作者：孟广林主编、何黎萍、赵秀荣选编
出版社：社会科学文献出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
西方历史文献选读(近代卷)试读：
前言
五卷本《西方历史文献选读》（Selected Readings of Historical Documents in the West），由中国人民大学历史学院世界史专业教师团队历时5年集体攻关完成。作为“九八五工程”子课题项目的成果，这套丛书共分“古代卷”“中世纪卷”“近代卷”“现代卷”“当代卷”，精心遴选西方重要的历史文献，力图多层次、全方位地显现西方各个历史时期在经济、政治、军事、思想文化、社会生活诸方面的基本状况与特征，从中透显出西方历史的演进脉络、流变趋向乃至发展规律。这些篇目，或对文献全文收录，或截取其中核心部分，在文献后编者运用马克思主义唯物史观依据相关历史背景对之作一解读，以期帮助读者阅读、理解。此外，还开列了一些与文献所反映的问题相关的研究著作，供有兴趣的读者延伸阅读，作进一步的深入探究。
我们之所以要设计这一课题并尽力完成，其主旨在于为世界史学科建设搭建一个基础性的学术平台，进一步提升本科生与研究生教育的教学水平。
众所周知，历史文献资料是历史研究的基础与出发点，同时也是史学人才培养的重要素材。改革开放前，由于语言、信息乃至经费等方面的限制，我国史学界在选编历史文献参考资料上基本采用了外文中译的方式，老一辈的史学家为此呕心沥血，成果凸显。周一良、吴于廑主编的《世界通史资料选辑》，齐思和、刘启戈主编选译的《中世纪初期的西欧》《中世纪中期的西欧》《中世纪晚期的西欧》，齐世荣主编的《当代世界史资料选辑》以及诸多的国别史、断代史乃至编年史、历史名著的编译等，涉及各个历史时期各主要地区、国家的经济、政治、军事、思想文化、社会生活等各个方面的原始资料，对于史学人才的培养发挥了十分重要的作用。自改革开放以来，随着国际学术交流的日益扩大和学术研究的不断拓展，依赖于汉译历史资料进行教学逐渐显现出其明显的局限性，这不仅使学生难以熟悉相关的各种名称、典故与术语，而且对相关历史现象的理解也有着诸多的文化隔膜感。为了克服这一困境，一些大学专门编选专业外语教材并设置相关的课程，一些教师径直开列外文书目让学生研习。这些举措虽然收到了一定效果，但不足以形成良好的长效机制。专业外语教材的历史资料编选常常显现出明显的研究热点的偏向性与历史时空的跳跃性，难以明晰地彰显长时段的历史过程与纷繁复杂的历史现象，很难与世界通史的基础性课程有机整合起来。同时，径直给学生（特别是本科生）开列外文参考书目在当下也难以收效，主要缘由是国内大多数高校的外文藏书数量十分有限，难以满足学生的借阅需求。在此情况下，的确应该结合基础性课程系统地编选一整套外文历史文献资料，来强化相关的教学需要。
我们的历史文献编选之所以聚焦在西方，主要有两个缘由。其一是团队力量有限。要编选整个世界通史课程的基础性文献，涉及众多的国家、地区，而我们团队又几乎都从事西方历史的教学与研究，要大跨度地涉猎非西方的历史文献资料，不仅精力有限，而且学力不逮。而更重要的另一个考虑，则是旨在引导学生更多地关注西方历史。这些年来，中国的世界史取得显著的发展，但客观地说，西方历史是国内学者多为关注的学术领域。一段时间以来，国内史学界曾大力提倡世界史研究领域的均衡性，呼吁多关注非西方的国家和地区的历史，有的甚至将之提升到打破“西方中心”论之学旨高度。为了推动这一理路，一些高校教材在编写时，大幅度地压缩西方历史的内容，扩充非西方的国家和地区的历史内容。应该说，这类主张的出发点是好的、无可非议的。但应该指出，在现阶段乃至今后很长的一段时期，片面地强调世界史教学与研究的均衡性也是欠妥当的。西方历史之所以为国内大多数学人所看重，自然有着深层次的思想根源，与近代西方的崛起及其对世界的巨大影响、与中华民族近代的命运与探索、与当代中国社会主义现代化建设进程的曲折和拓展密切关联。可以毫不夸张地说，从观照中国的历史、现实与未来予以考量，西方无疑是一个最重要的历史参照坐标。不可否认，西方史学界的“西方中心”论的确包含着西方人“种族优越”论、“殖民征服合理”论的社会达尔文主义的谬论，但近代以来，对非西方国家、地区的传统社会而言，西方在世界历史发展潮流中的引领地位乃是客观的历史存在，也就是说，西方人借助资本主义工业化的张力，推动了世界各个地区的一体化。西方人的殖民主义侵略，客观上也刺激了非西方地区与国家告别传统、迈向现代的历史进程。直到十月革命发生后，特别是中国革命胜利后和中国改革开放所逐渐建构的中国社会主义现代化模式初步显现后，“西方中心”论才逐渐失去了“经验事实”的支撑。作为东方大国崛起的中国的历史与现实，必须更多地要在与西方历史的对称性参照中获得自我身份的理解、获得历史经验教训的借鉴。任意冲淡、压缩西方历史的做法，无疑是不明智的、非历史主义的。如果学者不去重点研究它，学生不去重点学习它，对它知之不多乃至知之甚少，又如何去突破“西方中心”论？事实上，当下史学界对西方历史的一些观点，仍旧深陷在西方史学界的传统诠释模式中而不能自拔，诸多学生对西方历史的不少理解仍然是西方学者曾经曲解乃至任意打扮的东西。在此情况下，重点研习西方历史的意义不言而喻。
正是基于以上缘由，我们编选了这套西方历史文献集。其中既有大量的原始资料（Primary Sources），也有不少当代权威史家整理、编译的第一手资料（Printed Primary Sources）。我们深知，研究西方历史，参考诸多语言种类的原始文献资料极其重要。然而，在当下的世界史教学中，由于学科起步较晚，语言训练欠缺，我们只能依照实际现状选编适用性普遍的英文历史文献来进行教学。不积跬步，无以至千里。在国内尚无这类书籍的情况下，我们相信这套书的出版，将填补我国世界史专业教学教材方面存在的重要空白，大大提升世界史专业本科生乃至研究生层次基础课程教学的质量，有力促进我国世界史学科的建设。孟广林2015年5月于中国人民大学[1]An Act for the Relief of the Poor，1601
Be it enacted by the Authority of this present Parliament，That the Churchwardens of every Parish，and four，three or two substantial Householders there，as shall be thought meet，having respect to the Proportion and Greatness of the Same Parish and Parishes，to be nominated yearly in Easter Week，or within one Month after Easter，under the Hand and Seal of two or more Justices of the Peace in the same County，whereof one to be of the Quorum，dwelling in or near the same Parish or Division where the same Parish doth lie，shall be called Overseers of the Poor of the same Parish：And they，or the greater Part of them，shall take order from Time to Time，by，and with the Consent of two or more such Justices of Peace as is aforesaid，for setting to work the Children of all such whose Parents shall not by the said Churchwardens and Overseers，or the greater Part of them. Be thought able to keep and maintain their Children：And also for setting to work all such Persons，married or unmarried，having no Means to maintain them，and use no ordinary and daily Trade of Life to get their Living by：And also to raise weekly or otherwise（by Taxation of every Inhabitant，Parson，Vicar and other，and of every Occupier of Lands，Houses，Tithes impropriate，Propriations of Tithes，Coal-Mines，or saleable Underwoods in the said Parish，in such competent Sum and Sums of Money as they shall think fit）a convenient Stock of Flax，Hemp，Wool，Thread，Iron，and other necessary Ware and Stuff，to set the Poor on Work：And also competent Sums of Money for and towards the necessary Relief of the Lame，Impotent，Old，Blind，and such other among them being Poor，and not able to work，and also for the putting out of such Children to be apprentices，to be gathered out of the same Parish，according to the Ability of the same Parish，and to do and execute all other Things as well for the disposing of the said Stock，as otherwise concerning the Premisses，as to them shall seem convenient：
Ⅱ. Which said Churchwardens and Overseers so to be nominated，or such of them as shall not be let by Sickness or other just Excuse，to be allowed by two such Justices of Peace or more as is aforesaid，shall meet together at the least once every Month in the Church of the said Parish，upon the Sunday in the Afternoon，after Divine Service，there to consider of some good Course to be taken，and of some meet Order to be set down in the Premisses；and shall within four Days after the End of their Year，and after other Overseers nominated as aforesaid，make and yield up to such two Justices of Peace，as is aforesaid，a true and perfect Account of all Sums of Money by them received，or rated and sessed and not received，and also of such Stock as shall be in their Hands，or in the Hands of any of the Poor to work，and of all other Things concerning their said Office，and such Sum or Sums of Money as shall be in their Hands，shall pay and deliver over to the said Churchwardens and Overseers，newly nominated and appointed as aforesaid；upon Pain that everyone of them absenting themselves without lawful Cause as aforesaid from such Monthly Meeting for the Purpose aforesaid，or being negligent in their Office，or in the Execution of the Orders aforesaid，being made by and with the Assent of the said Justices of Peace，or any two of them before-mentioned，to forfeit for every such Default of Absence or Negligence twenty Shillings.
Ⅲ. And be it also enacted，That if the said Justices of Peace do perceive，that the Inhabitants of any Parish are not able to levy among themselves sufficient Sums of Money for the Purposes aforesaid；That then the said two Justices shall and may tax，rate and assess，as aforesaid，any other of other Parishes，or out of any Parish，within the Hundred where the said Parish is，to pay such Sum and Sums of Money to the Churchwardens and Overseers of the said poor Parish，for the said Purposes，as the said Justices shall think fit，according to the Intent of this Law：And if the said Hundred shall not be thought to the said Justices able and fit to relieve the said several Parishes not able to provide for themselves as aforesaid；then the Justices of Peace，at their General Quarter-Sessions，or the greater Number them，shall rate，and assess as aforesaid，any other of other Parishes，or out of any Parish within the said County，for the Purposes aforesaid，as in their Discretion shall seem fit.
Ⅳ. And that it shall be lawful，as well for the present as subsequent Churchwardens and Overseers or any of them，by Warrant，from any two such Justices of Peace as is aforesaid，to levy as well the said Sums of Money and all Arrearages，of everyone that shall refuse to contribute according as they shall be assessed，by Distress and Sale of the Offenders Goods，as the Sums of Money or Stock which shall be behind on any Account to be made as aforesaid，rendering to the Parties the Overplus，and in Defect of such Distress，it shall be lawful for any such two Justices of the Peace，to commit him or them to the common Gaol of the County，there to remain without Bail or Mainprize，until payment of the said Sum，Arrearages and Stock：and the said Justices of Peace or any of them，to send to the House of Correction or common Gaol，such as shall not employ themselves to work，being appointed thereunto as aforesaid：and also any such two Justices of Peace to commit to the said Prison every one of the said Churchwardens and Overseers，who shall refuse to account，there to remain without Bail or Mainprize，until he have made a true Account，and satisfied and paid so much as upon the said Account shall be remaining in his Hands.
Ⅴ. And be it further enacted，That it shall be lawful for the said Churchwardens and Overseers，or the greater Part of them，by the Assent of any two Justices of the Peace aforesaid，to bind any such Children as aforesaid to be Apprentices，where they shall see convenient，till such Man-child shall come to the Age of four and twenty Years，and such Woman-child to the Age of one and twenty Years，or the Time of her Marriage；the same to be as effectual to all Purposes as if such Child were of full Age，and by Indenture of Covenant bound him or her self. And to the Intent that necessary Places of Habitation may more conveniently be provided for such poor impotent People；Be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid，that it shall and may be lawful for the said Churchwardens and Overseers，or the greater Part of them，by the Leave of the Lord or Lords of the Manor，whereof any Waste or Common within their Parish is or shall be Parcel，and upon Agreement before with him or them made in Writing，under the Hands and Seals of the said Lord or Lords，or otherwise，according to any Order to be set down by the Justices of Peace of the said County at the General Quarter Sessions，or the greater Part of them，by like Leave and Agreement of the said Lord or Lords in Writing under his or their Hands and Seals，to erect，build and set up in fit and convenient Places of Habitation，in such Waste or Common，at the general Charges of the Parish or otherwise of the Hundred or County as aforesaid，to be taxed，rated and gathered in Manner before expressed，convenient Houses of Dwelling for the said impotent Poor；and also to place Inmates or more Families than one in one Cottage or House；one Act made in the one and thirtieth Year of her Majesty’s Reign，intituled，An Act against the erecting and maintaining of Cottages，or any Thing therein contained，to the contrary notwithstanding：Which Cottages and Places for Inmates shall not at any Time after be used or employed to or for any other Habitation，but only for Impotent and Poor of the same Parish，that shall be there placed from Time to Time by the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor of the same Parish，or the most Part of them，upon the Pains and Forfeitures contained in the said former Act made in the said one and thirtieth Year of her Majesty’s Reign.
Ⅵ. Provided always，That if any Person or Persons shall find themselves grieved with any Sess or Tax，or other Act done by the said Churchwardens，and other Persons，or by the said Justices of Peace；that then it shall be lawful for the Justices of Peace at their General Quarter Sessions，or the greater Number of them，to take such Order therein as to them shall be thought convenient；and the same to conclude and bind all the said Parties.
Ⅶ. And be it further enacted，That the Father and Grandfather，and the Mother and Grandmother，and the Children of every poor，old，blind，lame，and impotent Person or other poor Person not able to work，being of a sufficient Ability，shall，at their own Charges，relieve and maintain every such poor Person in that Manner，and according to that Rate，as by the Justices of Peace of that County where such sufficient Persons dwell，or the greater Number of them，at their General Quarter Sessions shall be assessed；upon Pain that every one them shall forfeit twenty Shillings for every Month，which they shall fail therein.
Ⅷ. And be it further hereby enacted，That the Mayors，Bailiffs，or other Head Officers of every Town and Place Corporate and City within this Realm，being Justice or Justices of Peace，shall have the same Authority by Virtue of this Act，within the Limits and Precincts of their Jurisdictions，as well out of Sessions，as at their Sessions，if they hold any，as is herein limited，prescribed and appointed to Justices of the Peace of the County，or any two or more of them，or to the Justices of Peace in their Quarter-Sessions，to do and execute for all the Uses and Purposes in this Act prescribed，and no other Justice or Justices of Peace to enter or meddle there：and that every Alderman of the City of London within his Ward，shall and may do and execute in every Respect so much as is appointed and allowed by this Act to be done and executed by one or two Justices of Peace of any County within this Realm.
Ⅸ. And be it also enacted，That if it shall happen any Parish to extend itself into more Counties than one，or Part to lie within the Liberties of any City，Town，or Place Corporate，and Part without，that then，as well the Justices of Peace of every County，as also the Head Officers of such City，Town or Place Corporate，shall deal and intermeddle only in so much of the said Parish，as lieth within their Liberties，and not any further：And every of them respectively within their several Limits，Wards，and Jurisdictions，to execute the Ordinances before-mentioned concerning the Nomination of Overseers，the Consent to binding Apprentices，the giving Warrant to levy Taxations unpaid，the taking account of Churchwardens and Overseers，and the committing to Prison such as refuse to account，or deny to pay the Arrearages due upon their Accounts；and yet nevertheless，the said Churchwardens and Overseers，or the most Part of them，of the said Parishes that do extend into such several Limits and Jurisdictions，shall，without dividing themselves，duely execute their Office in all Places within the said Parish，in all Things to them belonging，and shall duly exhibit and make one Account before the said Head Officers of the Town or Place Corporate，and one other before the said Justices of Peace，or any such two of them，as is aforesaid.
Ⅹ. And further be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid，That if in any Place within this Realm there happen to be hereafter no such Nomination of Overseers yearly，as is before appointed，That then every Justice of Peace of the County，dwelling within the Division where such default of Nomination shall happen，and every Mayor，Alderman and Head Officer of City，Town or Place Corporate，where such Default shall happen，shall lose and forfeit for such default five Pounds，to be employed towards the Relief of the Poor of the said Parish or Place Corporate，and to be levied as aforesaid，of their Goods，by Warrant from the General Sessions of the Peace of the said County，or of the same City，Town，or Place Corporate，if they keep Sessions.
Ⅺ. And be it also enacted by the Authority aforesaid，that all Penalties and Forfeitures，before-mentioned in this Act to be forfeited by any Person or Persons，shall go and be employed to the Use of the Poor of the same Parish，and towards a Stock and Habitation for them，and other necessary Uses and Relief，as before in this Act are mentioned and expressed；and shall be levied by the said Churchwardens and Overseers，or one of them，by Warrant from any two such Justices of Peace，or Mayor，Alderman，or Head Officer of City，Town or Place Corporate respectively within their several Limits，by Distress and Sale thereof，as aforesaid；or in Defect thereof it shall be lawful for any two such Justices of Peace，and the said Aldermen and Head Officers within their several Limits，to commit the Offender to the said Prison，there to remain without Bail or Mainprize till the said Forfeitures shall be satisfied and paid.
Ⅻ. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid，that the Justices of Peace of every County or Place Corporate，or the more Part of them，in their General Sessions to be holden next after the Feast of Easter next，and so yearly as often as they shall think meet，shall rate every Parish to to such a weekly Sum of Money as they shall think convenient；so as no Parish be rated above the Sum of Sixpence，nor under the Sum of a Halfpenny，weekly to be paid，and so as the total Sum of such Taxation of the Parishes in every County amount not above the rate of Two-pence for every Parish within the said County：Which Sums so taxed shall be yearly assessed by the Agreement of the Parishioners within themselves，or in Default thereof，by the Churchwardens and Petty Constables of the same Parish，or the more Part of them：Or in Default of their Agreement，by the Order of such Justice or Justices of Peace as shall dwell in the same Parish，or（if none be there dwelling）in the Parts next adjoining.
XIII. And if any Person shall refuse or neglect to pay any such Portion of Money so taxed，it shall be lawful for the said Churchwardens and Constables，or any of them，or in their Default，for any Justice of Peace of the said Limit，to levy the same by Distress and Sale of the Goods of the Party so refusing or neglecting，rendering to the Party the Overplus：And in Default of such Distress，it shall be lawful to any Justice of that Limit to commit such Person to the said Prison，there to abide without Bail or Mainprize till he have paid the same.
XIV. And be it also enacted，That the said Justices of Peace at their General Quarter-Sessions to be holden at the Time of such Taxation，shall set down what competent Sums of Money shall be sent quarterly out of every County or Place Corporate，for the Relief of the poor Prisoners of the King’s Bench and Marshalsea，and also of such Hospitals and Almshouses as shall be in the said County，and what Sums of Money shall be sent to every one of the said Hospitals and Alms-houses，so as there be sent out of every County yearly twenty Shillings at the least，to each of the said Prisons of the King’s Bench and Marshalsea；which Sums ratably to be assessed upon every Parish，the Churchwardens of every Parish shall truly collect and pay over to the High Constables，in whose Division such Parish shall be situate，from Time to Time，quarterly，ten Days before the End of every quarter；and every such Constable at every such Quarter-Sessions in such County，shall pay over the same to such two Treasurers，or to one of them，as shall by the more Part of the Justices of Peace of the County be elected to be the said Treasurers，to be chosen by the Justices of Peace of the said County，City or Town，or Place Corporate，or of others which were sessed and taxed at five Pounds Lands，or ten Pounds Goods，at the least，at the Tax of Subsidy next before the Time of the said Election to be made；and the said Treasurers so elected to continue for the Space of one whole Year in their Office，and then to give up their Charge，with a due Account of their Receipts and Disbursements，at the Quarter-Sessions to be holden next after the feast of Easter in every Year，to such others as shall from Year to Year，in Form aforesaid，successively be elected Treasurers for the said County，City，Town or Place Corporate；which said Treasurers，or one of them，shall pay over the same to the Lord Chief Justice of England，and Knight Marshal for the Time being，equally to be divided to the Use aforesaid，taking their Acquittance for the same，or in Default of the said Chief Justice，to the next antientest Justice of the King’s Bench，as aforesaid：And if any Churchwarden or High Constable，or his Executors or Administrators，shall fail to make Payment in Form above specified，then every Churchwarden，his Executors or Administrators，so offending shall forfeit for every Time the Sum of Ten Shillings；and every High Constable，his Executors or Administrators，shall forfeit for every Time the Sum of twenty Shillings：the same Forfeitures，together with the Sums behind，to be levied by the said Treasurer and Treasurers by way of Distress and Sale of the Goods as aforesaid，in Form aforesaid，and by them to be employed towards the charitable Uses comprised in this Act.
XV. And be it further enacted，That all the Surplusage of Money which shall be remaining in the said Stock of any County，shall by Discretion of the more Part of the Justices of Peace in their Quarter Sessions，be ordered，distributed and bestowed for the Relief of the Poor Hospitals of that County，and of those that shall sustain Losses by Fire，Water，the Sea，or other Casualties，and to such other charitable Purposes，for the Relief of the Poor，as to the more Part of the said Justices of Peace shall seem convenient.
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