英文阅读加速度 初级(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：梁雪

出版社：外语教学与研究出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

英文阅读加速度 初级试读：

你去过美国吗？了解美国的风土人情和社会文化吗？在本单元你将阅读到介绍美国教育、文化的文章，并且通过练习，学会快速阅读。让我们赶紧开始吧！Part 1

The Interactive Classroom互动课堂

离开课堂已经一段时间了，还记得曾经的课堂吗？记忆中的课堂，是不是老师在讲台上滔滔不绝，学生在讲台下沉默不语？这样的课堂多么无趣！快来阅读下面的文章，了解美国的课堂是怎样的吧！

小技巧之略读

略读是非常有用的一项阅读技巧。在仔细阅读文章前，花一两分钟略读一下文章，往往会有意想不到的效果。略读时，要带着一个问题，那就是“这篇文章讲了什么”。要找到这个问题的答案，你不用逐字逐句地阅读文章，只需要集中精力阅读以下内容：1）文章标题和副标题；2）图表以及图表的说明文字；3）文章开头和结尾部分的段落；4）文章每一段的第一句话。听起来是不是很简单呢？那我们马上就来试一试吧！

试一试

用刚刚学到的略读方法，快速阅读以下文章，回答文章后的问题，核对答案，并填写表格。记得记下你的开始时间和结束时间。

The Undergraduate Classroom

A feature of U.S. education that we have not yet discussed is continuous (持续的，连续的) classroom interaction between teachers and students. From Los Angeles to New York, and from Chicago to Houston, educators believe that students master information by discovering it for themselves. They believe that teachers do not actually teach, but simply help students learn. In this view, learning takes place through a process of challenging old ideas and asking questions. Because the formal lecture permits(许可，允许) little questioning, it is less common in the United States than in many countries; as the quotation above indicates, the faculty (教职员) members aim to exchange ideas with students, rather than simply tell them what they should know.

The concept of constantly exchanging ideas may seem strange to you at first. Perhaps you come from a country where people believe that whatever is written in a book must be true, and that teachers are always right in terms of teaching. If so, you will probably find the United States system disquieting. Of course, American students know that their textbooks are mostly right and that their teachers are better informed (见多识广的) than they are. But they think for themselves—and their teachers expect them to ask questions and challenge the ideas. The point, again, is not that Americans have the "right" approach(方法，途径) to learning, but that the interactive classroom is a strong feature of U.S. education. You will need to adjust to it—and should in time, take advantage of it.

The accompanying (附属的，附带的) picture shows a class in an English as a Second Language program, where the tradition (传统) of interactive teaching is especially strong. Note that the students are sitting in a circle, so each of them can see every other student. They are working in pairs, interacting with each other. The teacher, on the left, is listening to one pair and giving them individual attention. The class contains only ten students, so that each has a chance to speak, to ask questions, and to receive the teacher's help.

Comparatively few courses in the university classroom are so clearly organized for interaction. Nevertheless (然而，不过), the course in which a professor lectures steadily to hundreds of silent students is relatively rare in the United States. Enrollments are often limited many classes will have fewer than thirty students, so that all students have a chance to participate. Where the lecture format is necessary, as in a freshman chemistry course, the large class meets once or twice a week, then divides into "recitation" sections, or small group meetings. The lecture is used to present information efficiently—for example, through slides and demonstrations as well as actual lecturing—but recitations provide important sessions where homework can be reviewed and questions answered.

You will find your classmates raising their hands to ask questions and sometimes, asking questions without raising their hands. The instructor will also ask them, and you, questions in order to check the group's understanding. All this is considered part of the learning process. If you do not understand a concept, you are expected to ask for clarification; if you do understand, you are expected to be able to state the concept. Be prepared for your instructors' questioning. Particularly in freshman/sophomore courses, they may base part of your grade on your efforts to participate in the work of the class. That is, you will be graded on such matters as your attendance, your promptness in arriving in class, your ability to get assignments in on time, and your interest in the course, as shown by your questions and by the answers you give to instructors'questions.

You may believe that it is impolite to ask a teacher a question, and that it is offensive to challenge a teacher's presentation (for example, to ask, "But how can we solve the equation if we are not given the value of y?"). In North American culture, however, it is impolite only to interrupt (中断， 打断) the teacher with a question and offensive only to attack the teacher's presentation (for example, to say, "How can we solve the problem if you don't present it clearly?"). Questioning—particularly that which shows students trying to learn for themselves—is appreciated and encouraged. By contrast, memorization is considered a poor way to learn. Rewards in the form of good grades will come if you have an inquiring mind and think for yourself.

测一测

略读后，根据原文，判断下列说法是否正确。正确的请写T，错误的请写F，不要偷偷翻看原文！

(　) 1．In the U.S. students master information by discovering it for themselves.

(　) 2．Teachers do not actually teach, but simply help students to learn.

(　) 3．Formal lectures permit a great deal of questioning.

(　) 4．The concept of constantly exchanging ideas is familiar to most overseas students.

(　) 5．Teachers in the U.S. expect students to ask questions and challenge ideas.

(　) 6．Most courses in the university classroom are clearly organized for interaction.

(　) 7．Formal lectures to hundreds of silent students are still fairly common in the U.S.

(　) 8．Enrollments are often limited, so few students have a chance to participate.

(　) 9．Large classes meet once or twice a week, and then divide into small group meetings.

(　) 10．Students are graded partly on their readiness to ask questions.

填表说明：

1．实际（阅读）速度＝课文长度（词数）÷阅读时间（分钟）

2．正确率＝正确题数÷总题数（10）

3．如果你已经达到了每分钟阅读90词的水平，在下面的练习中，你可以将目标定得更高一些。

通过本册书的学习，最终要达到每分钟90词的略读速度。你现在的略读速度是多少呢？距离目标速度还有一些差距？没关系，学完本册书，你一定能成功实现目标。加油！

再读一读

现在请再读一遍文章，可参照扩展词汇，充分理解文意，回答以下问题。

扩展词汇

feature n. 特点，特征

master v. 学会，掌握

concept n. 观念，思想

on the left 在左边

steadily adv. 持续地，有规律地

enrollment n. 注册人数

recitation n. 详述，叙述

clarification n. 澄清，阐明

sophomore n. （高中或大学的）二年级学生

offensive adj. 无礼的，冒犯的

memorization n. 背熟

interaction n. 相互作用，相互影响

challenge v. 对……质疑

take advantage of 利用

comparatively adv. 相对地，相较地

relatively adv. 相对地

participate v. 参与，参加

efficiently adv. 有效率地

freshman n. （高中或大学的）一年级学生

promptness n. 及时，迅速

appreciate v. 欣赏

an inquiring mind 探索精神

练一练

为下列各题选择最佳答案。参考答案详见本单元末。

1．According to sentence 2, new approaches to learning in American universities_________

A．are going on only in certain parts of the country.

B．are particularly popular in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston.

C．have swept through the whole of the U.S.

D．are popular only in certain large cities.

2．The writer suggests that formal lectures_________

A．permit a lot of questioning.

B．encourage students to participate.

C．encourage the challenging of old ideas and asking questions.

D．do not permit much questioning.

3．The writers says that formal lectures are_________

A．less common in the United States than in many countries.

B．more common in the United States than in many countries.

C．less common in many countries than in the United States.

D．growing less common all over the world.

4．The writer seems to think that_________

A．whatever is written in a book must be true.

B．teachers are always right in terms of teaching.

C．textbooks are better informed than most teachers.

D．teachers expect students to ask questions and challenge ideas.

5．The underlined word disquieting in paragraph 2 probably means_________

A．disturbing.

B．exciting.

C．stimulating.

D．pleasing.

6．The writer says that the system of education he describes is something that learners should_________

A．ignore.

B．adjust to.

C．accept.

D．take advantage of.

7．The class in the English as a Second Language program_________

A．is typical.

B．is what you can expect in most courses.

C．is highly unusual.

D．is highly interactive.

8．What is the main value of the recitation class?

A．It is used to present information efficiently.

B．It gives an opportunity for doing homework.

C．It is a good time to review the work done and ask questions.

D．It gives the lecturer a chance to test whether the work has been learnt.

9．In the U.S. it is_________

A．impolite to ask a teacher a question.

B．offensive to ask a teacher a question.

C．impolite to challenge a teacher's presentation.

D．rude to challenge a teacher's presentation.

小贴士

1．美国教育体系

2．美国的高等教育

在美国，大学本科学生被称作undergraduate，分为4个年级。大一、大二、大三和大四学生分别被叫做freshman，sophomore，junior和senior。本科之后，继续攻读硕士学位，则被称作postgraduate（研究生）。

READING FASTER FOR GIST技巧提升之快速阅读

第一部分的阅读练习，你做得怎样呢？刚刚开始本册书的学习，可能你的实际水平还达不到目标。不过，别担心，通过接下来的学习，你将变得越来越厉害。

在本部分，你将学习快速阅读的技巧。快速阅读并抓住文章主旨，是一项非常重要的技巧。如何才能培养出这项技巧呢？赶紧照着下面说的做吧！

首先，略读全文，快速把握文章主题。其次，快速阅读时，遇到不认识的字词，先跳过，不深究，把握文章整体意思即可。最重要的是，在阅读时，不要逐字逐字地读，而是按词句的自然组合来读。那词句的自然组合如何划分呢？参照下面的例句：

Good readers/do not read a text/word-by-word./Instead, they read/groups of words/in a single eye-fixation.

同时，不要尝试去阅读并记住每一个细节，只需掌握文章大意即可。听起来还不算难，那我们赶紧来试用一下这个技巧吧！

试一试

下面有一篇200字左右的小短文。现在，用刚刚学到的技巧来阅读这篇短文，计时2分钟，时间到请立刻停止，看看你能读多少。

How to Tell an American

How is it/that in any airport/in the world/you can pick out/an American?/Despite the fact/ that Americans/have their origins/in many different cultures,/they have a style/that marks them./ Americans can be/talktive or quiet, /and yet the quality/of Americanness/is unmistakable./One common characteristic/of Americans/is their openness/to strangers./Almost everyone agrees/that Americans/are friendly./Very few Americans/care to put on/snobbish airs/even if they secretly/regard themselves/as far above the crowd./The President of the U.S./tries to show/what a regular guy he is./ A college professor/who goes fishing/with building workers/will brag about it; /he too is one of the boys,/not an intellectual/in an ivory tower./ It is important/to remember/that friendliness/is not the same/as friendship./Many foreigners/slip up here./They mistakenly think/that all that warmth/means that they/are going to have/lots of friends./Then they become/disillusioned/and think that Americans/ are very shallow/in their friendship./This is just not true:/Americans can be good friends, but true friends/are not easier to come by/in America/than anywhere else.Part 2

What Are Good Manners?什么是良好的礼仪？

在你看来，什么是良好的礼仪？想一想中国和美国的礼仪有什么差别？要回答这个问题，需要先了解一下美国的礼仪。那我们赶紧来阅读下面的文章吧，完成阅读后不要忘记完成相应练习！

Politeness

Visitors usually find most Americans, for all their informality, very polite. This reputation seems to rest largely on the great number of "Please" and "Thank you" we deliver, but also on the general recognition (赞誉，重视) given to strangers. One should be considerate of waiters, garage attendants, and household help as well as of doctors and senators. Americans are shocked to see the peremptory manner in which servants are treated in other countries.

"The way you Americans say 'Thank you' and 'You're welcome' all the time is hypocritical," objected one Chinese man. "You don't really mean it." It's true that we don't mean much by it, but it's an acknowledgement that we don't expect people to do things for us. Even when a service is not optional—such as when receiving change in a store—a person who doesn't give thanks appears rude to an American.

"You're welcome" troubles some newcomers with its suggestion that one has actually done something worthy of thanks. You can always say, "Oh, it was nothing," but if it really was nothing, it's best to stick with "You're welcome."

Of course, whether you consider Americans polite depends on where you come from. Some Japanese find Americans so rude that they think they are being discriminated against when Americans are only acting normally. Politeness also depends on where you are. New Yorkers have a far-reaching reputation for rudeness, although they can also be surprisingly helpful.

Out in public, manners vary a great deal. A lot of attention has been given lately to a rising lack of public civility, particularly among drivers. And foreigners are often appalled at the behavior of children, who commonly are disruptive in public and feel free to speak to their parents in a manner unheard of in many cultures. Surprisingly though, many of these same children grow up to behave quite decently.

测一测

略读后，根据原文，判断下列说法是否正确。正确的请写T，错误的请写F，不要偷偷翻看原文！

(　) 1．Visitors find Americans behave informally—but very politely.

(　) 2．They often say "please" and "thank you".

(　) 3．They pay no attention to strangers.

(　) 4．They are polite even to waiters or garage attendants.

(　) 5．They do not mean anything by this show of politeness.

(　) 6．People who don't say "thank you" appear rude in America.

(　) 7．When Americans say "You're welcome!" they really mean it.

(　) 8．Some people from outside America think that Americans are very rude.

(　) 9．Good manners are particularly important in New York.

(　) 10．Many foreigners find American children seem to be very rude.

再读一读

现在请再读一遍文章，可参照扩展词汇，充分理解文意，回答以下问题。

扩展词汇

informality n. 不拘小节

considerate adj. 体贴的，周到的

hypocritical adj. 伪善的，虚伪的

optional adj. 非强制的，任选的

vary v. 改变，不同

appalled adj. 骇人的，震惊的

reputation n. 名声，名气

senator n. 参议员

acknowledgement n. 确认；鸣谢

discriminate against 歧视

civility n. 礼貌

disruptive adj. 捣乱的；引起混乱的

练一练

为下列各题选择最佳答案。参考答案详见本单元末。

1．Which of these is the best summary of this passage?

A．Visitors usually find most Americans, for all their informality, very polite. This is not always recognized: some foreigners such as the Japanese, think Americans are hypocritical — others think that they are very rude.

B．Visitors usually find most Americans, for all their informality, very polite. However, the situation varies; New Yorkers, and children, for example, are often considered rude, especially by some foreigners.

C．Visitors usually find most Americans informal, yet very polite. This may seem hypocritical, but it is customary for foreigners to say "thank you" — and impolite not to say it.

D．Although Americans generally are very polite. they can be very informal; at times this is seen as rude, especially among New Yorkers and children.

2．The underlined phrase for all their informality means_________

A．despite their informality.

B．because of their informality.

C．when they are informal.

D．even when they are being formal.

3．The general recognition given to strangers (line 3) means_________

A．strangers widely recognize that Americans are polite.

B．Americans usually treat strangers politely.

C．Americans always recognize when someone is a stranger.

D．Americans really appreciate visitors coming to their country.

4．The underlined word peremptory in paragraph 1 probably means_________

A．polite.

B．impolite.

C．courteous.

D．humorous.

5．According to the writer, the reason why some Japanese think Americans are rude is because_________

A．Americans do not treat them the same way they treat other people.

B．they are being discriminated against.

C．they misunderstand the way Americans behave.

D．they think they are being rude to them.

通过上面的练习，相信你已经掌握了一些阅读的技巧和方法啦。想不想练练手？那就赶快阅读下面的文章，完成相应的练习吧！这篇文章没有提供单词注释，快来挑战吧！扩展阅读

How to Be a Better Listener

Diogenes, a Greek philosopher 2,300 years ago, put it very wisely when he said, "We have two ears and only one tongue in order that we may hear more and speak less."

To be a better listener you must first want to be one. You must realize the many benefits of improved listening, and you must be prepared to exert the required effort. When you come to class you know that you'll hear people talk, so prepare yourself to listen. Develop a positive attitude toward the speakers. Tell yourself that you'll hear some exhilarating topics and that in all probability you'll learn something new. Motivation can spell the difference between just hearing something and listening and understanding it.

If you're planning to attend a lecture or listen to a speech outside class, you can get ready for it by learning what you can about the speaker. Who is she? What's her background? Is she an authority on the subject? What's her motive for speaking? By increasing your interest in the speaker and her subject before the event, you can't help but listen more effectively.

Below are some suggestions for honing your ability to listen:

1．Concentrate.

2．Keep an open mind.

3．"Read" the speaker.

4．Get ready for the wrap-up.

5．Put yourself in the speaker's shoes.

Concentrate. Interpersonal communication should be on a constant beam from the speaker to the listener and back to the speaker. Don't interrupt this beam by daydreaming or succumbing to distractions. Try not to think about last night, this morning, or tonight. If your thoughts begin to wander, take charge and direct them back to the speaker and her message. If the speaker is boring, you're really faced with a challenge.

Another obstacle to total concentration is the fact that we think much faster than we speak. A comfortable speaking rate lies between 130 and 160 words per minute. The brain, however, can deal with approximately 500 words per minute. So you can see that while we're listening, we have quite a bit of spare time. It is during this spare time that we must try not to become distracted.

From the moment the speaker approaches the stand, rivet your eyes onto her. Remember that eye contact is as important to the speaker as it is to the listener. Look interested and you will be interested. Watch her facial expressions and gestures while she's speaking. You can receive many clues to her meanings by observing her mannerisms. Gestures can be eloquent, indeed.

Beware of distractions. Little things can throw you off... books dropping, people talking and coughing, fire engines roaring. The speaker herself can be distracting. Her dress may be as loud as a fire engine, her gestures may be uncontrollable, or she may be constantly swaying. If these or any other distractions occur, then you must intensify your concentration on the message.

Nothing inspires a speaker more than an interested audience.

Keep an open mind. Don't have the attitude, "I know what she's going to say and she's all wet." Preconceived opinions narrowly limit your ability to benefit from a true communicative experience. Be objective. Hear the speaker out to the end. Then, if you disagree, ask her to clarify certain points. Give the speaker every courtesy that you would want if you were speaking.

"Read" the speaker. If the speaker opens with a title, grasp it. Closely follow her introduction and the main points she's making. In her introduction she should state what will be covered. Take note and anticipate the main points. How do they relate to the other points mentioned? Is she accomplishing what she set out to do? What about the soundness of her ideas? Are they valid? Is she logical? Does she have supporting material and how does she use it? These are just some thoughts to consider while you're listening.

Being able to "read" a speaker will give you the added advantage of listening with greater insight.

Get ready for the wrap-up. Be ready for the conclusion of the talk. It will be the speaker's final chance to imprint her message in the minds of the listeners. At this time she may repeat some important points that you may have missed during the talk. Listen for them and ask yourself the following crucial questions: Did I get her message? Do I agree, or do certain points need clarification? What were her strongest and weakest arguments?

Never be too embarrassed to ask questions. There is no more important process in education than asking questions....

Put yourself in the speaker's shoes. You may be able to better understand and absorb a talk if you try to put yourself in the speaker's place. This means you must strive to feel, think, act, and react like the speaker. What motivated her to select this topic? What is her educational and professional background? Is she married or single? Does she have any children? What action or reaction is she seeking from the audience and why?

If you can successfully place yourself within the speaker, not only will you understand her message better, but you will have taken a giant step toward becoming a more effective and responsive listener.

测一测

根据原文，判断下列说法是否正确。正确的请写T，错误的请写F，不要偷偷翻看原文！

(　) 1．The first step in becoming a better listener is wanting to be a better listener.

(　) 2．According to the text, most people speak at about 130 to 160 words per minute.

试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]

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