作者：王江涛 唐静 李剑 王晟
出版社：浙江教育出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
(2019)四大名师讲真题 考研英语(一)历年真题详解(试卷版)试读：
2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house, but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while
2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides
3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined
4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking
5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore
6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting
8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused
9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas
10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical
11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses
12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times
13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create
16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired
18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice
19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable
20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①Everybody loves a fat pay rise. ②Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. ③Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. ④Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. ⑤But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
①The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. ②They look cute. ③They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. ④Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.
①Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. ②The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. ③Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. ④However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
①In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). ②So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. ③And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. ④Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
①The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. ②In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. ③Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. ④Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. ⑤Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. ⑥However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by__________.
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement“it is all too monkey”(Line 6, Paragraph 1) implies that__________.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are__________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys__________.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from others
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2
①Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? ②That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? ③That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? ④Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
①There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. ②The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. ③The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. ④The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:“Science never has all the answers. ⑤But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
①Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. ②This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. ③With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
①Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. ②But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. ③Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classic case of“paralysis by analysis.”
①To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. ②But research alone is inadequate. ③If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. ④A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. ⑤Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. ⑥If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that__________.
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as__________.
[A] a protector
[B] a judge
[C] a critic
[D] a guide
28. What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because__________.
[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3
①Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. ②In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. ③A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. ④Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is“off-line.”⑤And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. ⑥“It’s your dream,”says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center.“If you don’t like it, change it.”
①Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. ②The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. ③But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. ④“We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
①The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. ②Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. ③Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.
①And this process need not be left to the unconscious. ②Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. ③As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. ④Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. ⑤With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
①At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or“we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says. ②Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. ③Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. ④For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. ⑤Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams__________.
[A] can be modified in their courses
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show__________.
[A] its function in our dreams
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to__________.
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind
[B] develop into happy dreams
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep
[D] show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that__________.
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C] Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4
①Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. ②Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. ③In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
①Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. ②Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
①But the cult of the authentic and the personal,“doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. ②While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. ③Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. ④In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
①Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. ②But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. ③As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. ④He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
①Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. ②Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. ③We now take our English“on paper plates instead of china”. ④A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English__________.
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms
[B] is but all too natural in language development
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
37. The word“talking”(Line 5, Paragraph 3) denotes__________.
[A] modesty
[B] personality
[C] liveliness
[D] informality
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s__________.
[A] interest in their language
[B] appreciation of their efforts
[C] admiration for their memory
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness
40. According to the last paragraph,“paper plates”is to“china”as__________.
[A]“temporary”is to“permanent”
[B]“radical”is to“conservative”
[C]“functional”is to“artistic”
[D]“humble”is to“noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
(41)____________________
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
(42)____________________
But“national”doesn’t have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a“national”organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
(43)____________________
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
(44)____________________
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should
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