedge separates it from the little meadow called Home Close, are Sweet Violets．We catch their fragrant scent before we see them, for the tiny flowers are half hidden among broad green leaves．Each blossom has five petals of a dark purple colour; there are white Sweet Violets too, but none are growing in our little wood to-day.
At the base of the blossom——the part where it joins the stem——one of the petals has a little spur which points back towards the stem．The blossom is therefore said to be spurred; we may presently see other plants with spurred flowers.
There is another violet which grows wild in England——the Dog Violet．It is larger than our Sweet Violets here, but it has no scent.
While we have been examining the flowers on the ground, the nut bushes above our heads are waiting to remind us of what we said just now——that trees also have flowers．The flowers of the nut bush or hazel are easily seen, for they appear before the leaves are open．What we see to-day are often called catkins, but the name which country children give them is lambs'-tails．It is a very good name, too, for they are more like the tail of some tiny lamb than anything else.
These catkins are yellowish-white in colour, and soft and almost woolly to the touch．They hang in clusters from the hazel twigs, and in the strong March wind which blows to-day, they shake and flutter like the tails of lambs at play．Some of them leave a dusty powder on our fingers when we handle them; that is the pollen of the flower.
It is not where these yellow "catkins" are dancing on the twigs to-day that the hazel nuts will appear in autumn．The nuts will grow on twigs where there are very small red flowers——something like tiny paint-brushes．These are the female flowers; they will be fertilized by the yellow pollen of the catkins, and will produce the nuts.
CHAPTER III
FLOWERS ON THE WALLS
Behind the narrow strip of ground with flowers and shrubs on the other side of the drive there is a low stone wall．A piece of the lawn on which the mulberry tree stands has been cut away, and a flight of steps leads down to a little gate into the foldyard.
This wall between the garden and the foldyard is very old and rough——not like the smooth brick walls you see in towns．The stones are of different shapes and sizes, the mortar has fallen out of it in many places, and here and there are holes and crevices．Yet it is a very beautiful old wall, for many things grow on it; mosses and grasses, and other flowers too, are there.Wallflower
On this May morning we not only see, but also smell, one of the flowers which grow upon the wall——it is the beautiful sweet-scented Wallflower．It grows here and there along the top of the wall, and a few plants of it are even springing from the sides．Some of the plants are quite large and their stems are tough．These have grown here for a long time．The Wallflower is a perennial plant; unless it is killed or torn up by the roots it will live and grow for many years．Others are quite young and only a few inches high．These have grown from seeds dropped last autumn by the older plants.
You very likely wonder how the Wallflower or any other plant can grow upon the wall, for there is no earth to be seen——nothing but stones and crumbling mortar．But if we pull up one of the smaller plants we shall find earth clinging to its roots．Dry dusty earth has been blown upon the wall by wind, and has lodged in chinks and holes．Dust and soil, too, were mixed with the mortar when the wall was built; and dead leaves falling on it and decaying have produced a little more——for decayed leaves make earth or "soil." Wallflowers and other plants which grow on walls and rocks find very little soil sufficient for their needs.
Most of the blossoms of the wallflowers upon this wall are of a golden yellow colour and are very sweet．Some of the blossoms are, however, a darker yellow than others, and here and there are petals which are quite brown.
If we look at the garden behind us we shall see that Mrs．Hammond has several beds of Wallflower this year; it is a flower of which she is very fond．There are wallflowers of two different colours in her beds．One kind has bright golden blossoms, rather deeper in colour than any of those upon the wall; the other has flowers that are a rich dark brown.
These plants are sturdier and more bushy than those upon the wall, and there are more flowers on each plant．The flowers are finer, too, and have a stronger scent．If Mrs．Hammond had wished she could have sown seed to produce many different shades of brown and yellow Wallflowers．She might also have had a purple Wallflower, and even a Wallflower of so pale a yellow as to be almost white.
If you and I were clever gardeners and had plenty of time and patience, we could get purple or nearly white wallflowers from these yellow-flowered plants upon the wall．It would perhaps take us many years, but we should succeed at last．This is how we should set about it.
Suppose that we wished to have a Wallflower nearly white．We should look carefully along the wall in spring, when the blossoms are out, until we found the very palest yellow blossom we could see．We should mark that plant, and when the flower was over and the seed was ripe, we should collect the seed．Among the plants grown from this seed we should choose again the plant that had the palest flowers, and should save the seed from that．We might have to go on doing this for twenty years or more, but in time we should have a Wallflower so pale as to be almost white.
Quite white we should never get our Wallflower, for no pure white flower can be obtained from a yellow one．However pale our Wallflower might be there would still always be just a tinge of yellow or cream colour in it.Red Valerian
If, on the other hand, we wanted a purple or a very dark brown Wallflower, we should save seed from those blossoms which were nearest to the colour we wanted——dark brown or with a tinge of purple in them．We should sow seed from the darkest blossoms again and again, and at last we should get what we wished to have.Stinging NettleWhite Dead Nettle
Besides choosing seed from the lightest or darkest blossoms, we should tend our plants very carefully and well, giving them plenty of good rich soil．This would make them grow bushy and with many flowers, as we see them in Mrs．Hammond's garden beds.
Many of our garden flowers have been produced in this way, by selecting and improving wild flowers．Of course all flowers grow wild somewhere; some in England, but many more in foreign countries, where the air is warmer and the soil richer and better．The Pansy is a little English wild flower with yellow, blue, and red petals．From this little flower gardeners have produced large and beautiful pansies of many different colours and shades of colours——white, yellow, blue, and brown．This has been done by careful selection, just as we spoke of doing with the wallflowers.
But if the large single-coloured pansies of which I have told you, or Mrs．Hammond's dark brown wallflowers, were allowed to seed themselves——that is, were allowed to drop and sow their own seed year after year——do you know what would happen? They would gradually revert or turn back to their original form and colour．The flowers would become mixed in colour and less fine in size; at last they would be simple wild flowers again.Pansy
Now it is June, and the blossoms of the Wallflower have faded and fallen．The old wall is, however, growing gay with another plant——the Red Valerian．We must be careful to remember that it is the Red Valerian, for there are other valerians．There is the Great Valerian which does not grow on walls or rocks, but in damp and shady places; its flowers are pale pink.
The blossoms of the Red Valerian on the wall are bright crimson, and they grow in rows on small stems which spring from a stout stalk a foot or two in height．Each blossom of five petals forms a little tube or corolla．The base or foot of each little tube appears as a point on the under side of the flower stem; the Red Valerian, like the Violet, is a spurred flower.
The leaves are long and pointed, and they grow in pairs, on opposite sides of the stalk．Sometimes the edges of the leaves are quite smooth; sometimes they are serrated, or toothed, like the edge of a saw．If we pulled a plant of Red Valerian from the wall we should find the roots very long and branching; they need to be so, for the plant often grows on rocks and other places where it is exposed to wind．If the roots had not a firm hold the tall stems laden with blossoms might be blown down.
The Red Valerian flowers all through the summer．Its clusters of crimson flowers are as great an ornament to the old wall as were the wallflowers in May.
Now let us go down the steps into the foldyard; there is a wall on either side of us as we descend．The wall which faces the north is nearly always in shadow, and there are ferns growing but of it between the stones．One of these is a beautiful Hartstongue fern, with large and shining leaves．We said just now, however, that ferns have no flowers, so we will turn to something that grows on the wall opposite.
This is the ivy-leaved Toadflax．It grows on walls and rocks, as the Red Valerian does, but it is a very different plant in appearance．The stems of the Red Valerian are tall and upright; those of the Toadflax are slender and drooping．There is a large mass of it on the side of the wall, and we find that the root is at the highest point of the whole mass．The stems with the flowers and leaves hang down below the root; it is a trailing plant.Ivy-Leaved Toadflax
There are, however, other roots clinging to the wall here and there below the main root．The plant, like several others, is able to throw out fresh roots from the joints of its stems, and these give it a firmer hold.
The flowers are small, and their colour is a pale lilac-blue with a bright yellow spot in the centre．These flowers too are spurred．The leaves are smooth and thick——what is called fleshy．They are divided into five lobes or divisions, and are not unlike an ivy-leaf in shape．When we turn a leaf or two over we see that the under side of some is dark purple.
This little plant is usually said to prefer a damp situation, and to blossom from May till October．This wall beside the steps is certainly rather damp, for the moisture from the garden above soaks down to it．In my own garden, however, the ivy-leaved Toadflax grows on some very dry old walls, and I have found it in flower in the middle of December.
Neither the Toadflax nor the Red Valerian are really natives of England．They were brought to our country many hundreds of years ago．They have spread so much that they have now become wildflowers．In the same way many others of our wild flowers were once unknown in England.
Now that we have come down the steps into the foldyard we see that it lies a good deal below the house and garden．Built round the foldyard are the stables for the cart-horses, the cowhouses, and the great barn．Behind the stables is the rickyard．That, like the garden, is above the foldyard; from it there are only two or three steps to the door of the loft or "tallet" above the stables．It is there that we will go now.
The wall of the tallet is of stone and is very old; the roof is tiled．There is a little hole cut in the bottom of the door, and you will see one like it in the door of the granary．It is made so that old Tib and the other cats can go in and catch mice．Growing between the stones of the wall just by the tallet door is the plant I want to show you now.Common Stonecrop
It is the Stonecrop．Some of the stems grow upright, while others are trailing．At the top of each upright stem is a cluster of bright yellow flowers．Some of these are fully open, and we see that each blossom has five pointed petals．The trailing stems have no flowers at all, they are barren; but the leaves on the barren stems are much more numerous and closer together than those on the upright flowering stems.
These leaves are very curious．They are not flat like the leaves of the Red Valerian, the Toadflax, and most other flowers; they are very thick and fleshy——something like a short round pointed stick．They grow close against the stalk, not in pairs, but alternately, first a leaf on one side of the stalk, then a leaf on the other．They are erect too; that is, they point in the same direction as the stalk.
On the barren stems the leaves grow so closely that they quite cover the stalk．They have a hot sharp taste, and the plant is sometimes called "Wall-Pepper." The roots are very thin and can spread easily through narrow chinks of the wall.
We will see one more plant of the walls before we look for flowers elsewhere．Our next plant is not very common at Willow Farm; still I know where to look for it．Built against one side of the big barn in the foldyard is a little lean-to shed．Often there are calves in it; but just now we are more interested in something that is on the roof.
Standing close to the wall of the shed is a cattle crib——a kind of big square box or trough on legs, in which hay or chaff is put for the cattle．The shed is not very high, and by standing on the crib we can scramble on to the roof．Here is the plant we want to see.
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