作者：圣才电子书
出版社：圣才电子书
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
2017年英语专业考研基础英语词汇语法高分特训1300题试读：
第1章 词汇语法技巧指南
对于绝大多数报考英语专业的考生而言，“基础英语”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试必考的科目。一般来说，报考英语专业研究生的考核科目为：政治（分值100分）、第二外语（分值100分）、基础英语（分值150分）以及专业课（包括英美文学、语言学与应用语言学、翻译理论及实践等）（分值150分）。
需要说明的是，有些院校对此科目的考试名称有所不同：例如北京大学称之为“专业能力”，上海外国语大学称之为“英语综合”，北京外国语大学称之为“英语基础测试（技能）”，上海交通大学、广东外语外贸大学等称之为“英语水平考试”，四川大学称之为“英语专业基础”，山东大学称之为“实践英语”。上述院校的科目名称和大多数院校所用的“基础英语”名称虽有差别，但实质是一样的，都是由各学校自主命题、考核英语专业考生基本功底的考试科目。
1.1 考核要求和出题形式
1．基础英语词汇语法部分考核要求
对于“基础英语”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把1999年教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生基本功的大体要求。其对词汇语法部分的要求如下：
语法方面，较好地掌握句子之间和段落之间的衔接手段如照应、省略、替代等。熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想。
词汇方面，通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇达10000-12000个；且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000-6000个及其最常用的搭配。
2．试题类型和出题形式（1）词汇题
词汇题的考核内容较为广泛，包括对名词、形容词、动词、冠词等多种词性、各种短语及固定搭配结构的判断和理解，其中包括对同义词、近义词、反义词的辨认与区分等；根据上下文对词和词组意义的判断等。
出题形式主要有以下几种：
①题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项选出最恰当的词或词组。如：
Anyone who has a sore throat should _____ from alcohol.
A. detain
B. abstain
C. sustain
D. pertain
个别院校（如对外经济贸易大学）有时句子中会留2～4个空白。如：
Literature may _____ and inform, entertain, express personal joy or _____, reflect religious devotion, glorify a nation or hero, or _____ a particular point of view—whether it _____ political, social, or aesthetic.
A. inspire; love; describe; is
B. instruct: pain; advocate; be
C. convince; hatred; reveal; were
D. alert; pleasure; explain; has been
②要求对单句中划有底横线的词进行替换选择，即从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳替换词。如：
Don’t be callous to the suffering of others.
A. apathetic
B. curious
C. sensitive
D. supercilious
③根据词的相关解释，从表格所给出的词汇中选出意思与之符合的单词。如：
a thing that is changeable: _____ （答案为variable）。
④要求为所给出的单词选择其同义词。如：
phlegmatic
A. calm
B. penetrative
C. dilapidated
D. illegible
E. exclusive
⑤要求为所给出的单词选择其反义词。如：
decorous
A. unlikely
B. uncomfortable
C. unrepentant
D. unseemly
E. unattractive（2）语法题
语法题测试的重点包括时态、语态、语气、动词非限定形式、强调、倒装、平行结构等。
出题形式主要有以下几种：
①题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从时态、句型等语法角度，从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当的词、词组或句子。如：
_____, he might have retired before the end.
A. Didn’t he enjoy the concert
B. Has he not enjoyed the concert
C. Were he not enjoy the concert
D. Had he not enjoyed the concert
②要求补全句子。
A．从所给出的词汇中，根据语境运用单词的正确形式及时态把句子补充完整。如：
People _____ in the building trade have suffered many set-backs recently.（want, write, employ, say, see, feel, miss）
B．要求在句子的空白处填入正确的介词、冠词等，使句子完整。如：
He may be patient _____ his own children, but he shows absolutely no tolerance _____ anybody else’s.
③句型转换。如把给出的句子转换为主动或被动语态；运用不定式结构把句子从复合句变为简单句等。
1.2 词汇语法考点归纳
通过对各高校“基础英语”词汇语法部分分析研究，我们对词汇语法的常考点进行归纳。
一、语法“基础英语”常考语法点有：虚拟语气、非谓语动词、动词时态语态、定语从句、情态动词、比较句型、倒装句、强调句型、状语从句。（一）虚拟语气的用法
A．条件从句类（1） if引导的从句类 主句从句与现在事实相were （不分人would/情态动词过去式+do反称）/did与过去事实相would/情态动词过去式had done反+have done与将来事实相should do / were would/情态动词过去式+do反to do（2）混合虚拟条件类
混合时态的虚拟指的是主句和从句分别表示两个时态，动词形式依照上述三种形式进行相应的变化。
如：If you had done your homework, you would not be criticized by your teacher now.（3）含蓄虚拟条件类
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：
①连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。
如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
②介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。
如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
③intended/meant/hoped/wished或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。
如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
④情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。
如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
B．从句中的 （should） do句型类（1） 动词suggest，propose，ask，command，demand，require，urge，order，recommend，insist, prefer等后加that引导的宾语从句中使用should do句型。（suggest，recommend和insist分别当“表明”、“推荐”和“坚持认为”讲时不用虚拟语气。）
如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.（2）由上述动词派生来的名词后加that引导的同位语从句或表语从句中用should do句型。
如：It is urgent that these files should be printed right away.（3）当上述动词的过去分词及下列形容词strange，important，necessary，essential，urgent，natural，unusual，advisable，desirable，vital等用于句型It is…that中时，that引导的从句中用should do句型。
如：They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
C．固定句型类
以下所列单词或短语后所引出的从句，如果是现在的情况，要用一般过去时；如果是过去的情况，要用过去完成时。（1）It is about/high time（that）“是……时间了”
如：It is high time that we handed in the homework.现在是我们该交作业的时候了。（2）would rather “宁愿……”
如：Mary would rather she had not broken the window. 玛丽真希望她自己没有打破这个窗户。（3）wish“希望……”
如：We wish that he could be with us tomorrow.但愿他明天和我们在一起。（对将来的虚拟）
I wish they were at home this time. （对现在的虚拟）
I wish I hadn’t hurt him so much. （对过去的虚拟）（4）If only“要是……就好了”
例如：If only I were twenty years old. 我要是二十岁就好了。（5）as if/though“仿佛，好像……”
如：They were sitting there as if nothing had happened. 他们只是坐在那里就像什么事都没发生过。
例：_____ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.
A. Had they arrived
B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving
D. Were they to arrive【答案】D【解析】省略if的条件的虚拟语气。此句为if引导的虚拟语气从句，省略if时从句要倒装。当表示对未来事情的虚拟时，从句用should/were to+动词原形，主句用would/should+动词原形。（二）非谓语动词的用法
非谓语动词的各种用法是考博英语考试中对语法项目要求中非常重要的一项，它包括三种形式：不定式（infinitive），动名词和分词。非谓语动词之所以得名，是因为它不能独立作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，但仍然具有动词的某些特征，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、状语及补语等。
1．不定式
不定式在句中可担任除谓语以外的所有成分，即主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。
1） 作主语
如果作主语的不定式较长而谓语较短时，常用 it 作形式主语。
To finish the work within three days is impossible.
It is impossible to finish the work within three days.
2） 作宾语和宾补
We have decided to leave next week.
She called me to go back home at once.
① 有些动词只能以不定式作宾语，主要有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, volunteer, want, wish 等。
I cannot afford to buy such an expensive car.
② 不定式作宾语其后又接宾补时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将不定式放到宾补后面。
I found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
③ 不带 to 的不定式：在 let, make, have, see, hear, listen to, look at, feel, observe, watch, notice 等动词后，作宾补的不定式不带 to。但是，在被动语态中，不定式要带 to （此时不定式作主补）。
He made his son read the text loudly.
His son was made to read the text loudly.
2．动名词
动名词主要起名词作用，可在句中作主语、宾语和表语，也可作介词宾语。
1） 作主语
在“It is no use （good） doing...”句型中，常用 it 作形式主语，而将作主语用的动名词短语放在后面。
如：It is no good leaving today’s work for tomorrow.
2） 作宾语
① 有些动词只能以动名词作宾语，常见的有：admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, endure, fancy, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, require, risk, stop, suggest 等。
如：The hostess would certainly enjoy receiving the item as a gift.
② 有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常见的有：can’t help, feel like, give up, keep on, object to, put off 等。
如：I couldn’t help wondering what this was all about.
3） 动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，应有自己的逻辑主语，其形式是：人称代词或名词的所有格+动名词。
如：He was annoyed at my interrupting him.
4） 动名词的完成形式和被动形式
① 动名词的完成形式：having + 过去分词，表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
如：He regretted not having taken the doctor's advice.
② 动名词的被动形式：being + 过去分词，表示动名词的动作与其逻辑主语的关系是被动的。
如：They were afraid of being rejected because of their condition.
5） 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别
有些动词既可以动名词又可以不定式作宾语，且意思差别不大，但有些动词以动名词或不定式作宾语时，意思有较大差别。如：
① remember to do 记得要做（某事）/remember doing 记得曾做过（某事）
② forget to do 忘记要做（某事）/ forget doing 忘记曾做过（某事）
③ go on to do （做完某事后）继续做（另一事）/ go on doing 继续做（某事）
④ regret to do 对要做（某事）感到遗憾 / regret doing 对已做过（某事）感到后悔
⑤ need to do 需要做（某事）/ need doing 需要（被动）
3．分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动、进行的意义；过去分词表示被动、完成的意义。如：boiling water （water which is boiling），沸水；boiled water （water which has been boiled），开水。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，在句中作表语、定语、宾补（主补）和状语等。
1） 作定语
分词作定语时与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓意义。分词短语作定语时，置于被修饰的词之后。
如：Most of the computers are small machines sitting on （= which sit on） the desks.
There are all sorts of computers connected to （= which are connected to） the Internet.
2） 作宾补（主补）
宾语与宾补有逻辑上的主谓意义。常以分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set 等。
如：The policeman caught the young man stealing from the shop.
Libraries often have computers connected to the Internet for members of the public to use.
3） 作状语
①表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。
如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. （complete先于start之前发生）
②表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。
如：There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
③表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。
如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
④表示结果，置于句尾。
如：European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
⑤表示补充说明（同位），置于句尾，用分词的一般式。
如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
⑥表示条件
如：Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Great Wall tomorrow. 天气允许的话，我们就会去长城。
4） 分词的独立主格结构
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。
如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
5） 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式
① 现在分词的完成形式：having + 过去分词，表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
如：Having been there many times, she is quite familiar with the city.
② 现在分词的被动形式：being + 过去分词，表示分词的动作正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生，但与主语的关系是被动的，作状语时相当于过去分词。
如：The person being interviewed is my former classmate.（Being） bothered by the noise, he could not concentrate himself on his work.
③ 现在分词的完成被动形式：having + been + 过去分词。
如：Having been rebuilt, the palace looks more splendid.
例 1: _____, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.
A. Being shown around the campus
B. Having shown to the campus
C. After been shown around the campus
D. Having been shown around the campus【答案】D【解析】完成时现在分词形式表时间。be shown around the campus这一动作发生在 was ushered in to the auditorium hall之前，应用完成时；另外，由题意可知需要用被动形式。
例 2: Telecommuting is a new form of work _____ to work, such as fathers with children, the chance to work while remaining at home.
A. that affording those unable previously
B. affords those who were previously unable
C. affording those previously unable
D. afforded those previously unable【答案】C【解析】现在分词形式作定语。句意：远程办公是一种新的工作形式，它使得那些以前没办法上班的人（比如有小孩的父亲们）有机会在家里上班。主句是Telecommuting is a new form of work.后面可跟分词短语表伴随，也可跟同位语从句补充说明a new form of work。本题选C，若用从句形式，应为：that affords those who are previously unable…。（三）时态语态
★ 常考时态
1．将来时测试重点（1）在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型。
如： I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。（宾语从句）
比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。（状语从句）（2）在make sure, make certain, see （to it） 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。
如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
2．过去时测试重点
主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句应根据上下文的意思选用相应的过去时态。
① 从句的动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。
如：Her father said that she was preparing her lessons yesterday evening.
② 从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。
如：The hospital reported that its X-ray machine had failed.
③ 从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，从句用过去将来时。
如：He thought that his son would phone him as soon as he got there.
注：当从句表示客观事实或真理时，其时态不受主句谓语时态的影响，总是用一般现在时。
如：The teacher told the children that the earth always moves around the sun.
3．完成时测试重点（1）by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。
如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.（2）by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。
如：①By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
②I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.（3）by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few（或具体数字）years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如：①The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
②It is four years since John left school.（4）在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。
如：It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.（5）在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
答题思路：先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；
★ 语态
确定主语与谓语之间的关系是正确应用语态的关键。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。不及物动词及表示状态的动词无被动语态。
如：They must finish all the work before March. （SVO）→ All the work must be finished （by them） before March.
1） 主动语态的句子中，如宾补是不带 to 的不定式，当句子变成被动语态后，由宾补变为主补的不定式必须带to。
如：The teacher made us write business letters in English. → We were made to write business letters in English.
2） 带有主语从句的被动语态，常用形式主语 it，将主语从句后置。
It is said that...
It is reported that...
It has been proved that...
注：时态和语态经常和在一起考。
例：How can I ever concentrate if you _____ continually _____ me with silly questions?
A. have, interrupted
B. had, interrupted
C. are, interrupting
D. were, interrupted【答案】C【解析】句意：如果你一直问我如此愚蠢的问题、打扰我，我怎么能集中注意力干事呢？因为是这一段时间一直受打扰，所以用现在进行时。（四）定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。
1．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起限制作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。who, whom, whose 用于指人，whose 有时也可指物，相当于 of which; which 用于指物；that 既可指人，也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.（1）当先行词是 all, anything, everything, something, nothing 等不定代词，或先行词前有 first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only 以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词 that 引导定语从句。
That is all that I have heard from him.
He is the first person that I’m going to interview this afternoon.（2）关系代词的省略：在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which 或whom 引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于定语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用 that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things （which / that） we have to put up with.（3）引导定语从句的关系副词有 when, where, why 等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词 + which”的结构。
Even in comic books where （= in which） there are no words, the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why （= for which） he was so angry that day.
2．非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用 that 引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism.
3．“介词 + which / whom / whose”引导的定语从句“介词 + which / whom / whose”可引导限制性的定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
4.as 引导的定语从句
as 引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved. （as 代替先行词 problems）
例：_____ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.
A. That
B. It
C. This
D. As【答案】D【解析】as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：正如一种新的观念产生时一样，人们总是做许多准备活动和积极的讨论，却拿不出具体的建议。as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，表达整个主句的意思。非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。（五）情态动词的用法
在北大考博英语考试中，情态助动词是常考的项目。尤其是情态动词+动词完成体的结构，用来表示对过去的行为或动作进行推测或评论。常见的有如下结构：
1.must have done
表示对过去事实肯定的猜测，意为“一定发生了”。
如：Since the ground is wet，it must have rained last night.
在表示否定的猜测时，即当意思为“一定没发生”时，用can not/could not have done结构。
2.could/may/might have done
表示“很可能、或许发生了”，表示不太肯定的推测。其中might have done表示事情“本来可能而事实却未发生”。
3.should/ought to have done
表示事情“本来应该发生而事实上却未发生”。相应的，此结构的否定式表示事情“本来不应该发生而事实上却发生了”。
4.needn’t have done
是对过去事情的必要性的否定，表示“本不必而事实上却发生了”；而对过去事情的必要性的否定还有一种方式，即didn’t need to do，此结构表示“不必发生而且也没有发生”。例如：
It is Sunday today, you needn’t have gone to school! （言下之意是去学校的动作已经发生了。）（六）比较句型
1.not so much…as…与其说…不如说…
如：The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
2.no/not any more…than…两者一样都不…
如：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
3.no /not any less…than…两者一样都…
如：She is no less beautiful than her sister.
4.just as…so….正如…，…也…（用倒装结构）
如：Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
5.A is to B what C is to D, A对B而言正如C对D一样
6.The –er, the –er, 越…越…
例：The most interesting new cars may owe _____ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.
A. less local free-spiritedness than
B. less local free-spiritedness than to
C. to less local flee-spiritedness than to
D. less to local free-spiritedness than to【答案】D【解析】考查less…than…的比较句型。句意：这些新型有趣的车（的出现）与其说归功于当地自由和活跃的气氛，还不说是聘用少数几个人才并能允许他们放手去干的这份睿智。owe to归功于。（七）倒装句
根据主语和谓语在句中的位置，倒装句可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装指整个谓语置于主语之前。部分倒装指谓语的一部分置于主语之前，通常是将助动词或情态动词提前。
1．当句首为 here, there, up, down, away, now 等副词，谓语动词为 be, go, come, fly 等时，主谓要完全倒装，但主语若是人称代词，则主谓不用倒装。
如：There goes the bell.
2. 否定词或带有否定意义的短语位于句首时，要倒装，如 hardly, never, rarely, seldom, not only...but also, in no way, at no time, in no case, by no means, no sooner...than, neither...nor, hardly...when, under no circumstances, on no account 等。
如：Rarely would any of us stand up and show the world who we are.
3．“only + 状语”位于句首时，要倒装。
如：Only in this way can we solve the problem.
4．在 so / such...that 结构中，so / such 位于句首时，要倒装。
如：So clear was the statement that it couldn't be misunderstood.
Such was his kindness that I will never forget him.
例：He is not under arrest, _____ any restriction on him.
A. or the police have placed
B. or have the police placed
C. nor the police have placed
D. nor have the police placed【答案】D【解析】考查nor引导的部分倒装句。句意：他没有被捕，警察也没有对他（的行为）进行限制。在同一个句子中，主语相同，都是he，可以排除选项A和C。而由于前半句为否定，后半句也应该使用表示否定意义的nor。（八）强调句型
1．强调句的基本句型：It is / was + 被强调的句子成分 + that / who + 句子的其他成分。
如：It was Doctor Smith that （who） gave us a lecture last week.
2．在肯定句中，可用“do （does, did） + 原形动词”来强调谓语动词。
如：Millions of Americans do get some enjoyment from watching television.
3．有些单词和词组在句中起强调作用，常见的有 only, even, just, ever 及反身代词等。
如：I was the first one ever in my family to go to college.
4．注意区分 it 引导强调句型和 it 作形式主语替代主语从句：在强调句中，it 不替代任何句子成分，如果将强调结构“It is...that / who...”去掉，句子可还原，而在主语从句中，it 替代主语从句，只要将 it 去掉，句子就可还原。
It was in my bag that I found the book. （强调句型）→ I found the book in my bag.
It was quite obvious that he did much better than you. （it 引导主语从句） → That he did much better than you was quite obvious.（九）状语从句
状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1．条件状语从句的常考知识点
复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分词provided（that），providing（that），given that, suppose/supposing（that），assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. （如果…）
You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. （如果…）
Suppose it rained, we would still go. （假如…）
Say it were true, what would you do about it? （假如…）
2．让步状语从句的常考知识点
1） as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：
Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.
Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.
2） 复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted（that）引导让步从句。如:
Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.
For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
3．时间状语从句的常考知识点
1）before表示汉语的“只有/必须…才能”。
2）when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。
3）when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到…时”。如：
4）名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。
5）副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as。
4．原因状语从句的常考知识点
1） in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
2） now that表示“既然”；seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如：
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the （simple） reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。
5.while, whereas 引导对比从句
6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句
7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest （用虚拟语气） 引导目的状语从句
例：_____ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.
A. Much as
B. As much
C. More as
D. As well as【答案】A【解析】考查as引导的让步状语从句。副词much前置，题意是“虽然我们都希望他富起来，但我们反对他获得财富的方式”。
二、词汇
词汇试题内容主要涉及三个方面：词义辨析、固定搭配及习语使用。（一）词义辨析
做该类题时须对四个选项进行辨析。根据选项的词形及语义特点，可将其分为近义词、近形词、同源词和纯生词四种类型。
1．近义词
即部分选项或四个选项词义相近，但在词义的内涵和外延、用法以及搭配上有所不同。该类题在考博词汇测试中很常见且极易丢分，而且比重最大。其实质是考查近义词的辨析，检验考生在具体语言环境中的用词能力。由于这些词的差别极其细微，在平时的学习中非常容易被忽视。因此这就要求考生平时就注意每个词的用法及常用搭配。
解答此类题时考生可从三个方面入手：
①从词汇的语法特征入手
考生可以从空格所填词汇的单复数、可数不可数、被动语态、动词的及物不及物等语法特征入手，来辨别近义词。如consist一般用于主动态，而compose常用于被动语态。
②从词义的内涵外延入手
如：alter和convert都表示改变，变更。但是alter指衣服等表面或局部做部分变动，而没有变成另一种事物。convert一般只表示事物的外表及用途等方面发生的次要变化,而不是本质上的巨大变化，也可用于改变某人的政治观点、信仰，这个词义是alter所没有的。
③从搭配习惯入手
如表示“坚持”的insist 和persist 的差别就在于搭配不一样。insist后面需用介词on。persist后面需用介词in。
例 1：I couldn’t sleep because the tap in the bathroom was _____.
A. draining
B. dropping
C. spilling
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]