作者：新东方考试研究中心
出版社：浙江教育出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
托福难句500例精讲精析试读：
前言
托福考试是大学水平的英语使用及理解能力测试，评估考生在英语听、说、读、写技能方面的综合能力。托福考试是全球最为广泛也最受重视的英语语言考试，它获得了130多个国家（包括澳大利亚、加拿大及美国）逾9,000所学院、大学和机构的普遍认可。全球有超过2,700万人通过参加托福考试来证明其英语语言能力。随着留学热的升温，中国参加托福考试的人数也在逐年增加。
目前的托福考试以互联网为依托，称为“iBT”（Internet-Based Test），即托福网考，满分120分，阅读、听力、口语、写作每部分各30分。TPO是英文TOEFL Practice Online的缩写，即托福在线考试练习，是托福考试主办方ETS提供的托福官方网考练习平台，其中题目均为之前考过的托福原题，极具参考价值。精研TPO题目是考生取得高分的不二之选。
很多托福考生对词汇和长难句的掌握往往不够，常常是单词记得不少，却不熟悉高频核心词汇，碰到长难句时更是束手无策。针对以上问题，本书精心挑选了托福考题和TPO中的500例经典难句，给出精准中文翻译，拆分复杂句型，补充相应的语法知识，精讲重点、难点单词和短语，帮助考生深入分析、透彻理解句子。通过对每一个难句的分析与讲解，考生可以提升句子分析能力，加快阅读速度，从容应对考试。通过学习本书精选的难句，考生还可以进一步充实相关的语法和词汇知识，掌握有效的复习思路，在了解托福试题特点的基础上，提升自身英语水平。
本书设置如下：
本书共收录500个托福难句，分为25个Group，每个Group含20个句子。
佳句妙译：给出句子的精准翻译，体现原句特色，帮助考生深入理解，并在翻译上给考生以启发。
句法精析：拆分句子结构，对句子进行透彻的句法剖析，清晰简单，一目了然。
知识拓展：提炼句子中的关键语法点，讲解相关语法知识，帮助考生搭建语法体系。
词汇拓展：梳理重点单词，提供经典实用例句与用法解析，帮助考生通过句子识记单词。
短语搭配：摘录句中重点短语和搭配，并配以实用例句，帮助考生理解和运用。
另外，本书配套的Kindle电子书也将同步上市发售，方便考生利用电子设备进行学习。
备考托福，不可一蹴而就。往往在历经千辛万苦，突破每一个难点之后，才能达到最终的目标。编者衷心希望本书能够助怀抱“留学梦”的学子们一臂之力。编者
Group 1
1Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent（主语） is （连系动词）the American antelope, or pronghorn（表语）.佳句妙译
美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
句法精析
这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是主语+连系动词+表语，如英文句下标注所示。
知识拓展
简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其他各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来，如五大基本句型：
1.主语+谓语
2.主语+连系动词+表语
3.主语+谓语+宾语
4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
词汇拓展
typical ['tɪpɪkl] adj. 典型的；特有的；象征性的【例】Cheney is everyone's image of a typical cop: a big white guy, six feet, 220 pounds. Cheney是每个人心目中典型的警察形象：高大的白人，身高6英尺，体重220磅。【派】typically（adv. 典型地）
dweller [ˈdwelər] n. 居民，居住者【例】I am now a city dweller, a resident of the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Southeast Washington,
D. C. 我现在成了城里人，住在华盛顿特区东南的国会山附近。【派】dwell （v. 居住）【同】liver, resident, inhabitant, habitant
continent [ˈka:ntɪnənt] n. 大陆；洲；陆地【例】He traversed alone the whole continent of Africa from east to west. 他只身长途跋涉，从东向西横穿整个非洲大陆。【搭】New Continent 新大陆【派】continental （adj. 大陆的）
短语搭配
typical of... 是…的典型特征【例】We consider these two configurations more typical of customer environments. 我们认为这两种配置是更典型的客户环境。2Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986,（定语从句） how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century（主句）?
佳句妙译
1986年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？
句法精析
这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是定语从句+主句，如下：
定语从句：who saw Haley's comet in 1986
主句：Of the millions..., how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
定语从句who saw Haley's comet in 1986修饰先行词the millions。在主句中，people作主语；will live long enough作谓语；to see it return 是不定式作状语。
知识拓展
enough to的用法
该结构的基本形式为“形容词或副词+enough to+动词原形”，其意为“足够…可以…”。
e.g. He is old enough to take care of himself. // Will you be kind enough to shut the door? // She is old enough to travel by herself. // Is the river deep enough to swim in?
注意：若enough前出现否定词，则不仅否定了enough，而且也否定其后的不定式。
e.g. He was not strong enough to do the work. // He is not strong enough to lift the box.
词汇拓展
Haley's comet 哈雷彗星3Anthropologists have discovered（主句） that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
人类学家们发现，恐惧、快乐、悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类中是共通的。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句，如下：
主句：Anthropologists have discovered
宾语从句：fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions
在宾语从句中，fear、happiness、sadness、surprise 是并列主语；are universally reflected in facial expressions 作谓语，被动语态。
知识拓展
被动语态
1. 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
e.g. Many people speak English.
speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
e.g. English is spoken by many people.
主语English是动词speak的承受者。
2. 被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
3. 被动语态的用法
1）在不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的情况下使用被动语态。
e.g. Some new computers were stolen last night. // This book was published in 1981.
2）被动语态强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
e.g. The window was broken by Mike. // This book was written by him. // Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.
词汇拓展
anthropologist [ˌænθrəˈpa:lədʒɪst] n. 人类学家【例】In 2001, Blenkin was instructed to join a team including an archaeologist, a forensic anthropologist and two forensic dentists. 2001年，Blenkin奉命加入包括一名考古学家、一名法医人类学家和两名法学牙医在内的团队。【派】anthropology（n. 人类学）【同】humanist
universally [ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:rsəli] adv. 普遍地【例】It is a new theory universally received. 这是一个得到普遍认可的新理论。【派】universal（adj. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的）【同】generally
facial [ˈfeɪʃl] adj. 面部的；表面的【例】Mark didn't answer; his facial expression didn't change. Mark没有回答；他的面部表情没有改变。【同】external, surface
expression [ɪkˈspreʃn] n. 表情；表示；表达【例】Laughter is one of the most infectious expressions of emotion.笑是最具感染力的感情表达方式之一。【派】express （v. 表达）【同】utterance4Because of its irritating effect on humans（状语）, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic（主语） has been largely discontinued（谓语）.
佳句妙译
由于苯酚对人体有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当做常用的防腐剂了。
句法精析
这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语，如下：
状语：Because of its irritating effect on humans（表示原因）
主语：the use of phenol as a general antiseptic
谓语：has been largely discontinued
知识拓展
because 和because of的区别
1. because 表示“由于，因为”，是连词，后接从句。
e.g. She doesn't go to school because she is ill. // The boy was always late because it took so long to get dressed. // I can't do it now because I am busy.
2. because of 是介词，后接名词、代词、动词的-ing形式，或名词性从句。
e.g. She doesn't go to school because of her illness. // We should never look down upon a person because of what his parents have done.
词汇拓展
irritating ['ɪrɪteɪtɪŋ] adj. 刺激的；气人的【例】In heavy concentrations, ozone is irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. 浓度极高时，臭氧对眼睛、鼻子和喉咙是有刺激作用的。【派】irritate （v. 刺激；激怒）【同】incentive, stimulating
effect [ɪ'fekt] n. 作用；效果；影响【例】Mr. Morris feels the museum is using advertising to good effect. Morris先生感到博物馆正在有效地利用广告。【派】effective （adj. 有效的）【同】influence, impact
general [ˈdʒenrəl] adj. 一般的；普通的；总体的【例】The figures represent a general decline in employment.这些数字表明就业率的总体下降。【搭】in general 总之，通常；一般而言【派】generally （adv. 通常；普遍地）【同】ordinary, average, common
antiseptic [ˌænti'septɪk] n. 防腐剂；消毒剂【例】She bathed the cut with antiseptic. 她用消毒剂浸洗了伤口。
discontinue [ˌdɪskən'tɪnju:] v. 停止；中断【例】Do not discontinue the treatment without consulting your doctor. 不要未经咨询医生就中断治疗。【派】discontinued（adj. 停止使用的；不连续的）【同】quit, stop
短语搭配
because of… 由于…【例】All flights were delayed because of the heavy fog. 由于大雾所有航班都延误了。
use sth. as... 将…用做【例】The use of information as a weapon has a long history. 利用信息作为武器有着悠久的历史。5In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something（主句） consumers consider useful or desirable（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
任何营利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者认为有用或需要的产品。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something
定语从句：consumers consider useful or desirable
在主句中，In group to remain in existence 作状语；a profit-making organization作主语；in the long run作时间状语；produce 作谓语；something作宾语。something是定语从句的先行词，在从句中作consider的宾语；useful 和desirable作宾语补足语。
知识拓展
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词（即先行词）。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1. who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? // He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
2. whose
用来指人或物（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. // Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3. which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. （which/that在句中作宾语）// The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. （which/that在句中作宾语）
词汇拓展
existence [ɪg'zɪstəns] n. 生存；存在【例】Public worries about accidents are threatening the very existence of the nuclear power industry. 公众对事故的担心正威胁着核电工业的生存。【搭】in existence 现有的；现存的；实际存在的；实有的【派】exist（v. 生存；存在）【同】presence, being
profit-making [ˈpra:fɪtˈmeɪkɪŋ] adj. 营利的【例】He wants to set up a profit-making company, owned mostly by the university. 他想开办一家能赚钱的公司，主要由该大学所有。【同】lucrative
desirable [dɪ'zaɪərəbl] adj. 满足需要的，令人满意的【例】Prolonged negotiation was not desirable. 拖得很长的谈判是不受欢迎的。【派】desire（v. 渴望 n. 欲望）【同】satisfying
短语搭配
in the long run 终究；长远【例】If you put the effort in up front, it'll pay off in the long run. 如果你前期付出了这样的努力，那么从长远来讲你会得到回报。
consider sb./sth.+adj. 将某人或某物视做…【例】Take whatever measures you consider best. 采取任何你认为最好的措施。6The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
佳句妙译
一个地方的人口越多，其对水、交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
句法精析
这句话是比较级的句型，整个句子的结构是the＋比较级..., the＋比较级...，如下：
句1：The greater the population there is in a locality
句2：the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse
知识拓展
比较级的句型“the＋比较级..., the＋比较级...”。该句型的意思为“越…越…”。
e.g. The higher the mountain is, the more people like to climb it; the more dangerous the mountain is, the more they wish to conquer it.
这种句型常用省略说法，例如：The sooner, the better. // More haste, less speed.
词汇拓展
population [ˌpa:pjuˈleɪʃn ] n. 人口【例】Bangladesh now has a population of about 110 million. 孟加拉国现有约一亿一千万人口。【派】populate（v. 居住于）
locality [loʊˈkæləti] n. 位置；地点【例】Following the discovery of the explosives the president cancelled his visit to the locality. 发现爆炸物之后总统取消了对该地区的访问。【派】local（adj. 当地的；局部的）【同】site, spot, position
transportation [ˌtrænspɔ:r'teɪʃn] n. 交通；运输【例】Campuses are usually accessible by public transportation. 到校园通常可以乘坐公共交通。【派】transport（n./v. 运输）【同】traffic
disposal [dɪˈspoʊzl] n. 处理；支配；清理；安排【例】Do you have this information at your disposal? 这个资料你能随意使用吗？【搭】at one's disposal 由某人支配【派】dispose（v. 处理；处置）【同】settlement, treating, handling
refuse [rɪˈfju:z] n. 垃圾；废物【例】The town made a weekly collection of refuse. 该镇每周收一次垃圾。【同】garbage, rubbish, junk, trash7It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions（主句） that only obscure one's meaning（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
简明、直接、有力的写作难于花哨、含混而意义模糊的表达。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions
定语从句：that only obscure one's meaning
在主句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是to write simply, directly, and effectively。
词汇拓展
effectively [ɪ'fektɪvli] adv. 有效地，生效地【例】If you can use a word correctly and effectively, you comprehend it. 如果你能正确和有效地使用一个单词，你就了解它了。【派】effective（ adj. 有效的）
employ [ɪm'plɔɪ] v. 使用，采用；雇用【例】He employs his spare time in reading. 他把余暇用于阅读。【搭】employ oneself in doing/on 花时间在；从事于【派】employment（n. 使用，采用；雇用）【同】use
flowery ['flaʊəri] adj. 花哨的；花的；华丽的；绚丽的【例】All that flowery language gives me a headache! 那些华丽的语言让我感到头痛！
vague [veɪg] adj. 模糊的；含糊的【例】One must not be vague on matters of principle. 在原则问题上不能含糊。【同】uncertain, obscure
obscure [əb'skjʊr] v. 使模糊不清，使难理解 adj. 模糊的；晦涩的；昏暗的【例】Last night, an obscure project peered upon my mind. 昨晚，一个计划在我脑中模糊出现。【同】equivocal8With modern offices becoming more mechanized（状语）, designers（主语） are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors（谓语）.
佳句妙译
随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其个性化。
句法精析
这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语，如英文句下标注所示。
词汇拓展
mechanized [ˈmekənaɪzd] adj. 自动化的，机械化的；呆板的【例】Agriculture is now so mechanized that only about 2 percent of American workers make a living as farmers. 现在，农业的机械化程度很高，美国只有约百分之二的工人以农业为生。【派】mechanize （v. 使机械化）【同】automated
personalize [ˈpɜ:rsənəlaɪz] v. 使个性化、个人化【例】Instead of feeling trapped by your work environment, why not personalize it?与其感觉被你的工作环境所束缚，为何不将其装扮得个性化些？【派】personal（adj. 个人的）9The difference between libel and slander（主语） is（系动词） that libel is printed while slander is spoken（表语从句）.
佳句妙译
诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
句法精析
整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+表语从句，如下：
主语：The difference between libel and slander
表语从句：that libel is printed while slander is spoken
其中while连接两个并列的分句。
词汇拓展
libel ['laɪbl] n. [律]诽谤罪；诋毁【例】The woman appeared before the judge on a charge of libel. 这个女人被指控犯诽谤罪受法官审判。【派】libellous （adj. 诽谤的）【同】denigration, traducement
slander [ˈslændər] n. 流言，诽谤；中伤【例】You ought to kick back at such malicious slander. 你应当对这种恶意诽谤进行反击。【派】slanderous（adj. 诽谤的）【同】defamation10The knee is the joints（主句） where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：The knee is the joints
定语从句：where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg
joints 是定语从句的先行词。
词汇拓展【例】joint [dʒɔɪnt] n. 关节；接缝；接合处
The mason flushed the joint with mortar. 泥瓦匠用灰浆把接缝处抹平。【派】jointly（adv. 共同地；连带地）
thigh [θaɪ] n. 大腿，股【例】The shorts are so small that I can't fit my thighs into any of them.短裤太小了，我的大腿塞不进去。11Acids are chemical compounds（主句 ） that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：Acids are chemical compounds
定语从句：that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red
chemical compounds是定语从句的先行词；定语从句中that是主语；三个并列宾语是：a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red。
词汇拓展
acid ['æsɪd] n. 酸【例】Roses will not root in such acid soil. 玫瑰在这种酸性土壤中不会生根。【派】acidity （n. 酸度；酸性）【同】acerbity
compound [ˈka:mpaʊnd] n. 化合物；混合物【例】Organic compounds contain carbon in their molecules.有机化合物的分子里含碳。【搭】chemical compound 化合物【同】mixture
solution [sə'luʃn] n. 溶液；溶解；解决方案【例】A gas in solution diffuses from a region of greater to one of less concentration. 溶液中的气体会从浓度高的部分扩散到浓度低的部分。【派】solve（v. 溶解；解决）【同】dissolution
corrosive [kəˈroʊsɪv] adj. 腐蚀的；侵蚀性的【例】Sodium and sulphur are highly corrosive. 钠和硫有高度的腐蚀性。【派】corrode （v.侵蚀；损害）【同】erosive
dye [daɪ] n. 染料；染色【例】She dunked a piece of white cloth in the dye. 她把一块白布浸入染料中。【派】dyed （adj. 被染色的）12Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer（主语） rests on（谓语） her ability to give emotional depth to her songs（宾语）.
佳句妙译
Billie Holiday作为一名爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在她能够赋予歌曲深厚感情的能力的基础上。
句法精析
这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语，如下：
主语：Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer
谓语：rests on
宾语：her ability to give emotional depth to her songs
不定式to give emotional depth to her songs作定语，修饰ability。
词汇拓展
reputation [ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn] n. 名声，名誉；声望【例】This college has a good academic reputation.这所大学拥有良好的学术声誉。【派】reputable（adj. 声誉好的；受尊敬的）【同】fame, celebrity, prestige, credit
emotional [ɪ'mʊʃənl] adj. 情绪的；易激动的；感动人的【例】He is a very emotional man. 他是个易动情的人。【派】emotion（n. 情感；情绪）13Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of（主句） what is conceived to be reality（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
理论在本质上是对设想的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句，如下：
主句：Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of
宾语从句：what is conceived to be reality
词汇拓展
essentially [ɪˈsenʃəli] adv. 本质上；本来【例】Essentially, you have to compare your plans, hopes, and visions with reality. 本质上，你必须将你的计划、希望和想象与实际比较。【派】essential （adj. 基本的；必要的；本质的）【同】originally
abstract ['æbstrækt] adj. 抽象的；深奥的【例】A modern abstract painting takes over one complete wall.一幅现代抽象画占了整整一面墙。【派】abstraction （n. 抽象；提取；抽象概念）
symbolic [sɪmˈba:lɪk] adj. 符号化的，象征的【例】Yellow clothes are worn as symbolic of spring. 黄色衣服象征春天。【派】symbol （n. 象征；符号；标志）【同】emblematic
representation [ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn] n. 代表；表现【例】Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens but they have no representation in Congress.波多黎各人是美国公民，但是他们在国会中没有代表。【派】represent （v. 代表；表现）
conceive [kənˈsi:v] v. 设想；构思；以为【例】I just can't even conceive of that quantity of money.我简直无法想象那样一笔数量的钱。【派】conception （n. 概念；设想 ）14Long before children are able to speak or understand a language（状语从句）, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises（主句）.
佳句妙译
在能说或能听懂一门语言之前很久，儿童就会通过面部表情和靠发出声音来与人交流了。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如下：
状语从句：Long before children are able to speak or understand a language
主句：they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises15Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas（主句） where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
多亏了当代灌溉（技术设施），农作物如今在原来只有仙人掌和山艾树才能生存的地方旺盛生长。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas
定语从句：where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live
在主句中，介词短语Thanks to modern irrigation作状语，表示原因。
词汇拓展
irrigation [ˈɪrɪɡeɪʃn] n. 灌溉【例】Rivers and lakes provide us with water transport and irrigation. 江河湖泽给我们以舟楫和灌溉之利。【派】irrigate （v. 灌溉 ）
abundantly [ə'bʌndəntli] adv. 丰富地；充裕地【例】He made it abundantly clear that any ideas that are against his policies will not last long. 他十分明确地表示任何与他政策不一致的观点将维持不了多久。【派】abundant （adj. 丰富的；充裕的 ）
sagebrush ['sedʒbrʌʃ] n. 山艾树，[植]蒿属植物（产于美国西部）【例】Fire and wind raged all around, snapping juniper trees and incinerating the sagebrush. 四周风火肆虐，猛咬着杜松树，把山艾树烧成了灰烬。16The development of mechanical timepieces（主语） spurred the search for more accurate sundials（谓语） with which to regulate them（定语）.
佳句妙译
机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+定语，如下：
主语：The development of mechanical timepieces
谓语：spurred the search for more accurate sundials
定语：with which to regulate them
词汇拓展
mechanical [məˈkænɪkl] adj. 机械的；力学的【例】This is the oldest working mechanical clock in the world.这是世界上最古老的还可以使用的机械钟。【派】mechanics （n. 力学；结构；技术；机械学）【同】automatic
timepiece [ˈtaɪmpi:s] n. 计时器【例】Omega will also provide the timepieces for the Games, as they have done since 1932. 欧米茄公司还将为（伦敦）奥运会提供计时器；自1932年起该公司就为多届奥运会提供计时器。
spur [spɜ:r] v. 促使，激励，鞭策【例】The administration may put more emphasis on spurring economic growth.管理部门可能会更加重视促进经济的增长。【搭】spur on 驱使；鼓励；飞驰【同】stimulate, inspire
sundial [ˈsʌndaɪəl] n. 日晷【例】A sundial showed very precise time. 日晷上显示的时间非常精确。【同】gnomon, solarium17Anthropology is a science（主句） in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations（状语从句） that can be checked by others（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套极精确的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果可供他人核查。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+状语从句+定语从句，如下：
主句：Anthropology is a science
状语从句：in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations
定语从句：that can be checked by others
in that相当于by reason of，意为“因为，由于”。
词汇拓展
anthropology [ˌænθrəˈpa:lədʒi] n. 人类学【例】Now without doubt this is a dubious theory of classical anthropology. 现在毫无疑问，这是一个关于古典人类学的可疑学说。【派】anthropologist （n. 人类学家；人类学者）
rigorous ['rɪɡərəs] adj. 极精确的，严格的；严厉的；严密的【例】He is rigorous in his control of expenditure.他严格控制自己的开支。【同】strict, rigid18Fungi are important in the process of decay（主句）, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物残骸。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：Fungi are important in the process of decay
定语从句：which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris
定语从句中有三个并列谓语：returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, decomposes animal debris。
词汇拓展
fungi ['fʌndʒaɪ] n. 真菌；菌类；蘑菇（fungus的复数）
ingredient [ɪnˈɡri:diənt] n. 成分；原料；要素；组成部分【例】The major ingredient of semiconductors is silicon, the second most abundant element on earth.半导体的主要成分是硅，地球上含量第二丰富的元素。【同】element
decompose [ˌdi:kəmˈpoʊz] v. 分解；使腐烂【例】The tomato began to decompose after half a day in the sun. 在太阳下晒了半天后，西红柿开始腐烂。【搭】decompose into 分解为【派】decomposition （n. 分解；腐烂，变质）【同】resolve
debris [dəˈbri:] n. 残骸，碎片【例】A number of people were killed by flying debris.一些人遭飞溅的碎片袭击致死。【同】remain, chip19When it is struck（状语从句）, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone（主句）, retaining its pitch over a long period of time（（分词短语作）状语）.
佳句妙译
音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如下：
状语从句：When it is struck
主句：a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time
词汇拓展
pitch [pɪtʃ] n. 音高；程度【例】He raised his voice to an even higher pitch.他将嗓门提得更高了。20Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States,
让步状语从句
they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
主句
佳句妙译
虽然美洲山核桃树最集中于美国的东南部，但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺伊州也能找到它们。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是让步状语从句+主句，如下：
让步状语从句：Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States
主句：they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois
词汇拓展
pecan [pɪˈka:n] n. 美洲山核桃；美洲山核桃树
Group 2
1Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others（主语） is often called scapegoating（谓语）.佳句妙译
用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语，如下：
主语：Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others
谓语：is often called scapegoating
词汇拓展
eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] v. 消除；排除【例】Recent measures have not eliminated discrimination in employment.最近的举措还未能根除就业歧视。【派】elimination （n. 消除；淘汰；除去 ）【同】avoid, exclude
scapegoat [ˈskeɪpɡoʊt] v. 寻找替罪羊 n. 替罪羊2The chief foods eaten in any country（主语） depend largely on（谓语） what grows best in its climate and soil（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
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